goods. There the counts of adorned with a hich is not far Sting of a suite n length. the towns of Rivière on the tzerland. A and cast iren, ière are a sav of Levier, and Is made: neat unknown: t Son differest Fes of animals cident faller on the bodies -re they were Benoit (Be ie church able abbey of Remon merited the eulogy which Fordun gives him, of being 'Eng- | power proved his ruin, and dying without issue, he was Archibald V., earl of Angus, great-grandson of William, The good Sir James had another natural son, whom we William, the first earl of Douglas, had no children by his Sir John Douglas, who gallantly defended the castle of We have thus three earls of the House of Douglas: the The seventh earl of Angus had a younger brother, who became fourth earl of Morton, and was the famous Regent Morton. He was condemned to death for the murder of Darnley, and was executed by the maiden, an instrument which he himself introduced into Scotland. Sir William Douglas of Glenbervie above mentioned conveyed the lands of Glenbervie to a younger son. His eldest son became tenth earl of Angus; and the son of the latter was in 1633 created marquis of Douglas, the same year in which another branch of the Douglas family was advanced to be earl of Queensberry. Archibald, eldest son of the first marquis of Douglas, officiated as lord high chamberlain at the coronation of king Charles II., and was thereupon created earl of Ormond. His younger brother William had been some years before created earl of Selkirk; but marrying afterwards Anne, duchess of Hamilton, he was on her grace's petition created duke of Hamilton for life, and a new patent of the earldom of Selkirk issued in favour of his younger sons, two of whom were themselves also elevated to the peerage. The third marquis of Douglas was advanced to be duke of Douglas; but on his death the dukedom became extinct, and the marquisate devolved on the seventh duke of Hamilton. His grace was one of the party to the great Douglas cause,' the subject of which was the Douglas estates; but these were ultimately awarded to his opponent, who becoming entitled to the estates, assumed the name and arms of Douglas, and in 1790 was raised to the peerage as baron Douglas of Douglas castle, in the shire of Lanark. The year following, George, 16th earl of Morton, was enrolled among the peers of Great Britain as baron Douglas of Lochleven. The third earl of Queensberry had previously been raised to a marquisate and dukedom; and the fourth duke of Queensberry, who was also third earl of March, made a peer of England by the title of baron Douglas of Amesbury; but on the death of his grace in 1810, the English barony, conferred upon himself, and the earldom of March, conferred upon his grandfather, expired; while the dukedom devolved on the duke of Buccleuch, and the P2 4 original peerage descended to the present marquis of In his early years he translated Ovid's Art of Love,' and composed two allegorical poems, King Hart' and the Palace of Honour:' but he is best and most deservedly known by his translation of Virgil's Æneid,' which, with the thirteenth book by Mapheus Vegius, was produced in 1513. To each book is prefixed an original prologue, some of which give lively and simple descriptions of scenery, written in a manner which proves their author to have been possessed of considerable poetical power. At the end of the work (p. 280, ed. of 1553), he informs us that compilet was this work Virgilean' in eighteen moneths space, for two months whereof he wrote never He is also solicitous that his readers should one word.' 'read leal, and take good tent in time They neither maul nor mismetre his rhyme;' which reminds us of Chaucer's address to his bookI God that none miswrité thee, Nor thee mismetre for default of tongue.' 'So pray Those who take the trouble to examine Douglas for themselves, will find his language not near so different from our own as might be imagined from a cursory glance at the pages. The chief difference consists in the spelling and the accent, which we may suppose to have borne, as in Chaucer, a considerable resemblance to the present pronunciation of French; at least without some such supposition it will be found impossible to scan either. (Warton's Hist. Engl. Poetry (who gives copious extracts), and Biog. Brit., Douglas.') art. DOUGLAS. [MAN, ISLE OF.] remained eighteen months. He afterwards received the learned his art so well that he proved of great advantage to instructions of Peter Kouwhoorn, a painter on glass, and his father. The latter, however, alarmed at the danger