wards transported to Barbadoes. Drogheda was last held for the Roman Catholic party by the Lord Iveagh, with a garrison of 1000 men, in 1690, but it surrendered to a detachment of King William's army the day after the battle of the Boyne. [BOYNE.] The old walls and four gates were standing within the last fifty years. A few buttresses and St. Laurence's gate are all that now remain. The last is a striking object, and is in good preservation. Drogheda is rich in ecclesiastical antiquities. The Dominican Friary on the north part of the town was founded by Lucas de Netterville, archbishop of Armagh, in 1224, and is celebrated as the scene of the submission of four Irish princes to Richard II. in 1394. A lofty tower of this friary, called the Magdalen Tower, is still standing, together with some of the cloisters. The ruins of the Carmelite Friary, founded in 1240, on the south side of the river, are still to be seen on the right hand of the great northern road coming from Dublin. The present parish church of St. Mary's is partly built on these ruins. The Franciscan Friary on the north-east of the town is standing, although much ruined, and forms a striking feature in the view of Drogheda from the approaches on the Dublin side. A gable and bell-tower, with part of the aisle, of the Priory of Canons Regular also remain on the west of the town near the river; and there are some traces of the Priory of St. Laurence near the gate, and of the Hospital of St. Mary, beyond the Canons Regular. Besides these, there was an Augustinian Priory, founded before the coming of the English, of which no trace now remains; as also the Priory of St. John, and the religious houses of St. James and St. Bennet. The possessions of the Augustinians and Carmelites, as also of the Priory of St. Laurence and the house of the blessed Mary de Urso, came into the hands of the corporation by charter of 3 and 4 Philip and Mary, A.D. 1557. Drogheda is governed by a corporation, consisting of mayor, sheriffs, 24 aldermen, and an unlimited number of freemen. This body is nearly self-elected, and has uniformly acted on the principle of excluding Roman Catholics. They hold their authority under numerous charters, from the 12th of Henry III. to the 3rd of William IV. Assizes for the county of the town are held here twice a year before the mayor and the judges of assize. Drogheda is the first town on the north-east circuit. A civil bill court is also held here twice a year before the assistant barrister of the county of Louth. Petty sessions are held once a fortnight. The gaol of the county of the town, on the road to Tirfecan, was lately built by grand jury presentment, and is in good condition, though sometimes deficient in accommodation. Drogheda is watched and lighted by rates imposed under acts of parliament. The expenses of paving, within the walls, are defrayed by the corporation: the roads and streets without the walls are repaired by grand jury presentments. The expense of watching in 1833 was 310l. 10s. 7d.; of lighting, 3207.; of paving within the walls, 2137. 13s.; and of repairing roads, &c. without the walls, 1357. 6s. 54d. Drogheda returns one member to the Imperial Parliament. The port and harbour are under the direction of harbour commissioners, constituted by 3 Geo. III. c. 39, and 7 and 8 Geo. III. c. 35. These and the corporate authorities under whose control the harbour was formerly, have received from time to time a sum of 60001. for the improvement of the quays and river. Their receipts in tonnage dues for 1834 amounted to 11,6687., and in 1835 to 58297. Vessels of 250 tons come up to the bridge, and the channel of the Boyne is capable of great improvement. The amount of postage collected at Drogheda in each year from 1833 to 1836 was as follows:-1833, 19357. 14s. 3d.; 1834, 20407. 158. 5d.; 1835, 20577. 188. 5d.; 1836, 2244l. 78. Id. The increase under this head shows that the trade of the town is reviving. This corporation is subject to the New Rules' of the 25th of Charles II. [CORPORATIONS OF IRELAND.] Their estates consist of 2032 acres, besides houses and tenements, producing an average annual revenue of 45007. It is estimated that these estates, if out of lease, would now let for 12,000l. per annum. They are principally tenanted by members of the corporation, who, up to 1833, were alone permitted to become tenants, and who still enjoy peculiar advantages in renewing their leases. Drogheda is a compact and well-built town; but the the northern side of the river, which is the higher ground. The principal street runs nearly north and south, and forms a portion of the great northern road. Other good streets branch east and west. About the centre of the town, on the western side of the main street, stands the town-house, a handsome building with a clock and cupola; and north of this, on the opposite side of the main street, is the parish church of St. Peter, a respectable edifice of cut stone, with a spire designed by Johnston. The Roman Catholic chapel of St. Peter is capacious and well-built; and there is a handsome Presbyterian meeting-house, and a Methodist chapel of chaste architecture. Besides these there are four other Roman Catholic chapels, and two nunneries; one of the latter, called the Sienna Nunnery, near the site of the Franciscan Priory, is a large establishment. There are two barracks. There is a considerable import of coal from Workington and Whitehaven. It sells at from 12s. to 148. per ton; but even this