goods. There

the counts of adorned with a hich is not far Sting of a suite

n length. the towns of Rivière on the tzerland. A and cast iren,

ière are a sav of Levier, and Is made: neat unknown: t Son differest Fes of animals cident faller on the bodies -re they were Benoit (Be ie church

able abbey of Remon

merited the eulogy which Fordun gives him, of being 'Eng- | power proved his ruin, and dying without issue, he was
land's scourge and Scotland's bulwark;' but the praise of pa- succeeded by his brother, in whom this great branch of
triotism, and even of humanity itself, he outlived; for being the house of Douglas was cut down and overthrown for
hurt at Ramsay of Dalwolsey's appointment to the sheriff- treason.
ship of Roxburgh, he waited his opportunity, and came upon
the brave and virtuous Ramsay with an armed band,
wounded him, and dragged him away to Hermitage castle.
There Douglas immured his unoffending victim, faint with
thirst, and with his rankling wounds, till, after a period of
seventeen days' suffering, death at length terminated his
existence. The government of the country was in such a
state at the time, that the king not only could not avenge
the outrage, but was obliged to pardon the relentless mur-
derer, and moreover to put him into the vacant sheriffship.
He at last died by the hand of an assassin of the house of
Douglas.

Archibald V., earl of Angus, great-grandson of William,
first earl of Douglas, through George, who obtained the earl-
dom of Angus on his mother's resignation as above men-
tioned, was some time warden of the East Marches, and on
the death of Argyle was made lord high chancellor of the
kingdom, and so continued till 1498, when he resigned.
He was commonly called 'the Great Earl of Angus;' and,
according to the historian of his house, was a man every way
accomplished both for mind and body.' Gawin, bishop of
Dunkeld, the translator of Virgil, was his third son by his
first marriage, which was with a daughter of the lord high
chamberlain of Scotland. The bishop's two elder brothers,
George, master of Angus, and Sir William Douglas of
Glenbervie, fell on the fatal field of Flodden; and their
father, the old earl, who had in vain dissuaded the king
from the ruinous enterprize, bending under the calamity, re-
tired into Galloway, and soon after died. Sir Archibald
Douglas of Kilspindie, the earl's son by a second marriage,
was made lord treasurer of Scotland towards the end of the
year 1526, by king James V., who used to style him his
Grey Steil;' and the next year we find Archibald VI., carl
of Angus, eldest son of the deceased George, master of
Angus, lord high chancellor of the kingdom. This Archi-
bald, the sixth earl of Angus, married Margaret of England,
queen dowager of James IV., and had by her a daughter,
who became the mother of Henry, lord Darnley, husband
of Mary queen of Scots, and father of James I. of Eng-
land. His brother, Sir George, was forfeited on his fall,
and spent the remainder of James's reign in exile in Eng-
land; and their sister Jean was burnt as a witch on the
castle hill of Edinburgh. The son of Sir George succeeded
his uncle as seventh earl of Angus; and on the death of
his son, the eighth earl, commonly called 'the Good Earl of
Angus,' without male issue, Sir William Douglas of Glen-
bervie, great-grandson of Archibald the great earl, suc-
ceeded to the earldom, and had soon afterwards a charter
from king James V., confirming all the antient privileges
of the Douglas, namely, to have the first vote in council, to
be the king's lieutenant, to lead the van of the army in the
day of battle, and to carry the crown at coronations.

The good Sir James had another natural son, whom we
shall mention presently, but having no lawful issue, he was
succeeded by his brothers, Hugh and Archibald, the latter of
whom married the daughter of John Cumyn, of Badenoch,
by Marjory, sister of John Baliol, king of Scotland, and
had two sons, the younger of whom, William, inherited the
family estates, and became earl of Douglas, in which cha-
racter we find him lord justiciar of Lothian the year
in which King Robert II. ascended the throne. He was
thrice married. He married first a daughter of the twelfth
earl of Mar, and in her right was styled earl of Douglas
and Mar. His son James, second earl of Douglas and
Mar, married Margaret, eldest daughter of King Robert II.,
but leaving no surviving male issue, the earldom of Mar
devolved on his sister, and the earldom of Douglas on Ar-
chibald Douglas, the natural son of the good Sir James
above alluded to, by special settlement. This Archibald,
third earl of Douglas, styled from his great prowess Ar-
chibald the Grim,' had himself a natural son, who married
a daughter of King Robert II.