he incurred by mounting to his work at church windows, made him study painting instead, and the illustrious Rembrandt was chosen for the lad's master. From that great painter Gerard learned the mastery of colour and chiaroscuro; but he differed entirely from his teacher in his manner of painting. Instead of growing bolder and rougher in his handling as he grew older, he became more and more delicate in his finish, elaborating everything which he touched with the most exquisite delicacy and minuteness, in so much that the threads of brocades, and of fine carpets are expressed even in his smallest paintings. Nothing escaped his eye nor his pencil. powerful in effect, and harmonious and brilliant in colour. And yet with all his elaboration of detail his pictures are He was accustomed to prepare his own tools, that he might have them of the requisite fineness. in finishing; and some anecdotes are told in proof of it. Gerard Douw has been charged with excessive slowness Sandrart says, that he once visited Gerard's study in company with Bamboccio, and on their both expressing their admiration of a certain miniature broom-handle in one of upon it, before he left it. It is said that his sitters were his pictures, he said, that he should spend three more days so wearied by his dilatoriness, and disgusted by the transscripts of their jaded faces, which he faithfully put upon the canvass, that others were deterred from sitting, and he was obliged to abandon portrait-painting. But Karel de Moor, who had been a pupil of his, averred that he was not so slow as had been asserted; and the number of his pictures tends to corroborate his statement. Douw got excellent and Sandrart informs us that Spiering, a gentleman of the prices for his paintings; generally from 600 to 1000 florins Hague, paid him an annual salary of 1000 florins, for the mere right of refusal of all the pictures he painted, at the highest price he could obtain. Gerard Douw died in 1680 The most famous among his pupils was Mieris. tures are in all great collections. (Argenville; Sandrart.) DOVE. [COLUMBIDE.] DOVEDÅLE. [DERBYSHIRE.] His pic DOVER, one of the Cinque Ports, a borough and markettown, having separate jurisdiction, in the eastern division of the county of Kent, 16 miles south-east by south from Canterbury and 72 east-south-east from London. Dover is by a depression in the chalk hills, which here present a transsituated on the coast, at the opening of a deep valley formed rior for several miles, and forms the basin of a small stream. This depression runs into the inte(a steep place), or from dwr (water), thre being a small Dover was called by the Saxons Dwyr, from dwfyrrha stream in the valley at the extremity of which Dover stands. By the Romans it was called Dubris, whence Dover. verse section to the sea. years been the usual port of embarkation for passengers DOURA, or DURRA. [SORGHUM VULGARE.] DOURO in Portuguese, Duero in Spanish, one of the principal rivers of the Peninsula, rises in the Sierra de Urbion, in the north part of the province of Soria in Old Castile. It first flows southwards, passing by the town of Soria, then turns to the west, through the provinces of Burgos, Valladolid, and Zamora, and receives numerous affluents both from the north and the south, the principal of which are, 1. the Pisuerga, which rises in the Asturian mountains, and after receiving the Alanzon from Burgos and the Carsion from Palencia, passes by Valladolid, and enters the Douro above Tordesillas; 2. the Seguillo, also from the north, passes by Medina del Rio Seco, and joins the Douro above Zamora; 3. the Esla, a large stream, comes from the mountains of Leon, and enters the Douro below Zamora. After receiving the Esla, the Douro reaches the frontiers of Portugal, where it turns to the south, and for about fifty miles marks the boundary between the province of Salamanca in Spain, and that of Tras os Montes in Portugal. In this part of its course it receives first the Tormes, a considerable stream, from the south-east, which rises in the lofty Sierra de Gredos, and passes by Salamanca, and then the old borough, include a part of the parish of Buckland, The boundaries of the present borough, in addition to further south the Agueda, from Ciudad Rodrigo. Douro then turns again to the west, and crosses the north registered after the passing of the Reform Act. The boThe and comprise a population of 15,298 persons; 1651 were part of Portugal, marking the limits between the provinces rough sends two members to parliament. It appears from of Tras os Montes and Entre Douro e