low price precludes the purchase of coal by the poorer classes, who in many instances burn little else than weeds and brambles. The linen manufacture, about twenty years ago, was the staple trade of Drogheda. The articles manufactured were dowlas, sheetings, and a narrow web called market linen. The number of weavers in the county of the town at that time was about 2000. The quantity of linen sealed in the Drogheda market in 1820 was 53,697 pieces; and in 1821, 61,866 pieces: the average of the years from 1830 to 1834 (both included) was only 19,495 pieces. The number of looms now employed in Drogheda and the country around does not amount to 1000; the number of weavers at present (1837) employed in the town is not much more than 200; and the wages they earn rarely amount to 5s. per week. The lower class of the population are miserably poor; and as numerous vagrants pass through the town to and from Dublin, the streets are constantly filled with beggars, who collect in crowds round the different stage-coaches when changing horses, and seriously annoy travellers upon the northern road A mendicity institution was established in Drogheda in 1821 the corporation give a house rent free, and the establishment is supported by voluntary contributions. The expendi ture from the 1st May, 1831, to the 25th June, 1833, was 8127. 8s. 2d.; and the receipts were 7867. 28. 2d. There is also an almshouse, with a rental of 2417. 12s. 6d.; and an hospital for the county of the town, constituted under the provisions of 47th Geo. III. c. 50, which receives 90 in-door patients, and gives dispensary relief to about 4000 poor an nually. It is supported by a grant of 50l. per annum from the corporation, by voluntary contributions, and grand jury presentments: total receipts for 1833, 3647. 10s. 34d. There is a savings bank in the town, the deposits in which are increasing. The total number of depositors in 1835 was 671; gross amount of lodgments 17,729. 198. 74d. There has been little or no increase in the population of Drogheda since the year 1798, when the lists which the inhabitants were obliged to put up on their doors gave a population of about 17,000. In 1821 the numbers were, males, 8702; females, 9416; total, 18,118: and in 1831 the numbers were, males, 8178; females, 9187; total, 17,365 showing a considerable decrease, which has been attributed partly to the emigration of decayed weavers, and partly to the mortality caused by the cholera, which, since 1831, is estimated to have carried off upwards of 1500 inhabitants. In the latter year, the number of males upwards of twenty years of age returned as employed in manufactures, or in making manufacturing machinery, was 946; of whom 153 are stated to be employed in the linen manufacture, 788 (not accurately classed) in the cotton and linen manufacture, and 5 in the manufacture of tobacco. In 1821 there were in the county of the town of Drogheda 1147 young persons receiving daily instruction, and in 1834 the numbers were Of these schools three are in connexion with the National Board; and one, upon Erasmus Smith's foundation, has an income of 2807. per annum. The statute 5 Ed. IV. miserable suburbs extending north and south greatly dis- c. 46 grants a university to Drogheda; but the provisions of Agure the approaches. The chief part of the town lies on the act have never been carried into effect. The town expenses are defrayed by grand jury assess ments. The total sum so levied in 1833 was 18637. 14s. 34d. An obscure work, entitled ‘A History of Drogheda,' was published some time ago in this town; but as yet this part of Ireland has not been made the subject of adequate historical illustration. (Cox's History of Ireland; Temple's History of the Ex. Irish Rebellion; Bernard's History of the Siege of Drogheda; Parliamentary Papers, &c.) DROHOBYCZ or DROHOVITSCH, a royal town in the circle of Sambor, in the Austrian kingdom of Galicia, situated on the Tyszmanika, a tributary of the Dniester. It lies in 49° 22′ N. lat., and 23° 35′ E. long. A great portion of the houses are filthy cabins, without chimneys, constructed of boards. The town however has several buildings of consequence, among which are the high-church, a fine structure of the Gothic order, a Basilian monastery, with a grammar-school conducted by the brotherhood, a chapter-house, several churches, a synagogue, castle, and seminary for teachers. The town, with its eight suburbs, contains about 1200 houses, and 7250 inhabitants. The royal salt works, including the adjacent works at Mobrzyc, Solec, and Stebnik, produce about 3700 tons annually, which are extracted from salt rocks and saline clay. There is a brisk trade in native and foreign produce, particularly wine, linens, cottons, leather, and grocery, which is mainly carried on by the Jews, who form full seveneighths of the population; and the corn and cattle markets bring much profit to the place. DROITS OF ADMIRALTY are the perquisites attached to the office of Admiral of England (or Lord High Admiral), and belonging, when that office is vacant, to the crown. Of these perquisites the most valuable is the right to the property of an enemy seized on the breaking out of hostilities. Large sums were obtained by the crown on various occasions in the course of the last war from the seizure of the enemy's property, most of which however was eventually given up to the public service. By the last arrangement of the civil list (1 Will. IV. cap. 25), whatever Droits of