William, the first earl of Douglas, had no children by his
second marriage. By his third marriage, which was with
the Lady Margaret, sister and heir of the third earl of Angus,
he had a son, George, who obtained, on his mother's resig-
nation, a grant of the earldom of Angus. He also got a
grant of the sheriff'ship of Roxburgh, and is found in that
office anno 1398. The previous year he married Mary,
second daughter of King Robert III.

Sir John Douglas, who gallantly defended the castle of
Lochleven against the English in the minority of David II.,
was a younger brother of William, lord of Liddisdale, above
mentioned. He had several children, three of whom only
however we shall here notice, James, Henry, and John.
The last of these married Mariota, daughter of Reginald de
Cheyne, co-justiciar of Scotland beyond the Grampians,
with John de Vaux. Sir Henry married a niece of King
Robert II., and by her had a son, who married a grand-
daughter of the same king. Sir James, the eldest, suc-
ceeded his uncle, the lord of Liddisdale, in the lordship of
Dalkeith and his other extensive possessions. He was
twice married, his second wife being a sister of King
Robert II. His eldest son, by his first marriage, married
a daughter of King Robert III., and had a grandson, who
married Johanna, daughter of King James I., and relict
of James, third earl of Angus, and was on the 14th March,
1457-8, created earl of Morton.

We have thus three earls of the House of Douglas: the
earl of Douglas, the earl of Angus, and the earl of Morton.
Archibald IV., earl of Douglas, eldest son of Archibald
the Grim, married the eldest daughter of king Robert III.,
and by her had a son of the same name, who in the life-
time of his father was styled earl of Wigton. On the death
of King James I. he was chosen one of the council of re-
gency, and the next year made lieutenant-general of the
realm. His two sons, particularly William, the young earl
of Douglas, despising the authority of an infant prince, and
encouraged by the divisions which arose among the nobility,
erected a sort of independent power within the kingdom,
and forbidding the vassals of the house to acknowledge any
other authority, created knights, appointed a privy council,
and assumed all the exteriors of royalty. They were both
at length however beheaded, and the earldom of Douglas
passed to a grand-uncle whose eldest son married his
cousin, the fair maid of Galloway, and restored the house
to its former splendour. He became lieutenant-general of
the kingdom, and no less formidable to the crown than
the last in his family who held that high office. But this

The seventh earl of Angus had a younger brother, who became fourth earl of Morton, and was the famous Regent Morton. He was condemned to death for the murder of Darnley, and was executed by the maiden, an instrument which he himself introduced into Scotland.

Sir William Douglas of Glenbervie above mentioned conveyed the lands of Glenbervie to a younger son. His eldest son became tenth earl of Angus; and the son of the latter was in 1633 created marquis of Douglas, the same year in which another branch of the Douglas family was advanced to be earl of Queensberry. Archibald, eldest son of the first marquis of Douglas, officiated as lord high chamberlain at the coronation of king Charles II., and was thereupon created earl of Ormond. His younger brother William had been some years before created earl of Selkirk; but marrying afterwards Anne, duchess of Hamilton, he was on her grace's petition created duke of Hamilton for life, and a new patent of the earldom of Selkirk issued in favour of his younger sons, two of whom were themselves also elevated to the peerage. The third marquis of Douglas was advanced to be duke of Douglas; but on his death the dukedom became extinct, and the marquisate devolved on the seventh duke of Hamilton. His grace was one of the party to the great Douglas cause,' the subject of which was the Douglas estates; but these were ultimately awarded to his opponent, who becoming entitled to the estates, assumed the name and arms of Douglas, and in 1790 was raised to the peerage as baron Douglas of Douglas castle, in the shire of Lanark.