Minho on its north the Municipal Corporation Report to be doubtful whebank, and the province of Beira on its south bank. The ther there are any charters. A court of record is held three principal affluents of the Douro in Portugal are the Coa times a week. The general sessions are held three times a from the south, and the Sabor and Tamega from the north. year before the recorder and other justices. There was a The Douro passes by the towns of Lamego and Oporto, and hundred court, but it has fallen into disuse. The town conenters the Atlantic below the latter city, of which it forms sists principally of one street about a mile long, running in the harbour. The whole course of the Douro with its wind- the direction of the valley. A theatre and assembly-room ings is nearly 500 miles, through some of the finest and were erected in 1790. most fertile regions of Spain and Portugal. The town is now considered a for sea-bathing. Many handsome houses have recently fashionable watering-place, and possesses every convenience been built for the accommodation of visitors in the season. The harbour is not very good, but it can accommodate ships DOUW, GERARD, was born at Leyden in 1613. In 1622 he was put by his father, a glazier, to study drawing under Bartholomew Dolendo, an engraver, with whom he ་ of 500 tons, and is principally used for sailing and steam There are two churches, St. James's and St. Mary's; the DOVETAIL, a term in joinery. A dovetail is the end of a piece of wood fashioned into the fan-like form of a dove's tail, and let into a corresponding hollow of another piece of wood. Dovetails are either exposed or concealed; concealed dovetailing is of two kinds, lapped and mitred.' (Nicholson's Dict.) DOVRAFIELD. [NORWAY.] DOWER (Law) is that part of the husband's lands, tenements, or hereditaments which come to the wife upon his death, not by force of any contract expressed or implied between the parties, but by operation of law, to be completed by an actual assignment of particular portions of the property. Prior to the reign of Charles II., five, and until the passing of the act 3 & 4 Wm. IV., c. 105, four kinds of dower were known to the English law. 1. Dower at the common law. 3. Dower ad ostium ecclesiæ. 4. Dower ex assensu patris. 5. Dower de la plus beale. This last was merely a consequence of tenure by knight's service, and was abolished by stat. 12 Charles II. c. 24; and the 3rd and 4th having long become obsolete, were finally abolished by the above-mentioned statute of Wm. IV. By the old law, dower attached upon the lands of which the husband was seised at any time during the marriage, and which a child of the husband and wife might by possibility inherit; and they remained liable to dower in the hands of a purchaser, though various ingenious modes of conveyance were contrived, which in some cases prevented the attaching of dower: but this liability was productive of great inconvenience, and frequently of injustice. The law too was inconsistent, for the wife was not dowable out of her husband's equitable estates, although the husband had his courtesy in those to which the wife was equitably entitled. [COURTESY.] To remedy these inconveniences the statute above mentioned was passed, and its objects may be stated to be, 1, to make equitable estates in possession liable to dower; 2, to take away the right to dower out of lands disposed of by the husband absolutely in his life or by will; 3, to enable the husband, by a simple declaration in a deed or will to bar the right to dower. The law of dower,' say the Real Property Commissioners, in their Second Report, upon which this statute was founded, though well adapted to the state of freehold property which existed at the time when it was established, and during a long time afterwards, had, in consequence of the frequent alienation of property which takes place in modern times, become exceedingly inconvenient.' In short, dower was considered and treated as an incumbrance, and was never, except in cases of inadvertency, suffered to arise. The increase of personal property, and the almost universal custom of securing a provision by settlement, afforded more effectual and convenient means of providing for the wife. Dower at the common law is the only species of dower which affects lands in England generally; dower by custom is only of local application, as dower by the custom of gavelkind and Borough English; and freebench applies exclusively to copyhold lands. The former is treated of in Robinson's History of Gavelkind,' the latter in Watkins on 'Copyholds.' In order to describe dower at the common law clearly, it will be advisable to follow the distribution of the subject made by Blackstone. 