Admiralty may accrue during the present reign are to be paid into the Exchequer for the use of the public. The Lord High Admiral's right to the tenth part of the property captured on the seas has been by statute relinquished in favour of the captors. DROITWICH. [WORCESTERSHIRE.] DROME, a river in France, belonging to the basin of the Rhône. [DRÔME.] markable for its form, being in one part narrower at the base than at the summit, which gives it the appearance or an inverted pyramid: the Mount Devez is considered to be the cause of a healthy breeze which pervades the territory of Nyons; it is said to be occasioned by the condensation of the vapours from the neighbouring mountains, which are, for a part of the year, covered with snow. The mountainous tract is intersected by valleys, communicating with each other by narrow and dangerous bye-roads, and watered by streams, which, when swollen by the melting of the snows, overflow their banks and occasion great devastations. These rivers are numerous, but none of them are very considerable. The Rhône bounds the department on the western side for a distance of seventy miles, for the greater part of which its channel is full of small islands. It carries off the drainage of the whole department: its tributaries rise in the mountains of the eastern district, and flow westward into the main channel. The valley of the Rhône contains the most condensed population, and several of the principal towns are on its banks. The Isère, one of the most important of the tributaries of the Rhône, which rises in the highest part of the Alps, near Mount Iseran, crosses the department in the northern part and falls into the Rhône on its border. About eighteen or twenty miles of its course belong to this department. The Drôme rises on the eastern boundary of the department, and flows north-north-west about twenty-two miles to Die, receiving the little river Bes, or Bez, and some other streams by the way: from Die it flows seven or eight miles west to Pontaix, and from thence south five or six miles to the junction of the Rouane, or Roanne, which receives the Ribière, or Ribierre: from the junction of the Rouane the Drôme flows twenty-five miles west into the Rhône, receiving several streams by the way. Its whole course may be estimated at about sixty miles, all within the department: it is not navigable, but is used for floating timber below Luc sur Diois, about twelve miles from its source. From Luc to Die the timber is floated in rafts of twelve to fifteen trunks: from Die to Pontaix in single trunks, on account of the rocks which obstruct the bed of the river: below Pontaix the timber is again collected and formed into rafts. The Bez is also used for floating. The other rivers of the department are very small. In the part northward of the Isère are the Suzon (twenty-five miles long, chiefly belonging to the department of Isère), the Bancel, and the Galaure, which all flow into the Rhône, and the Herbasse, which flows into the Isère. In the country between the Isère and the Drôme are the Bourne, which flow into the Bourne; the Leoncel, which joins the Lyonne; and the Veoure, which flows into the Rhône. In the country south of the Drôme are the Roubion and the Jabron, which unite at Montelimar, and fall into the Rhône just below that town: the Berre, which falls into the Rhône near Pierre-latte, and the Lez, the Aigues, and the Ouvèze, which all join the Rhône in the neighbouring department of Vaucluse. The Lez receives the Leron and some other streams, the Aigues receives the Oulle and the Zeynnées, and the Ouvèze receives the Tolerene. The Rhône and the Isère are, we believe, the only navigable rivers. There are no canals in the department. DROME, a department in the south of France, bounded on the north and north-east by the department of Isère, on the east by the department of Hautes Alpes; on the south-which flows into the Isère; the Vernaison and Lyonne, east by the department of Basses Alpes, and on the south by the department of Vaucluse: on the whole of the west side it is bounded by the river Rhône, by which it is separated from the department of Ardèche. The form of the department is irregular: its greatest length is from north-north-west near the village of St. Rambert, on the Rhône, to south-south-east, near the village of Ferrassières de Montbrun, 88 or 90 miles; its greatest breadth, at right angles to the length, is from Pierre-latte, on the Rhône, to the neighbourhood of Lussettes, on the Buech, 60 miles. It is comprehended between 44° 6' and 45° 20' N. lat., and 4° 36′ and 5° 45′ E. long. The area is given by M. Malte Brun at 336 square geographical leagues, or 2570 square miles; about the area of the English county of Devon. The population in 1832 amounted to 299,556, about three fifths of the population of Devonshire. The area of the department is above the average of France, but the absolute and relative population (117 to a square mile) are both considerably below the average. Valence, the capital, is on the Rhône, 295 or 296 miles south-south-east of Paris, in a straight line, or 352 miles by the road through Melun, Auxerre, and Lyon. The great road from Paris by Lyon to Aix, Marseilles, and Toulon, crosses the department from north to south, passing through the towns of St. Valier, Tain, Valence, Livron, Loriol, Montelimar, and Pierre-latte. From Valence a road runs north-east through Le Péage and Romans to St. Marcellin and Grenoble, in the department of Isère