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told. (De Sacy, Mémoire sur le culte que les Druses rendent à la figure d'un veau, in the 2nd vol. of the Mémoires de la classe d'Histoire et de Littérature Ancienne de l'Institut.) They are also accused, like the Nosaïris, of licentious orgies in their secret meetings, and yet Mr. Jowett was told by Christian residents that as soon as a young Druse becomes initiated, he leaves his former licentious course of life and becomes quite an altered man, at least in appearance. Burckhardt observes on this subject that the Druses are more observant of outward decorum than of genuine morality. All agree however in saying that they are industrious, brave, and hospitable: their country is a land of refuge from Turkish oppression; they pay few taxes, as the emir has lands or domains belonging to him, from which he draws his chief revenue. Silk is the staple article for exportation, by way of Beiroot. The mulberry, the vine, the fig, and other fruit-trees, are reared in the lower ridges of the Libanus, while the higher range affords good pastures. Cotton is also cultivated and manufactured. The plains, especially the Bekaa, produce corn. There are a number of convents scattered about the mountains; there is a Maronite college for the study of Syriac at Aain el Warka, and another for the Melchite students at Deir el Mhalles. Burekhardt, who crossed the Libanus in different directions, gives the names of many towns or villages inhabited by Druses and Maronites, some of them considerable places, such as Hasbeya, with 700 houses; Zahle, in the Bekaa, with 900; Shirrei, near Tripoli, &c. The Druses dress differently from the Maronites: the men wear a coarse woollen beneesh, or cloak, black, with white stripes, thrown over a waistcoat, and loose breeches of the same stuff, tied round the waist by a sash of white or red linen with fringed ends; their turban is swelled out from the head into a shape resembling a turnip, and flat at the top. The women wear a coarse blue jacket and petticoat, without any stockings, and their hair plaited and hanging down in tails behind. When they dress they put on their head the Takeel, a hollow tube of silver or tin, from six to twelve inches high, shaped like a truncated cone, over which is thrown a white piece of linen, which completely envelops the body; they also wear silver bobs tied to their tresses. (Light's Travels.)

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British Museum. Actual Size. Copper. Weight, 428 grains. DRUSUS, the son of Tiberius by Vipsania, daughter of Agrippa, served with distinction in Pannonia and the Illyricum, and was consul with his father A.D. 21. In a quarrel he had with the favourite Sejanus, he gave him a blow in the face; Sejanus, in revenge, seduced his wife Livia or Livilla, daughter of Drusus the elder and of Antonia, and the guilty pair got rid of Drusus by poison, which was administered by the eunuch Lygdus. The crime remained a secret for eight years, when it was discovered after the death of Sejanus, and Livia was put to death. (Tacitus, Annal.)

DRYANDRA, a genus of Australian shrubs, with hard dry evergreen serrated leaves and compact cylindrical clusters of yellow flowers, seated upon a flat receptacle, and surrounded by a common imbricated involucre. It is in the latter respect that the genus principally differs from

Banksia.

The species are much esteemed by cultivators for their beautiful evergreen leaves. They are commonly regarded as greenhouse plants, but will, in several cases, survive an English winter without injury, if protected by a glass roof in winter, and planted among rockwork high above the dampness of the level of the soil.

DRYDEN, JOHN, was born about the year 1631 or 1632*.

Tradition gives Aldwinckle in Northamptonshire as his birth-place; but this much only is certain, that his father, Erasmus Driden, was the third son of Sir Erasmus Driden of Canons Ashby, in that county, who was created a baronet in 1619. The poet was educated at Westminster school under Dr. Busby, and came up as a Westminster scholar to Trinity College, Cambridge, May 11, 1650.

Almost the only notice which the college archives give respecting him is one dated July 19th, 1652, whereby he is put out of Commons for a fortnight at least,' confined to walls, and sentenced to read a confession of his crime at the fellows' table during dinner time.