The year following, George, 16th earl of Morton, was enrolled among the peers of Great Britain as baron Douglas of Lochleven. The third earl of Queensberry had previously been raised to a marquisate and dukedom; and the fourth duke of Queensberry, who was also third earl of March, made a peer of England by the title of baron Douglas of Amesbury; but on the death of his grace in 1810, the English barony, conferred upon himself, and the earldom of March, conferred upon his grandfather, expired; while the dukedom devolved on the duke of Buccleuch, and the

P2

4

original peerage descended to the present marquis of
Queensberry.
DOUGLAS, GAWIN, was born in the year 1474 or
1475, and was the third son of Archibald, sixth earl of Angus,
surnamed Bell-the-Cat. (Scott's Marmion, canto vi., st.
xi.) Being intended for the church, he received the best
education which Scotland and France could give. He ob-
tained successively the provostship of the collegiate church
of St. Giles's, Edinburgh, and the rectorship of Heriot
church. He was then made abbot of Aberbrothick, and
lastly, bishop of Dunkeld, but his elevation to the arch-
bishoprick of St. Andrews was prevented by the pope. In
1513 some political intrigues compelled him to retire to
England, where he was favourably received by Henry VIII.
He died of the plague in 1521 or 1522, at the Savoy, where
he had resided during the whole of his stay.

In his early years he translated Ovid's Art of Love,' and composed two allegorical poems, King Hart' and the Palace of Honour:' but he is best and most deservedly known by his translation of Virgil's Æneid,' which, with the thirteenth book by Mapheus Vegius, was produced in 1513. To each book is prefixed an original prologue, some of which give lively and simple descriptions of scenery, written in a manner which proves their author to have been possessed of considerable poetical power.

At the end of the work (p. 280, ed. of 1553), he informs us that compilet was this work Virgilean' in eighteen moneths space, for two months whereof he wrote never He is also solicitous that his readers should

one word.'

'read leal, and take good tent in time They neither maul nor mismetre his rhyme;' which reminds us of Chaucer's address to his bookI God that none miswrité thee, Nor thee mismetre for default of tongue.'

'So pray

Those who take the trouble to examine Douglas for themselves, will find his language not near so different from our own as might be imagined from a cursory glance at the pages. The chief difference consists in the spelling and the accent, which we may suppose to have borne, as in Chaucer, a considerable resemblance to the present pronunciation of French; at least without some such supposition it will be found impossible to scan either. (Warton's Hist. Engl. Poetry (who gives copious extracts), and Biog. Brit., Douglas.')

art.

DOUGLAS. [MAN, ISLE OF.]
DOUR. [HAINAULT.]

remained eighteen months. He afterwards received the learned his art so well that he proved of great advantage to instructions of Peter Kouwhoorn, a painter on glass, and his father. The latter, however, alarmed at the danger he incurred by mounting to his work at church windows, made him study painting instead, and the illustrious Rembrandt was chosen for the lad's master. From that great painter Gerard learned the mastery of colour and chiaroscuro; but he differed entirely from his teacher in his manner of painting. Instead of growing bolder and rougher in his handling as he grew older, he became more and more delicate in his finish, elaborating everything which he touched with the most exquisite delicacy and minuteness, in so much that the threads of brocades, and of fine carpets are expressed even in his smallest paintings. Nothing escaped his eye nor his pencil. powerful in effect, and harmonious and brilliant in colour. And yet with all his elaboration of detail his pictures are He was accustomed to prepare his own tools, that he might have them of the requisite fineness.

in finishing; and some anecdotes are told in proof of it. Gerard Douw has been charged with excessive slowness Sandrart says, that he once visited Gerard's study in company with Bamboccio, and on their both expressing their admiration of a certain miniature broom-handle in one of upon it, before he left it. It is said that his sitters were his pictures, he said, that he should spend three more days so wearied by his dilatoriness, and disgusted by the transscripts of their jaded faces, which he faithfully put upon the canvass, that others were deterred from sitting, and he was obliged to abandon portrait-painting. But Karel de Moor, who had been a pupil of his, averred that he was not so slow as had been asserted; and the number of his pictures tends to corroborate his statement. Douw got excellent and Sandrart informs us that Spiering, a gentleman of the prices for his paintings; generally from 600 to 1000 florins Hague, paid him an annual salary of 1000 florins, for the mere right of refusal of all the pictures he painted, at the highest price he could obtain. Gerard Douw died in 1680 The most famous among his pupils was Mieris. tures are in all great collections. (Argenville; Sandrart.) DOVE. [COLUMBIDE.]

DOVEDÅLE. [DERBYSHIRE.]