1. Who may be endowed. 2. Of what a wife may be endowed. 3. How she shall be endowed. 4. How dower may be barred or prevented. 1. Who may be endowed.-Every woman who has at tained the age of nine years is entitled to dower by common law, except aliens, and Jewesses, so long as they continue in their religion. And from the disability arising from alienage, a queen, and also an alien licensed by the king, are exempt. 2. Of what she may be endowed.-She is now by law entitled to be endowed, that is, to have an estate for life in the third part of the lands and tenements of which the husband was solely seised either in deed or in law, or in which he had a right of entry, at any time during the coverture, of a legal or equitable estate of inheritance in possession, to which the issue of the husband and wife (if any) might by possibility inherit. 3. How she shall be endowed.-By Magna Charta it is provided, that the widow shall not pay a fine to the lord for her dower, and that she shall remain in the chief house of her husband for forty days after his death, during which time her dower shall be assigned. The particular lands and hereditaments to be held in dower must be assigned by the heir of the husband, or his guardian, by metes and bounds if divisible, otherwise specially, as of the third presentation to a benefice, &c. If the heir or his guardian do not assign, or assign unfairly, the widow has her remedy at law, and the sheriff is appointed to assign her dower; or by bill in equity, which is now the usual remedy. 4. How dower may be barred or prevented.-A woman is barred of her dower by the attainder of her husband for treason, by her own attainder for treason, or felony, by divorce à vinculo matrimonii, by elopement from her husband and living with her adulterer, by detaining the titledeeds from the heir at law, until she restores them, by alienation of the lands assigned her for a greater estate than she has in them; and she might also be barred of her dower by levying a fine, or suffering a recovery during her marriage, while those assurances existed. But the most usual means of barring dower are by jointures, made under the provisions of the 27 Hen. VIII., c. 10; and by the act of the husband. Before the stat. 3 & 4 Wm. IV., c. 105, a fine or recovery by the husband and wife was the only mode by which a right to dower which had already attached could be barred, though, by means of a simple form of conveyance, a husband might prevent the right to dower from arising at all upon lands purchased by him. By the above-mentioned statute, it is provided that no woman shall be entitled to dower out of any lands absolutely disposed of by her husband either in his life or by will, and that his debts and engagements shall be valid and effectual as against the right of the widow to dower. And further, that any declaration by the husband, either by deed or will, that the dower of his wife shall be subjected to any restrictions, or that she shall not have any dower, shall be effectual. It is also provided that a simple devise of real estate to the wife by the husband shall, unless a contrary intention be expressed, operate in bar of her dower. This statute however affects only marriages contracted, and only deeds, &c., subsequent to 1st January, 1834. Most of these alterations, as indeed may be said of many others which have recently been made in the English real property law, have for some years been established in the United States of America. An account of the various enactments and provisions in force in the different states respecting dower may be found in 4 Kent's Commentaries, p. 34-72. (Bl. Com.; Park on Dower.) DOWLETABAD, a strongly fortified town in the province of Aurungabad, seven miles north-west from the city of Aurungabad, in 19° 57′ N. lat., and 75° 25′ E. long. The fort consists of an enormous insulated mass of granite, standing a mile and a half from any hill, and rising to the height of 500 feet. The rock is surrounded by a deep ditch, across which there is but one passage, which will allow no more than two persons to go abreast. The passage into the fort is cut out of the solid rock, and can be entered by only one person at a time in a stooping posture. From this entrance the passage, still cut through the rock and very nar row, winds upwards. In the course of this passage are several doors by which it is obstructed, and the place is alio gether so strong, that a very small number