another road, from Pont St. Esprit, on the Rhône, into the department of Hautes Alpes, and by Mont Genèvre into Italy, just crosses the southern part of this department through Nions or Nyons. The other roads are all bye-roads. The department is very deficient in the means of communication with other parts. The eastern side of the department is mountainous, being occupied by the branches sent off from the mass of the Alps. This mountainous tract occupies two-thirds of The calcareous and argillaceous strata which occupy the the department. The mountains are for the most part mountainous tract in the east of the department occupy calcareous or argillaceous: the highest, which are on or also the valley of the Rhône from the neighbourhood of the near the eastern boundary of the department, have an ele- Drôme southward: the banks of the Drôme, the valley of vation of about 5800 feet: they become lower toward the the Rhône north of that river, and the valley of the Isère, west, and gradually subside into the valley of the Rhône. are occupied by the strata which are found above the chalk Two of the mountains, the Inaccessible Mountain and The mineral treasures of the department are considerable Mount Devez, are reckoned among the curiosities of this there are mines of copper and one mine of iron: granite, part of the country. The Inaccessible Mountain is re-potters' clay, gypsum, coal, and fossil coal, are obtained' and peat is dug for fuel. There are several mineral springs, but none of much repute. The soil varies much; a considerable portion of it is so bad as to be hardly susceptible of cultivation. The highest parts of the mountains afford pasturage, but not wood; and the slopes, which might be expected to produce wood, present commonly nothing but bare rocks and steril hollows. But industry and care in manuring the land have rendered this department important, not only by the amount but the variety of its produce. The quantity of corn grown is not sufficient for home consumption; but there are olives, almonds, walnuts, and excellent wines, especially those of Tain (Hermitage, Côte Rôtie, &c.), L'Etoile, and Die. The neighbourhood of Romans and some other places yield truffles, which are considered nearly equal to those of Perigord. There are rich meadows and good pasture grounds, to which the flocks and herds of Provence are driven in the summer. Forests, chiefly of pine and beech, occupy nearly a seventh part of the department. Plantations of mulberrytrees, in which many silk-worms are reared, are numerous. Horses and neat cattle are not numerous; sheep are more so; the mules are small, the asses of good quality. The chamois, the wild goat, and a few bears, are found in the mountains. Game is abundant, but the rivers do not afford any great quantity of fish. The air is pure and healthy, and rather cold, except along the valley of the Rhône, where the heat in summer is very great. The department is divided into four arrondissements: that of Valence, in the north, population 135,193; that of Die, in the east, population 65,663; that of Nyons, in the south-east, population 36,170; and that of Montelimar, in the south-west, population 62,530. The number of communes is 361, which are arranged in 28 cantons or districts, in the jurisdiction of a juge de paix. The chief towns are Valence, the capital, on the Rhône, population 8898 for the town, or 10,406 for the whole commune; Romans, on the Isère, population 7677 for the town, or 9285 for the whole commune; and Montelimar, near the Rhône, population 5816 for the town, or 7560 for the whole commune. [MONTELIMAR; ROMANS; VALENCE.] Of the smaller towns we subjoin some account. In the arrondissement of Valence are Moras (population of commune 4053); Le Grand Serre, near the Galaure; Saint Vallier (population estimated at 2000), and Tain (population 2139 for the town, 2340 for the whole commune), both on the Rhône; Montrigaud and St. Donat (population of the town 1591, of the whole commune 2084), both on the Herbasse; Montmiral; Le Péage (population 3095 for the town, 3577 for the whole commune), on the Isère; Alixan; Montellier; St. Jean de Royans, on the Lyonne; Chabeuil (population of commune 4452), on the Veoure; Etoile; Livron (population 1719 for the town, 3275 for the whole commune) and Loriol (population 1784 for the town, and 3048 for the whole commune), both on the Drôme; and Mirmande. St. Vallier is in a pleasant country; it has a Gothic château: the inhabitants are engaged in throwing silk, weaving linens, silks, and crape, pressing oil, and making porcelain and hats. Tain has an antient altar. A bridge of iron wire, completed in 1825, connects this town with that of Tournon on the opposite | side of the Rhône. The wines of the neighbourhood have been noticed. Potter's clay is dug near the town. At St. Donat some silk manufactures are carried on. Le Péage, though forming a separate commune, is really a suburb of Romans. Chabeuil is a place of considerable business; it has corn, oil, paper, and fulling mills, and some manufactories for woollen cloths. Livron and Loriol, on the opposite banks of the Drôme, just above its junction with the Rhône, are connected by a fine bridge. In the arrondissement of Die are, Die, the capital (population 3213 for the town, 3555 for the whole commune), Pontaix, Saillans, Aouste, and Crest (population 3895 for the town, 4901 for the whole commune), all on the Drôme; Chatillon on the Bez; Beaufort; Bordeaux, Saou, and Puy