His pic

DOVER, one of the Cinque Ports, a borough and markettown, having separate jurisdiction, in the eastern division of the county of Kent, 16 miles south-east by south from Canterbury and 72 east-south-east from London. Dover is by a depression in the chalk hills, which here present a transsituated on the coast, at the opening of a deep valley formed rior for several miles, and forms the basin of a small stream. This depression runs into the inte(a steep place), or from dwr (water), thre being a small Dover was called by the Saxons Dwyr, from dwfyrrha stream in the valley at the extremity of which Dover stands. By the Romans it was called Dubris, whence Dover.

verse section to the sea.

years been the usual port of embarkation for passengers
From its proximity to the continent, Dover has for many
going both from and to England. [CALAIS.] In the reign of
Henry VIII. the emperor Charles V. landed here, and
Henry on that occasión contributed a large sum for the
erection of a pier, which was subsequently completed in
the reign of Elizabeth. The castle, which is on the northern
side of the town, is supposed to have been originally con-
structed by the Romans.
were originally strongly fortified during the late war, and
The southern heights of Dover
extend in a semicircle as far as the famous Shakspeare's
Cliff, so called from the celebrated scene in King Lear.'

DOURA, or DURRA. [SORGHUM VULGARE.] DOURO in Portuguese, Duero in Spanish, one of the principal rivers of the Peninsula, rises in the Sierra de Urbion, in the north part of the province of Soria in Old Castile. It first flows southwards, passing by the town of Soria, then turns to the west, through the provinces of Burgos, Valladolid, and Zamora, and receives numerous affluents both from the north and the south, the principal of which are, 1. the Pisuerga, which rises in the Asturian mountains, and after receiving the Alanzon from Burgos and the Carsion from Palencia, passes by Valladolid, and enters the Douro above Tordesillas; 2. the Seguillo, also from the north, passes by Medina del Rio Seco, and joins the Douro above Zamora; 3. the Esla, a large stream, comes from the mountains of Leon, and enters the Douro below Zamora. After receiving the Esla, the Douro reaches the frontiers of Portugal, where it turns to the south, and for about fifty miles marks the boundary between the province of Salamanca in Spain, and that of Tras os Montes in Portugal. In this part of its course it receives first the Tormes, a considerable stream, from the south-east, which rises in the lofty Sierra de Gredos, and passes by Salamanca, and then the old borough, include a part of the parish of Buckland, The boundaries of the present borough, in addition to further south the Agueda, from Ciudad Rodrigo. Douro then turns again to the west, and crosses the north registered after the passing of the Reform Act. The boThe and comprise a population of 15,298 persons; 1651 were part of Portugal, marking the limits between the provinces rough sends two members to parliament. It appears from of Tras os Montes and Entre Douro e Minho on its north the Municipal Corporation Report to be doubtful whebank, and the province of Beira on its south bank. The ther there are any charters. A court of record is held three principal affluents of the Douro in Portugal are the Coa times a week. The general sessions are held three times a from the south, and the Sabor and Tamega from the north. year before the recorder and other justices. There was a The Douro passes by the towns of Lamego and Oporto, and hundred court, but it has fallen into disuse. The town conenters the Atlantic below the latter city, of which it forms sists principally of one street about a mile long, running in the harbour. The whole course of the Douro with its wind- the direction of the valley. A theatre and assembly-room ings is nearly 500 miles, through some of the finest and were erected in 1790. most fertile regions of Spain and Portugal. The town is now considered a for sea-bathing. Many handsome houses have recently fashionable watering-place, and possesses every convenience been built for the accommodation of visitors in the season. The harbour is not very good, but it can accommodate ships

DOUW, GERARD, was born at Leyden in 1613. In 1622 he was put by his father, a glazier, to study drawing under Bartholomew Dolendo, an engraver, with whom he

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of 500 tons, and is principally used for sailing and steam
packets to France. It has now for some years (1837) been
undergoing repairs and improvements, but it does not seem
probable that it can ever be made a good port. Some corn
is ground in the neighbourhood, and exported to London;
and there are some paper-mills near the town. The mar-
ket-days are Wednesday and Saturday. An annual fair is
held on the 23rd of November.

There are two churches, St. James's and St. Mary's; the
former worth 1457, the latter 2871. per annum; as well as
a new church, and places of worship for Baptists, Society
of Friends, Independents, Wesleyan Methodists, Unitarians,
and Roman Catholics. A charity-school for boys and girls
was founded in 1789; it has received various donations,
and in 1820 a new building, capable of containing 200 boys
and 200 girls, was erected. The hospital of St. Mary, after-
wards called the Maison-Dieu, was founded in the 13th
Henry III. by Hubert de Burgh, earl of Kent and chief
justice of England. [CINQUE PORTS.]