DRUSUS, CLAUDIUS NERO, son of Tiberius Claudius Nero and of Livia, was born in the year 38 B.C., three months after his mother's marriage with Augustus. He served early in the army, and was sent in 17 B.C., with his brother Tiberius, against the Rhæti and Vindelici, who had made an irruption into Italy. He defeated the invaders, pursued them across the Alps, and reduced their country. Horace celebrated this victory in one of his finest Odes (lib. iv. 4). Drusus married Antonia Minor, daughter of Antony and Octavia, by whom he had Germanicus and Claudius, afterwards emperor, and Livia or Livilla. In 14 B.C., being sent to quell an insurrection in Gaul occasioned by the extortions of the Roman tax-gatherers, he succeeded by his conciliatory address. In the following year he attacked the Germans, and carrying the war beyond the Rhine, he obtained a series of victories over the Sicambri, Cherusci, Catti, and Tencteri, and advanced as far as the Visurgis, In 1654 his father's death put him in possession of an or Weser, for which the senate bestowed the surname of estate worth about 601. per annum; he did not however leave Germanicus upon him and his posterity. In 9 B.C. Drusus Cambridge till three years afterwards, when he was introwas made consul, with L. Quintius Crispinus. He was duced into a subordinate public office by his maternal relation soon after sent again by Augustus against the Germans, Sir Gilbert Pickering. The stanzas on Cromwell's death, crossed the Visurgis, and advanced as far as the Albis or his first poem of any importance, were written in the folElbe. He imposed a moderate tribute on the Frisians, conlowing year, and in 1660 he signalized himself by Astræa sisting of a certain quantity of hides, which, being after- Redux,' a congratulatory address on the Restoration. wards aggravated by the extortion of his successors, caused It seems scarcely worth while attempting to excuse this a revolt under the reign of Tiberius. (Tacitus, Ann. iv. 72.) change of views. Dryden was yet a young man, and had He caused a canal to be cut, for the purpose of uniting the probably never before been in a situation to express his Rhine to the Yssel, which was known long after by the own opinions, apart from the influence of his kinsman; and name of Fossa Drusi; and he also began to raise dykes to after all, the lines on Cromwell contain, as Sir W. Scott prevent the inundations of the Rhine, which were comhas observed, little or nothing in the way of eulogy which pleted by Paulinus Pompeius under the reign of Nero. his worst enemies could have denied him. In the year Drusus did not cross the Albis, probably because he thought 1663 Dryden began his dramatic career with The Wild he had advanced already far enough: he retired towards the Gallant. The plague and fire of London soon interrupted Rhine, but before he reached that river he died, at the age of him for a time, and he employed himself upon his Esthirty, in consequence, as it was reported, of his horse fall-say on Dramatic Poesy,' a performance containing much ing upon him and fracturing his leg. (Livy, Epitome.) Tibe- elegant writing, and worthy of notice as the earliest rius, who was sent for in haste, and found his brother ex- regular work of the kind in our language. It would be piring, accompanied his body to Rome, where his funeral easy to show the deficiencies and mistakes of this composiwas performed with the greatest solemnity. Both Augustus and Tiberius delivered orations in his praise. Drusus was much regretted both by the army and by the Romans in general, who had formed great expectations from his manly clear; but perhaps those on the foundation have, as now, always claimed the

P. C., No. 551.

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The monument in Westminster Abbey says 1632, but as it was not put up until twenty years after his death, the point is somewhat doubtful. What he could be doing in Cambridge during the long vacation is not so right of staying there.

VOL. IX.-Y

On the revival of stage plays, he engaged to supply the King's Theatre with three plays a year, for the annual sum of 300l. to 4007. Malone has proved that the number really produced was far less than this, and did not amount to more than eighteen in sixteen years, while Shakspeare wrote, as is probable, two plays a year for several years, and Fletcher with assistance wrote more than thirty in ten years.