St. Martin, on or near the Roubion; and La Motte Chalançon on the Oulle. phiné, and the seat of a bishoprick established in the fourth century, and for a long time united to that of Valence, but separated from it by Louis XIV. after the revocation of the edict of Nantes; it has been since suppressed. Die suffered much during the religious wars of the sixteenth century from the Huguenots: these seem to have retained a predominance in the town, as they had, previously to the revocation of the edict of Nantes, an academy here. The Dictionnaire Universel de la France' (Paris, 1804) enumerates as its manufactures paper, thrown silk, fustian, and cotton goods. Crest was successfully defended in the crusade against the Albigenses by Aimar, count of Valence, who supported the count of Toulouse against the Catholics under Montfort. It has an antient castle in a picturesque situation on the brow of a hill commanding a delightful prospect. This castle has been used as a state prison. The town is at the foot of the castle hill. The inhabitants are engaged in the manufacture of woollen cloth, cottons, and silks; in dyeing and fulling cloths, and in pressing oil. (Dict. Univ. de la France, Paris, 1804; Vaysse de Villiers, Itinéraire De scriptif de la France, Paris, 1813.) Aouste, which is mentioned in the Itineraries under the name of Augusta, and at which paper is made and oil expressed; Saillans, at which some silk and cotton manufactures are carried on; and Pontaix, at which some woollens are made, are all on the road between Crest and Die. At Beaufort, Bordeaux, and Saou, woollen goods are manufactured. In the arrondissement of Nyons are only two towns, Nyons on the Aigues (population 2700 for the town, or 3397 for the whole commune), and Le Buis, on the Ouvèze (population 1886 for the town, or 2180 for the whole commune). Nyons is at the foot of Mount Devez, upon the slope of which it is partly built, and is divided into three quarters, each of which has an old wall inclosing it. It has a bridge built by the Romans, and in the environs are the ruins of an old castle demolished by the order of Louis XIII. Nyons was in the middle ages the frequent residence of the Dauphins of Viennois. The inhabitants are engaged in throwing silk and in making woollen stuffs and soap. It was the birth-place of Phillis, daughter of the Marquis de la Charce, a lady who, in 1692, put herself at the head of the inhabitants of the neighbourhood, and aided in repelling an invasion of the Savoyards. At Le Buis silk and leather are manufactured. In the arrondissement of Montelimar are Marsanne, Dieu-le-fit on the Jabron (population of the town 3010, of the whole commune 3952), Châteauneuf du Rhône, Donzère, and Pierre-latte (population of the town 2388, of the whole commune 3447), all on the Rhône; Taulignan and Grignan, both near the Lez; and St. Paul-trois-Châteaux. Dieu-le-fit has in its neighbourhood three mineral springs: potter's clay and ochre are dug. Pottery and other earthenware, hats, woollen goods, and silks, are made in and about the town. Donzère produces wine, which has tolerable reputation. Pierre-latte is at the foot of a large rock, from which some would derive its name, Petra latra, or wide rock. At Taulignan and Grignan some silk manufactures are carried on: Grignan had formerly a castle, one of the finest in this part of France, now destroyed. Madame de Sevigné died at Grignan; her tomb remains in the church. St. Paul-trois-Châteaux was known to the Romans by the name of Augusta Tricastinorum, and was the chief town of the Tricastini. [DAUPHINE.] It was in the middle ages the seat of a bishoprick founded in the fourth century; the bishop was a suffragan of the archbishop of Arles. It has some slight remains of antiquity. The inhabitants carry on trade in fine oil, wine, and silk. The department of Drôme sends three members to the Chamber of Deputies. It constitutes the diocese of Valence, the bishop of which is a suffragan of the archbishop of Avignon: it is in the jurisdiction of the Cour Royale, or supreme court, of Grenoble, and in the district of the Académie Universitaire, or academical council, of that city: it is comprehended in the seventh military division, of which the head-quarters are at Grenoble. It was formerly included in Dauphiné. Die was known in the time of the Romans by the name of Dea Vocontiorum, being in the territory of the Vocontii. [DAUPHINE] It is not noticed by any of the antient geo- The inhabitants of this department are of middling stature, graphers, but is found in the 'Itinerary' of Antoninus, and active, robust, lively, and brave, but not disposed to labour. in that from Burdigala (Bordeaux) salem), and in the Theodosian Table. Hierosolyma (Jeru- They are long-lived. Education is more attended to than the middle ages in the majority of the French departments: there is one it was the capital of Diois, one of the subdivisions of Dau- boy at school for every twenty inhabitants. (Dictionnaire P. C., No. 550. VOL. IX.-X Universel de la France, Paris, 1804; Dictionnaire Géographique Universel, Paris, 1827; Vaysse de Villiers, Itinéraire Descriptif de la France, Paris, 1813; Malte Brun, Balbi, &c.) DROMEDARY. [CAMEL, vol. vi., p. 191.] DRO'MIA (Fabricius), a genus of brachyurous decapod crustaceans, placed by M. Latreille in the section of Notopoda, and referred by Dr. Leach to the family of Thelxiopoda. Generic character.