DOVETAIL, a term in joinery. A dovetail is the end of a piece of wood fashioned into the fan-like form of a dove's tail, and let into a corresponding hollow of another piece of wood. Dovetails are either exposed or concealed; concealed dovetailing is of two kinds, lapped and mitred.' (Nicholson's Dict.)

DOVRAFIELD. [NORWAY.]

DOWER (Law) is that part of the husband's lands, tenements, or hereditaments which come to the wife upon his death, not by force of any contract expressed or implied between the parties, but by operation of law, to be completed by an actual assignment of particular portions of the property. Prior to the reign of Charles II., five, and until the passing of the act 3 & 4 Wm. IV., c. 105, four kinds of dower were known to the English law.

1. Dower at the common law.
2. Dower by custom.

3. Dower ad ostium ecclesiæ.

4. Dower ex assensu patris.

5. Dower de la plus beale.

This last was merely a consequence of tenure by knight's service, and was abolished by stat. 12 Charles II. c. 24; and the 3rd and 4th having long become obsolete, were finally abolished by the above-mentioned statute of Wm. IV.

By the old law, dower attached upon the lands of which the husband was seised at any time during the marriage, and which a child of the husband and wife might by possibility inherit; and they remained liable to dower in the hands of a purchaser, though various ingenious modes of conveyance were contrived, which in some cases prevented the attaching of dower: but this liability was productive of great inconvenience, and frequently of injustice. The law too was inconsistent, for the wife was not dowable out of her husband's equitable estates, although the husband had his courtesy in those to which the wife was equitably entitled. [COURTESY.] To remedy these inconveniences the statute above mentioned was passed, and its objects may be stated to be, 1, to make equitable estates in possession liable to dower; 2, to take away the right to dower out of lands disposed of by the husband absolutely in his life or by will; 3, to enable the husband, by a simple declaration in a deed or will to bar the right to dower.

The law of dower,' say the Real Property Commissioners, in their Second Report, upon which this statute was founded, though well adapted to the state of freehold property which existed at the time when it was established, and during a long time afterwards, had, in consequence of the frequent alienation of property which takes place in modern times, become exceedingly inconvenient.' In short, dower was considered and treated as an incumbrance, and was never, except in cases of inadvertency, suffered to arise. The increase of personal property, and the almost universal custom of securing a provision by settlement, afforded more effectual and convenient means of providing for the wife. Dower at the common law is the only species of dower which affects lands in England generally; dower by custom is only of local application, as dower by the custom of gavelkind and Borough English; and freebench applies exclusively to copyhold lands. The former is treated of in Robinson's History of Gavelkind,' the latter in Watkins on 'Copyholds.'

In order to describe dower at the common law clearly, it will be advisable to follow the distribution of the subject

made by Blackstone.

1. Who may be endowed.

2. Of what a wife may be endowed.

3. How she shall be endowed.

4. How dower may be barred or prevented. 1. Who may be endowed.-Every woman who has at tained the age of nine years is entitled to dower by common law, except aliens, and Jewesses, so long as they continue in their religion. And from the disability arising from alienage, a queen, and also an alien licensed by the king, are exempt.

2. Of what she may be endowed.-She is now by law entitled to be endowed, that is, to have an estate for life in the third part of the lands and tenements of which the husband was solely seised either in deed or in law, or in which he had a right of entry, at any time during the coverture, of a legal or equitable estate of inheritance in possession, to which the issue of the husband and wife (if any) might by possibility inherit.

3. How she shall be endowed.-By Magna Charta it is provided, that the widow shall not pay a fine to the lord for her dower, and that she shall remain in the chief house of her husband for forty days after his death, during which time her dower shall be assigned. The particular lands and hereditaments to be held in dower must be assigned by the heir of the husband, or his guardian, by metes and bounds if divisible, otherwise specially, as of the third presentation to a benefice, &c. If the heir or his guardian do not assign, or assign unfairly, the widow has her remedy at law, and the sheriff is appointed to assign her dower; or by bill in equity, which is now the usual remedy.