of persons on the the fort might bid defiance to a numerous army. On the The remainder of the county, about 850 square miles, other hand, the fort might be invested by a very incon- | siderable force, so as effectually to prevent any supplies is productive, being either under cultivation or serving being received by the garrison, who, owing to the intricacy of the outlet, could never make an effective sally. The lower part of the rock, to the height of 180 feet from the ditch, is nearly perpendicular, and it would be wholly impracticable to ascend it. The rock is well provided with tanks of water. the purposes of turbary. The numerous hills which diversify the surface are seldom too high for arable cultivation; and the irregularity of the surface facilitates drainage, and likewise affords a shelter, which, from the scarcity of timber in some parts of the county, is of material advantage. A low chain of cultivated eminences, well timbered, and on the northern and western side covered with the demesnes and improvements of a resident gentry, commences east of Dromore, and extends under various names along the valley of the Lagan and the eastern shore of Belfast Loch, as far as Bangor. The only detached eminence of any consequence is the hill of Scrabo at the head of Loch Strangford, 534 feet. This range separates the basin of the Lagan from that of Loch Strangford. Since the seat of government has been transferred to Aurungabad the town of Dowletabad has greatly decayed; only a small portion of it is now inhabited. This place is said to have been the residence of a very powerful rajah in the thirteenth century, when the Mohammedans under Allah ud Deen carried their arms into this part of the Deccan. In 1806 the fort and surrounding country were brought under the dominion of the emperor of Delhi. About the close of the sixteenth century they were taken by Ahmed Nizam Shah of Ahmednuggur, and in 1634, during the reign of Shah Jehan, again came into the possession of the Moguls. Dowletabad has since followed the fate of that part of the Deccan, having been conquered by Nizam ul Mulk, with whose successors, the Nizams of Hyderabad, it has since remained. DOWN, the fine hair of plants, is a cellular expansion of the cuticle, consisting of attenuated thin semitransparent hairs, either simple or jointed end to end, or even branched, as in the Mullein. When attached to seeds, it enables them to be buoyed up in the air and transported from place to place. When covering the external surface of a plant, it undoubtedly acts as a protection against extremes of temperature, and probably as a means of absorbing moisture from the air. The eastern shore of Belfast Loch has no anchorage for vessels above the third class. There is a small quay for fishing and pleasure-boats at Cultra, a mile below the bathing village of Holywood, where regattas are held. Out of Belfast Loch the first harbour on the coast of Ards is at Bangor, where a pier was built by parliamentary grant in 1757, forming a small harbour in the southeast part of the bay of about 300 ft. square. Fifteen sail of carrying vessels belong to this place, which are chiefly engaged in the export of corn and cattle to the coast of Scotland. Colonel Ward, the proprietor, is engaged in the construction of a pier, which, when completed, will afford fifteen feet at low water within the harbour. The coast here consists of low slate rocks; and there is a difficulty in getting stones of a suflicient size, which has hitherto retarded the completion of this desirable work. East of Bangor is the little harbour of Groomsport or Gregory's Port, where Duke Schomberg landed in 1690. Here is a small quay and about 100 houses, chiefly occupied by fishermen. Southeast of Groomsport is Donaghadee, the only place of security for a large vessel from Belfast Loch south to the harbour of Strangford. [DONAGHADEE.] Off Donaghadee lie three islands, called the Copelands, from a family of that name which formerly held the opposite coast. On one of these, called the Cross or Lighthouse Island, there is a lighthouse, which marks the entrance to Belfast Loch from the south. This building, which was erected about 1715, is a square tower, 70 ft. high to the lantern: the walls 7 ft. thick. The mode of lighting practised in 1744, when Harris wrote his DOWN, a maritime county of the province of Ulster in Ireland; bounded on the north by an angle of Loch Neagh, the county of Antrim, and the bay of Belfast; on the east and south by the Irish channel; and on the west by the counties of Louth and Armagh, from which it