-External antennæ small, inserted below the ocular peduncles; the intermediate antennæ placed below and a little within the eyes: external jaw-feet with their third joint nearly square, slightly notched at the extremity and within: claws (chele) great and strong; feet of the second and third pair terminated by a simple joint, and larger than those of the fourth and fifth pair, which are elevated on the back and provided with a claw, inasmuch as the last joint, which is bent and pointed, is opposed to a spine nearly of the same form, which terminates the penultimate joint: carapace oval, rounded, very convex, cut (découpée) on its anterior borders, hairy or rough (hérissée) as well as the feet and chela: eyes small, supported on short peduncles, rather approximated, and lodged in orbicular or cylindrical fossæ. (Desmarest.) Geographical Distribution.-Probably extensive in the seas of warm climates. The Mediterranean, the Cape of Good Hope, and the Antilles, are given as localities. Habits, &c.-The Dromice are indolent in their motions, and live in spots where the sea is moderately deep, choosing for their habitation places where the rocks are not hidden under the sand. They are almost always found covered with a species of Alcyonium or with valves of conchifers, which they retain with their four hinder feet, and which seems to serve them as a shield against their enemies. The Alcyonia, which are in general of the species named Alcyonium Domuncula, continue even to develop and extend themselves upon their carapace, which they at last entirely conceal. In the month of July, according to M. Risso, the females come out of the state of torpor (engourdissement) in which they ordinarily are, and betake themselves to the shallows for the purpose of depositing there a great number of eggs. (Desmarest.) Place in the series.-Dynomene, according to Desmarest, should be placed next to Dromia, the former differing from the latter principally in having the feet of the fifth pair only instead of the four last, elevated on the back. In general the Dromic bear a great resemblance to the Crabs, properly so called, in the general form of the body, the structure of the parts of the mouth, the position of the antennæ, &c.; but they differ from them in the elevated situation of their four posterior feet and in their manners. Example, Dromia hirsutissima. Carapace very convex, with six dentations on its lateral borders, and with a large sinus on each side of the front, which is nearly trilobated. Body covered with long red hairs. Locality, Cape of Good Hope. DROMORE, a bishop's see in the ecclesiastical province of Armagh in Ireland. The chapter, which is regulated by patent of James I., consists of dean, precentor, chancellor, treasurer, archdeacon, and one prebendary. This diocese occupies the western portion of the county of Down, and extends partially into Armagh and Antrim. The greatest length from north to south is 354 English miles; and the greatest breadth, from east to west, 21 miles. It contains 26 parishes, constituting 25 benefices. In 1792 there were 27 churches of the establishment in this diocese: in 1834 the numbers were, churches of the establishment 27; Roman Catholic churches, 34; Presbyterian churches, 45; other houses of Protestant worship, 24. In the same year the gross population of this diocese was 188,209, of whom there were 41,737 members of the Established Church; 76,275 Roman Catholics, 69,264 Presbyterians, and 933 other Protestant dissenters. There were at the same time in this diocese 233 schools, educating 16,987 young persons, being in the proportion of 95 per cent. of the entire population under daily instruction, in which respect Dromore stands twelfth among the 32 dioceses of Ireland. Of the above schools 23 were in 1834 in connection with the National Board of Education. The foundation of this see is attributed to St. Colman in the 6th century. Its early history is obscure, and there is no regular succession of bishops on record till after the 12th century. Dr. Jeremy Taylor, who had the administration of this diocese granted him in addition to that of Down and Connor by King Charles II. in 1661, and Dr. Percy, the learned collector of antient English ballad poetry, have been the most distinguished bishops of Dromore. bishop's house, which is a plain mansion, was built by Doctor Beresford in 1792. Before his time the episcopal residence had been at Magheralin. By act 3rd and 4th Wm. IV. c. 37, this bishopric when void becomes incorporated with the united diocese of Down and Connor, and its revenues vest in the board of Ecclesiastical Commissioners. The DROMORE, a pretty well built town and thriving linen market, in the barony of Lower Iveagh and County of Down, is situated on the Lagan, 66 Irish or 84 English miles from Dublin on the great northern road to Belfast. The cathedral is a mean structure on the bank of the river. East of Dromore stands a remarkable mound, 60 feet high, with three concentric entrenchments, and an extensive outwork towards the Lagan. The population of Dromore in 1831 was 1942. (Beaufort's Memoir of a Map of Ireland; Harris's Ware's Works; Reports, &c.) [Down.] DRONE. [BEE.] DRONTE. [DODO.] DRONTHEIM. [TRONDHJEM.] DROPSY, HYDROPS, a preternatural collection of watery fluid in different parts of the body. In the state of health, there is constantly poured out upon every surface, cavity, and interstice of the body, a watery fluid derived from the blood and deposited by the capillary blood-vessels. [CAPILLARIES.] This fluid does not remain