4. How dower may be barred or prevented.-A woman is barred of her dower by the attainder of her husband for treason, by her own attainder for treason, or felony, by divorce à vinculo matrimonii, by elopement from her husband and living with her adulterer, by detaining the titledeeds from the heir at law, until she restores them, by alienation of the lands assigned her for a greater estate than she has in them; and she might also be barred of her dower by levying a fine, or suffering a recovery during her marriage, while those assurances existed. But the most usual means of barring dower are by jointures, made under the provisions of the 27 Hen. VIII., c. 10; and by the act of the husband. Before the stat. 3 & 4 Wm. IV., c. 105, a fine or recovery by the husband and wife was the only mode by which a right to dower which had already attached could be barred, though, by means of a simple form of conveyance, a husband might prevent the right to dower from arising at all upon lands purchased by him. By the above-mentioned statute, it is provided that no woman shall be entitled to dower out of any lands absolutely disposed of by her husband either in his life or by will, and that his debts and engagements shall be valid and effectual as against the right of the widow to dower. And further, that any declaration by the husband, either by deed or will, that the dower of his wife shall be subjected to any restrictions, or that she shall not have any dower, shall be effectual. It is also provided that a simple devise of real estate to the wife by the husband shall, unless a contrary intention be expressed, operate in bar of her dower. This statute however affects only marriages contracted, and only deeds, &c., subsequent to 1st January, 1834.

Most of these alterations, as indeed may be said of many others which have recently been made in the English real property law, have for some years been established in the United States of America. An account of the various enactments and provisions in force in the different states respecting dower may be found in 4 Kent's Commentaries, p. 34-72. (Bl. Com.; Park on Dower.)

DOWLETABAD, a strongly fortified town in the province of Aurungabad, seven miles north-west from the city of Aurungabad, in 19° 57′ N. lat., and 75° 25′ E. long. The fort consists of an enormous insulated mass of granite, standing a mile and a half from any hill, and rising to the height of 500 feet. The rock is surrounded by a deep ditch, across which there is but one passage, which will allow no more than two persons to go abreast. The passage into the fort is cut out of the solid rock, and can be entered by only one person at a time in a stooping posture. From this entrance the passage, still cut through the rock and very nar row, winds upwards. In the course of this passage are several doors by which it is obstructed, and the place is alio gether so strong, that a very small number of persons on the the fort might bid defiance to a numerous army. On the

other hand, the fort might be invested by a very incon- | siderable force, so as effectually to prevent any supplies is productive, being either under cultivation or serving being received by the garrison, who, owing to the intricacy of the outlet, could never make an effective sally. The lower part of the rock, to the height of 180 feet from the ditch, is nearly perpendicular, and it would be wholly impracticable to ascend it. The rock is well provided with tanks of water.

Since the seat of government has been transferred to Aurungabad the town of Dowletabad has greatly decayed; only a small portion of it is now inhabited. This place is said to have been the residence of a very powerful rajah in the thirteenth century, when the Mohammedans under Allah ud Deen carried their arms into this part of the Deccan. In 1806 the fort and surrounding country were brought under the dominion of the emperor of Delhi. About the close of the sixteenth century they were taken by Ahmed Nizam Shah of Ahmednuggur, and in 1634, during the reign of Shah Jehan, again came into the possession of the Moguls. Dowletabad has since followed the fate of that part of the Deccan, having been conquered by Nizam ul Mulk, with whose successors, the Nizams of Hyderabad, it has since remained.

DOWN, the fine hair of plants, is a cellular expansion of the cuticle, consisting of attenuated thin semitransparent hairs, either simple or jointed end to end, or even branched, as in the Mullein. When attached to seeds, it enables them to be buoyed up in the air and transported from place to place. When covering the external surface of a plant, it undoubtedly acts as a protection against extremes of temperature, and probably as a means of absorbing moisture from the air.

DOWN, a maritime county of the province of Ulster in Ireland; bounded on the north by an angle of Loch Neagh, the county of Antrim, and the bay of Belfast; on the east and south by the Irish channel; and on the west by the counties of Louth and Armagh, from which it is partly separated by the bay of Carlingford and the river of Newry. The greatest length from Cranfield point on the south-west to Orlock point on the north-east is 51 English miles; greatest breadth from Moyallan on the west to the coast near Ballywalter on the east, 38 miles. The coast line (including Lough Strangford) from Belfast to Newry, exclusive of small irregularities, is about 125 English miles. The area, according to the Ordnance Survey of Ireland,