is partly separated by the bay of Carlingford and the river of Newry. The greatest length from Cranfield point on the south-west to Orlock point on the north-east is 51 English miles; greatest breadth from Moyallan on the west to the coast near Ballywalter on the east, 38 miles. The coast line (including Lough Strangford) from Belfast to Newry, exclusive of small irregularities, is about 125 English miles. The area, according to the Ordnance Survey of Ireland, History of Down,' was by a fire of coals kindled on a grate, which was fixed on an iron spindle rising from the masonry. On a windy night this grate used to consume a ton and a half of coal. This island contains 40 acres; the other two, 295 and 31 acres respectively. The sound between Big Island, which lies nearest the land, and the shore of Down, is about a mile and a quarter in breadth. It has from 7 to 8 fathoms of water; but the side next the mainland is foul; and a rock, half a mile from the shore, called the Deputy, which has but 10 ft. of water at low ebb, renders the navigation difficult in hazy weather. From Donaghadee south the coast is low, rocky, and dangerous. The rock of Seulmartin, covered at half-flood, and the North and South Rocks, the former never covered, the latter at every half tide, lie farthest off shore, and are most in the way of vessels coming up channel. The lighthouse of Kilwarlin was erected on the South Rock in 1797, and has since proved highly serviceable to all traders in the channel. At Ballywalter, Ballyhalbert, Cloghy, and Newcastle, in Quintin Bay, all situated on the eastern shore of Ards, are fishing stations. The first is very capable of improvement as a harbour, and there is a small quay for the supply of the Kilwarlin Lighthouse at the latter; but no shelter in any of them for vessels of more than 30 tons. Statute measure, or 956 square statute miles nearly. Down forms the south-eastern extremity of Ulster. The surface of nearly all the county is undulating; but the only uncultivated district is that occupied by the Mourne mountains and the detached group of Slieve Croob. The mountainous district of Mourne is bounded on the east by the bay of Dundrum and on the west by the bay of Carlingford, and covers an area of nearly 90 square miles. Beginning from the west, the principal elevations are Cleomack, 1257 feet; Tievedockaragh, 1557 feet; Eagle Mountain, 2084 feet, having on the north Rocky Mountain, 1328 feet, and on the south Finlieve, 1888 feet; Slieve Muck North, 2198 feet, from the north-western declivity of which the river Bann takes its rise at an altitude of 1467 feet; Slieve Muck South, 1931 feet; Slieve Bingian, 2449 feet; and north of these Chimney Rock Mountains, 2152 feet; Slieve Bearnagh, 2394 feet; Slieve Corragh, 2512 feet; and Slieve Donard, 2796 feet, the highest ground in the county, which overhangs the sea above Newcastle, a small town situated on the western shore of Dundrum bay. This mountain group contains much fine scenery. Its north-eastern declivities are clothed for several miles with the plantations of Tullymore Park, the splendid residence of the Earl of Roden; its western flanks overhang the beautiful vicinities of Warren's Point and Rosstrevor, and on the narrow strip between its southern declivities and the sea is situated the fine demesne of Mourne Park the residence of the Earl of Kilmorey. The Slieve Croob range covers an area of about ten square miles to the north-east of the Mourne Group. Slieve Croob, the highest elevation of the range, has an altitude of 1755 feet; on its north-eastern declivity the river Lagan rises at an elevation of about 1250 feet above the level of the sea. South from Newcastle is Tara Bay, much frequented by fishing-vessels, and capable of great improvement. The estimated expense of a breakwater pier, which would convert it into an excellent tide harbour, is 38061. The peninsula of Ards runs out at Ballyquintin to a low rocky point south of Tara Bay. A rock, called the Bar Pladdy, having 11 ft. water at spring ebbs, lies immediately off Quintin Point; and the entrance to Strangford Loch is erroneously laid down in Mackenzie's Map as lying through the narrow intermediate channel called Nelson's Gut. Several shipwrecks have occurred in consequence. The true entrance to Strangford Loch lies west of the Bar Pladdy, between it and Killard Point, on the opposite side. The entrance is a narrow channel of about 5 miles in length by an average Warren's Point at 7s. to 15s. per thousand, and are celebrated throughout Ireland for their excellent flavour. It has been proposed