long where it is deposited, but by vessels appropriated to the office, termed absorbents, is soon taken up and reconveyed into the common circulating mass. As long as there is a perfect balance of action between these two sets of vessels, which is always the case in health, there is no accumulation of fluid, the exhalation and the absorption being always exactly equal. But if from any cause that balance be disturbed; if either the capillary blood-vessels pour out an unusual quantity of fluid, or if the absorbents fail to act with their accustomed energy, an accumulation of fluid must necessarily take place, and this accumulation, when it amounts to an appreciable quantity, constitutes the disease called dropsy. It follows that dropsy must always be the consequence either of increased exlialation or of diminished absorption. The causes which lead to increased effusion are exceedingly various; but they are all resolvable either into those which produce a morbid condition of the blood-vessels, an cbstruction to the free circulation of the blood, or a morbid condition of the blood itself. The morbid condition of the blood-vessels may be of two opposite kinds, either that of preternatural strength, in consequence of which their action may be so excited as to pour out an unusual quantity of fluid; or that of extreme debility, in consequence of which they may be unable to prevent a preternatural exudation of the thinner parts of the blood through their relaxed coats. These different states of the blood-vessels depend on two diametrically opposite conditions of the system, and accord ingly the different species of dropsy are very generally divided into active or passive, acute or chronic, sthenic or asthenic. Whenever an obstacle is opposed to the free return of the blood from the capillary arteries into the capillary veins, the blood accumulates in the capillary arteries, which are the exhalent vessels. By this accumulation of blood in the exhalents, either their action is increased, the consequence of which is increased exhalation; or their action is diminished and their tone destroyed, the consequence of which is equally increased exhalation. Various morbid conditions of many organs oppose a free return of the circulating blood from the capillary arteries into the capillary veins: any disease of the right side of the heart, for example, which prevents its receiving from the great venous trunks of the body the quantity of blood in a given time, which is necessary to maintain the balance of the circulation; any disease of the lungs, which prevents the lungs from receiving from the right ventricle of the heart the full quantity of blood which the heart has received from the great venous trunks; any disease of the liver, which prevents the liver from receiving by the great vein which ramifies through it the vena portæ, the full quantity of blood which it ought to receive from the different abdominal viscera; any disease of the great blood-vessels themselves, by which the current of the circulating blood is prevented from passing freely through them. Such a disease of the heart may be occasioned by an ossification of its valves; of the lungs, by an obliteration or compression of its air vesicles, upon the walls of which the capillary terminations of the pulmonary artery are distributed; of the liver, by an induration of its substance and a consequent mechanical compression of the minute branches of the vena porta; of the great bloodvessels, by diseases of their coats giving rise to the tumours called aneurisms, or by the compression of tumours existing in neighbouring parts, scirrhous, fatty, or watery tumours, which may have their seat in any organ, or by the compression of the great venous trunks of the system by the bulk of the distended uterus in pregnant women. When dropsy is the result of an increased action of the capillary blood-vessels, it is considered a primary or idiopathic disease, and constitutes the sthenic, tonic, active, or acute dropsy of authors. In this case the capillaries are conceived to be in that state, whatever it may be, which constitutes acute inflammation. The increased effusion, which constitutes the dropsy, is the result of that increased action, and by the effusion the inflamed state of the vessels is often removed. This form of dropsy occurs most frequently in the young, the plethoric, and the robust. It is induced by all the causes of inflammation, such as cold, suddenly checked perspiration, suppression of any of the natural secretions and discharges, a plethoric condition of the system, a repulsion of acute diseases of the skin, &c. It has its seat most frequently in the serous membranes of the great cavities of the body, the walls of which are lined by those membranes, as those of the chest and abdomen, or of the viscera to which these membranes afford an external covering, as the brain, the lungs, the heart, the liver, and all the abdominal and pelvic viscera. This form of dropsy is attended with a greater or less degree of fever, the invariable concomitant of acute inflammation. The febrile symptoms are general uneasiness, more or less restlessness, pains in the back and limbs, heat of skin, preceded by chilliness, headache, suppression of the secretions and excretions, and consequently a dry or clammy state of the mouth, a constipated state of the bowels, and a loss of appetite. The pulse is always excited, and is usually full and hard, or small and sharp. There is commonly some degree of pain in the organ in which the inflammation has its principal seat. When the inflammation and febrile symptoms are intense, the pain is usually acute and its seat clearly defined; but when the inflammation and febrile symptoms are not very intense, the pain may be slight and its seat correspondingly obscure; but some degree of pain or uneasiness may generally be found if carefully sought for, and at all events the true seat of the inflammation may be usually detected by the disordered function of the affected organ. When this condition of the system exists with a certain degree of intensity it constitutes the most acute form of dropsy; but when it exists with less intensity it gives rise to another form of the disease, termed sub-acute dropsy, in which the symptoms are the same but less urgent. 