South from Newcastle is Tara Bay, much frequented by fishing-vessels, and capable of great improvement. The estimated expense of a breakwater pier, which would convert it into an excellent tide harbour, is 38061. The peninsula of Ards runs out at Ballyquintin to a low rocky point south of Tara Bay. A rock, called the Bar Pladdy, having 11 ft. water at spring ebbs, lies immediately off Quintin Point; and the entrance to Strangford Loch is erroneously laid down in Mackenzie's Map as lying through the narrow intermediate channel called Nelson's Gut. Several shipwrecks have occurred in consequence. The true entrance to Strangford Loch lies west of the Bar Pladdy, between it and Killard Point, on the opposite side. The entrance is a narrow channel of about 5 miles in length by an average

Warren's Point at 7s. to 15s. per thousand, and are celebrated throughout Ireland for their excellent flavour. It has been proposed to carry the Newry canal, which terminates at Fathom, at the head of the bay, forward to the deep water off Warren's Point, where it is intended that it should terminate with a ship lock and floating basin. Warren's Point has a good quay, from which steamers sail regularly for Liverpool: most of the exports of Newry are shipped here from the small craft that bring them down the canal. The scenery on both sides of Carlingford Loch is of striking beauty.

breadth of less than a mile. Within, the loch of Strangford expands into a very extensive sheet of water, extending northwards to Newtownards, and nearly insulating the district between it and the sea. The tide of so large a sheet of water making its way to and from the sea, causes a great current in the narrow connecting strait at every ebb and flow, and renders the navigation at such times very difficult. Across this strait is a ferry, which gives name to the town of Portaferry at the eastern or Ards side of the entrance. The town of Strangford, which lies opposite, is supposed to derive its name from the strength of the tide race between. The true channel, at the narrowest part of the With the exception of the Upper Bann, all the rivers of strait, is little more than a quarter of a mile across, being Down discharge their water into the Irish channel. The contracted by rocks, one of which, called the Ranting navigable river Lagan, which, throughout near half of its Wheel, causes a whirlpool dangerous to small craft. There course, has a direction nearly parallel to the Bann, turns is another but less dangerous eddy of the same kind at the eastward at Magheralin, four miles north-east of which it opposite side. Within the entrance there are several good becomes the county boundary, and passing by Lisburn, falls anchorages, and landing-quays at Strangford, Portaferry, into the bay of Belfast, after a course of about thirty miles. Killileagh, the quay of Downpatrick, and Kirkcubbin. Kil- The Ballynahinch or Annacloy river brings down the lileagh quay was built by parliamentary grant in 1765, and waters of several small lakes south-east of Hillsborough, cost 12007, but is now much gone to decay. Strangford and widens into the Quoile river, which is navigable for Loch contains a great number of islands, many of which vessels of 200 tons a mile below Downpatrick, where it are pasturable, and great numbers of rabbits are bred in forms an extensive arm of Strangford Loch. The Quoile them. From Killard Point the coast bears south-west, and is covered with numerous islands, and its windings present is rocky and foul as far as Ardglass, where there is a pretty much beautiful scenery. The Newry river rises near good harbour, safe for small vessels, by which it is much Rathfriland, and flowing westward by the northern defrequented, but exposed to a heavy ground swell in south-clivities of the Mourne range, turns south a little above easterly gales. A pier was built here about 1819 at the Newry, and after a short course falls into the head of Carjoint expense of the old fishery board and the proprietor, lingford Loch. Numerous streams descend from the district Mr. Ogilvie. There is a small lighthouse at the extremity of Mourne immediately to the sea, and there is no part of of this pier. Ardglass is a principal place of resort for the the county deficient in a good supply of running water. fishing fleets which frequent the channel. Immediately The Lagan navigation, connecting Loch Neagh with west of Ardglass lies the harbour of Killough, between Belfast Loch, gives a line of water communication to the Ringford Point on the east and St. John's Point on the entire northern boundary of the county; and the Newry west. A natural breakwater, easily improvable, extends Canal, connecting the navigable river Bann with the bay between these points, and gives a pretty secure anchorage of Carlingford, affords a like facility to the western district, for large vessels within. There is an inner harbour for so that, with the exception of about ten miles between the small craft, dry at ebb, with a quay, built about the begin- Bann and the termination of the Lagan navigation, the ning of the last century. entire county boundary is formed either by the coast line or by lines of water carriage. The Lagan navigation was commenced in 1755, and cost upwards of 100,0007., but owing to mismanagement and the difficulties of keeping a rapid river navigation in repair, it has not proved a profitable speculation. The summit level, towards Loch Neagh, is 112 feet above the level of the sea.