to carry the Newry canal, which terminates at Fathom, at the head of the bay, forward to the deep water off Warren's Point, where it is intended that it should terminate with a ship lock and floating basin. Warren's Point has a good quay, from which steamers sail regularly for Liverpool: most of the exports of Newry are shipped here from the small craft that bring them down the canal. The scenery on both sides of Carlingford Loch is of striking beauty. breadth of less than a mile. Within, the loch of Strangford expands into a very extensive sheet of water, extending northwards to Newtownards, and nearly insulating the district between it and the sea. The tide of so large a sheet of water making its way to and from the sea, causes a great current in the narrow connecting strait at every ebb and flow, and renders the navigation at such times very difficult. Across this strait is a ferry, which gives name to the town of Portaferry at the eastern or Ards side of the entrance. The town of Strangford, which lies opposite, is supposed to derive its name from the strength of the tide race between. The true channel, at the narrowest part of the With the exception of the Upper Bann, all the rivers of strait, is little more than a quarter of a mile across, being Down discharge their water into the Irish channel. The contracted by rocks, one of which, called the Ranting navigable river Lagan, which, throughout near half of its Wheel, causes a whirlpool dangerous to small craft. There course, has a direction nearly parallel to the Bann, turns is another but less dangerous eddy of the same kind at the eastward at Magheralin, four miles north-east of which it opposite side. Within the entrance there are several good becomes the county boundary, and passing by Lisburn, falls anchorages, and landing-quays at Strangford, Portaferry, into the bay of Belfast, after a course of about thirty miles. Killileagh, the quay of Downpatrick, and Kirkcubbin. Kil- The Ballynahinch or Annacloy river brings down the lileagh quay was built by parliamentary grant in 1765, and waters of several small lakes south-east of Hillsborough, cost 12007, but is now much gone to decay. Strangford and widens into the Quoile river, which is navigable for Loch contains a great number of islands, many of which vessels of 200 tons a mile below Downpatrick, where it are pasturable, and great numbers of rabbits are bred in forms an extensive arm of Strangford Loch. The Quoile them. From Killard Point the coast bears south-west, and is covered with numerous islands, and its windings present is rocky and foul as far as Ardglass, where there is a pretty much beautiful scenery. The Newry river rises near good harbour, safe for small vessels, by which it is much Rathfriland, and flowing westward by the northern defrequented, but exposed to a heavy ground swell in south-clivities of the Mourne range, turns south a little above easterly gales. A pier was built here about 1819 at the Newry, and after a short course falls into the head of Carjoint expense of the old fishery board and the proprietor, lingford Loch. Numerous streams descend from the district Mr. Ogilvie. There is a small lighthouse at the extremity of Mourne immediately to the sea, and there is no part of of this pier. Ardglass is a principal place of resort for the the county deficient in a good supply of running water. fishing fleets which frequent the channel. Immediately The Lagan navigation, connecting Loch Neagh with west of Ardglass lies the harbour of Killough, between Belfast Loch, gives a line of water communication to the Ringford Point on the east and St. John's Point on the entire northern boundary of the county; and the Newry west. A natural breakwater, easily improvable, extends Canal, connecting the navigable river Bann with the bay between these points, and gives a pretty secure anchorage of Carlingford, affords a like facility to the western district, for large vessels within. There is an inner harbour for so that, with the exception of about ten miles between the small craft, dry at ebb, with a quay, built about the begin- Bann and the termination of the Lagan navigation, the ning of the last century. entire county boundary is formed either by the coast line or by lines of water carriage. The Lagan navigation was commenced in 1755, and cost upwards of 100,0007., but owing to mismanagement and the difficulties of keeping a rapid river navigation in repair, it has not proved a profitable speculation. The summit level, towards Loch Neagh, is 112 feet above the level of the sea. West of St. John's