'In this case there is often little or no local pain; the febrile symptoms are milder, the general uneasiness is less prominent, the skin less hot; there may be little or no thirst, and the pulse much less hard and sharp. This form of the disease is equally dangerous in itself, and often more fatal, in consequence of its true nature being overlooked, until it has made such progress that its course is no longer to be checked. It is often the consequence of more acute diseases, and frequently follows scarlet fever, measles, bronchitis, inflammation of the pleura, inflammation of the liver, influenza, &c. The original and urgent disease may subside, and then comes on slowly and almost imperceptibly this insidious and fatal malady. The third form of dropsy is that termed asthenic, or passive. It is so generally the consequence of some other morbid condition of the system that it is not usually considered a primary or idiopathic disease, but merely a sequent or ultimate result of some other pathological state Its proximate cause is conceived to consist partly of a laxity of the tissues of the exhalant vessels, in consequence of which they are incapable of retaining the fluid part of the blood; and partly of an altered condition of the blood itself, in which its solid portions, namely, its albumen, fibrin, and red particles [BLOOD] are preternaturally diminished and its serum proportionally increased. The state of the system in which this form of dropsy usually comes on, and the causes which most frequently and obviously induce it, are supposed to conduce equally to this morbid state of the containing vessels and the contained blood. The state of the system in which it comes on is that of extreme debility, however induced; but its ordinary exciting causes have so obvious and great a tendency to exhaust the vital power, that they are usually denominated debilitating causes; such are fever, whether intermittent or continued, exanthematous or typhus, long continued and excessive evacuations, whether of natural discharges, or of preternatural effusions of blood, deficient or unwholesome diet, diseases of the digestive organs, by which the due assimilation of the food is prevented, intemperance in the use of intoxicating liquors, whence drunkards of all kinds, and especially dram-drinkers, so commonly, nay, almost invariably, die of dropsy. The acute and inflammatory forms of dropsy ordinarily produce increased exhalation only into particular parts of the body; but this state of general debility may give rise to an increased exhalation into every cavity and interstice, and thus bring on a general drop-y. Thus it is by no means uncommon to have at one and the same time effusions into the cavity of the cranium, into that of the thorax, into that of the abdomen, and likewise into the cellular tissue almost over the whole body. In such cases the operation of a general cause is rendered manifest by these several dropsies increasing in one part as they diminish in another, and this alternately in the different parts. This combination of the different species of dropsy, or rather, as it may be justly termed, this universal dropsy, must, it is argued, be referred to a general cause, and in most instances, hardly any other can be thought of but a general laxity of the exhalants. It is this which constitutes what is called the hydropic diathesis, which frequently occurs by itself, and frequently concurring with other causes, is especially that which gives them their full effect. This state of the system, when it first comes on, gives rise to a disordered, enfeebled, and wasted appearance of the body, which is commonly called a breaking up of the constitution, and is technically termed a cachexy; in a very short space of time it is usually followed by general dropsy. All the acute inflammatory and febrile symptoms so characteristic of the other forms of dropsy are of course absent in this. The skin, instead of being hot, is often unusually cold; the pulse, instead of being full and hard, is weak, small, unequal, and rapid; the contraction of the heart is so feeble that slight causes often completely arrest its action, and render it incapable of carrying on the circulation, whence the patient drops down dead instantaneously, perhaps on endeavouring to walk down stairs, or to move from one chair to another; the muscles in general are flaccid, all the movements are weak, irregular, and uncertain, and all the actions of the system exceedingly feeble. It is more especially this last form of dropsy which is induced by a morbid change in the constitution of the blood, namely, an increase in the proportion of its serum. X 2 An |