West of St. John's Point opens the great bay of Dundrum, which extends from this point on the east to the coast of Mourne on the west, a distance of about four leagues by a league in depth, running north by west. This bay is exposed, shallow, and full of quicksands, and so situated that, till the erection of the present pier, which forms a small asylum harbour at Newcastle, a well-frequented bathing-place on the south-western side of the bay, vessels embayed here with an east or south-east wind inevitably went on shore. From an inspection of the books of the resident revenue officer stationed at Newcastle, it has been ascertained that from 1783 to 1835, 58 vessels, valued at 209,0507, have been wrecked in Dundrum Bay. The pier of Newcastle was erected at the joint expense of the old fishery board and the proprietor, Earl Annesley: the cost was 3,6007. It is highly serviceable as a station for the fishing-boats of the coast, and has been the means of saving four vessels within the last three years.

The Newry Canal admits vessels of 50 tons through the heart of Ulster. It was commenced in 1730, by commissioners appointed under an Act of the Irish Parliament, passed in the 3rd of George II., and was wholly constructed by government. The original object was chiefly to afford a water carriage for the coals of Tyrone district to Dublin. The canal lies partly in the county of Down and partly in Armagh; it extends, from its junction with the Bann river near Guilford, to Fathom, on the bay of Carlingford, about 14 Irish or 17 English miles, having its summit level 77 feet above the sea. The average breadth of the canal at top is 40 feet: the locks are 15 in number, and 22 feet in the clear. The canal was opened in 1741, but being among the first works of the kind attempted in Ireland it required numerous repairs, and has not yet made any considerable return for the original outlay. From the year 1802 to the year 1817, the total amount of toll received was 27,8387. 13s. 6d, and the total expenditure was 70,4957. 18s. 84d.; and for the succeeding ten years the gross receipts were 25,4617. 19s. 6d., and the gross expenditure 16,8977. 148. 74d. This navigation was vested in the directors-general of Ireland navigation down to 1827. It is now under the control of the Board of Works.

From Newcastle south to Cranfield Point the coast of Mourne possesses only three small boat harbours, the principal of which is at Derryogua, where there is a fishing station. On this part of the coast, near Kilkeel, is a lighthouse, 120 feet high. Between Cranfield Point on the east, and the extremity of the barony of Dundalk, in the county of Louth, on the west, is the entrance to the extensive harbour of Carlingford. This loch is about eight miles long by a mile and a half broad, and has steep mountains to the east and west along each side. From Narrow Water, where it contracts to the width of a river, the tide flows up to Newry, whence there is a canal com- Down is well supplied with roads. The great northern munication with the Upper Bann river, which flows into road from Belfast to Dublin passes through the county from Loch Neagh. There are numerous rocks and shoals at the north to south, by Hillsborough, Dromore, Banbridge, entrance, where a new lighthouse is about being erected, Loughbrickland, and Newry: this is the only turnpike road and a bar all across, on which there are but eight feet of in Down. The other chief lines are from Belfast to Dowater at ebb tides. The middle part of the loch is deep, naghadee by Newtownards; from Belfast to Downpatrick but exposed to heavy squalls from the mountains. The best by Ballynahinch; and from Downpatrick to Newry by anchorages are off Carlingford, on the south side, and oppo- Castlewellan and Rathfriland. The roads in general are site Warren's Point, and Rosstrevor, in the county of Down. hilly, but well constructed, and kept in excellent repair by There are two great beds of oysters in this loch, one off the grand jury. The Ulster Railroad, from Belfast to Rosstrevor Quay, two and a half miles long by half a mile Armagh, will pass through parts of the parishes of Wora broad; the other off Killowen Point, one mile long by half and Shankill in this county.

The entire length, when

a mile broad. The marquis of Anglesey is the proprietor. | completed, will be 36 miles and 291 yards. A railroad has The fishery is open to all persons paying 5s. yearly. About been projected from Belfast to Holywood, a bathing-place 10002. worth of oysters are taken annually: they sell in much resorted to by the citizens of Belfast in summer