Point opens the great bay of Dundrum, which extends from this point on the east to the coast of Mourne on the west, a distance of about four leagues by a league in depth, running north by west. This bay is exposed, shallow, and full of quicksands, and so situated that, till the erection of the present pier, which forms a small asylum harbour at Newcastle, a well-frequented bathing-place on the south-western side of the bay, vessels embayed here with an east or south-east wind inevitably went on shore. From an inspection of the books of the resident revenue officer stationed at Newcastle, it has been ascertained that from 1783 to 1835, 58 vessels, valued at 209,0507, have been wrecked in Dundrum Bay. The pier of Newcastle was erected at the joint expense of the old fishery board and the proprietor, Earl Annesley: the cost was 3,6007. It is highly serviceable as a station for the fishing-boats of the coast, and has been the means of saving four vessels within the last three years. The Newry Canal admits vessels of 50 tons through the heart of Ulster. It was commenced in 1730, by commissioners appointed under an Act of the Irish Parliament, passed in the 3rd of George II., and was wholly constructed by government. The original object was chiefly to afford a water carriage for the coals of Tyrone district to Dublin. The canal lies partly in the county of Down and partly in Armagh; it extends, from its junction with the Bann river near Guilford, to Fathom, on the bay of Carlingford, about 14 Irish or 17 English miles, having its summit level 77 feet above the sea. The average breadth of the canal at top is 40 feet: the locks are 15 in number, and 22 feet in the clear. The canal was opened in 1741, but being among the first works of the kind attempted in Ireland it required numerous repairs, and has not yet made any considerable return for the original outlay. From the year 1802 to the year 1817, the total amount of toll received was 27,8387. 13s. 6d, and the total expenditure was 70,4957. 18s. 84d.; and for the succeeding ten years the gross receipts were 25,4617. 19s. 6d., and the gross expenditure 16,8977. 148. 74d. This navigation was vested in the directors-general of Ireland navigation down to 1827. It is now under the control of the Board of Works. From Newcastle south to Cranfield Point the coast of Mourne possesses only three small boat harbours, the principal of which is at Derryogua, where there is a fishing station. On this part of the coast, near Kilkeel, is a lighthouse, 120 feet high. Between Cranfield Point on the east, and the extremity of the barony of Dundalk, in the county of Louth, on the west, is the entrance to the extensive harbour of Carlingford. This loch is about eight miles long by a mile and a half broad, and has steep mountains to the east and west along each side. From Narrow Water, where it contracts to the width of a river, the tide flows up to Newry, whence there is a canal com- Down is well supplied with roads. The great northern munication with the Upper Bann river, which flows into road from Belfast to Dublin passes through the county from Loch Neagh. There are numerous rocks and shoals at the north to south, by Hillsborough, Dromore, Banbridge, entrance, where a new lighthouse is about being erected, Loughbrickland, and Newry: this is the only turnpike road and a bar all across, on which there are but eight feet of in Down. The other chief lines are from Belfast to Dowater at ebb tides. The middle part of the loch is deep, naghadee by Newtownards; from Belfast to Downpatrick but exposed to heavy squalls from the mountains. The best by Ballynahinch; and from Downpatrick to Newry by anchorages are off Carlingford, on the south side, and oppo- Castlewellan and Rathfriland. The roads in general are site Warren's Point, and Rosstrevor, in the county of Down. hilly, but well constructed, and kept in excellent repair by There are two great beds of oysters in this loch, one off the grand jury. The Ulster Railroad, from Belfast to Rosstrevor Quay, two and a half miles long by half a mile Armagh, will pass through parts of the parishes of Wora broad; the other off Killowen Point, one mile long by half and Shankill in this county. The entire length, when a mile broad. The marquis of Anglesey is the proprietor. | completed, will be 36 miles and 291 yards. A railroad has The fishery is open to all persons paying 5s. yearly. About been projected from Belfast to Holywood, a bathing-place 10002. worth of oysters are taken annually: they sell in much resorted to by the citizens of Belfast in summer |