Towards the end of 1671, that celebrated attack on heroic dramas called the 'Rehearsal' was produced on the stage. Its effect, though sure, was not immediate; except that Dryden exchanged tragedy for comedy, and composed two comedies in 1672. A few years afterwards he took leave of rhyme; his last rhyming tragedy called Aureng-Zebe,' being brought out in 1675; but he continued to write for the stage until 1681, when the struggle between the parties of the Dukes of Monmouth and York seemed drawing to a crisis, and there appeared some need that the scurrilous abuse which had been in every way poured on the court party by means of epigram and satire should be rebutted in similar fashion.

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tion, but they are fully counterbalanced by that manly | him, which, if it can be trusted, ensures for him the praise avowal-the first since the Restoration-of the supremacy of modesty, self-respect, true-heartedness, and a forgiving of Shakspeare. About this time he married a daughter of spirit. His manners are said to have been easy without the first Earl of Berkshire. forwardness; but there seems little doubt that his powers of conversation were rather limited. It does not seem necessary that we should attribute his extreme indelicacy as a writer to corresponding coarseness or impurity as a man. The close connexion which existed between the Cavaliers and the court of France had tended much to vitiate the taste of those who were the received judges of literary merit. To the Italian sources, whence Spenser and Milton drew, was preferred the French school; and the consequences are as apparent in the grossness of Dryden's comedies as in the stilts and extravagance of his heroic drama*. Perhaps no nation ever had so little national poetry as the French; whence the extreme worthlessness of that school in England which professed to imitate them. But of all French poetry the heroic drama, from which Dryden copied, is perhaps least worth imitation. The characters are not real, neither are they such as we should wish to see existing. They excite our surprise without engaging our sympathies. Poems such as Boileau's are only the legitimate offspring of a very artificial age. We may be astounded at the flattery which characterizes his 'Discours au Roi,' or amused at the bigotry of his Ode on the English;' but there is much pleasing versification to compensate for these defects. The same may be said of Pope in our own country; he will always find admirers: but who ever reads Dryden's plays? Those who deny to Pope the name even of poet will allow him to be an amusing and at times an instructive writer; but the heroic drama can serve to no end either of amusement or instruction. There is another class of poets, whose influence revived for a short time after the Restoration, those whom Dr. Johnson has with no reason at all called the metaphysical poets; and one of Dryden's chief excellencies is, that he soon saw reason to desert their bombastic absurdities for a more chaste style; although the fashion of the day, which he alternately led and followed, obliged him occasionally to make use of expressions such as his better taste must have disowned. He appears to have been very late in discovering that style for which he was most fitted, namely, satire, in which he has never been surpassed, and rarely equalled. His translations of Virgil and Juvenal deserve very high praise, particularly when they are compared with the style of translation usual in his time, In his version of Chaucer he has not been so successful. That substitution of general for particular images which characterizes the performance is always a step away from poetry. Perhaps the most striking instance of the superiority of Chaucer is that description of the Temple of Mars which occurs towards the close of the second book of Palamon and Arcite' in Dryden, and a little past the middle of Chaucer's 'Knighte's Tale.' This passage is also curious as an instance of Dryden's hatred of the clergy; he introduces two lines to convert Chaucer's smiler with the knife under the cloak' into a priest.

This Dryden effected by the famous satire called Absalom and Achitophel,' wherein Monmouth figures as Absalom. Monmouth is treated with great levity, but all the vials of the poet's wrath are poured out on Buckingham, the author of the Rehearsal,' as Zimri, and on Shaftesbury as Achitophel. The last-named nobleman had been committed to the Tower, not long before, under a charge of high treason: he was however released upon the grand jury's refusal to find a true bill against him, which the Whig party celebrated by a medal struck for the occasion. This afforded Dryden a fresh subject, and in March, 1681, appeared The Medal,' a bitter lampoon on Shaftesbury, followed up in the next year by Mac Flecknoe,' and the second part of Absalom and Achitophel*,' which united gave the finishing stroke to his old enemies Settle and Shadwell, besides a numerous host of petty satirists. With Settle he had quarrelled some years before, whose chief supporter, Rochester having become implicated, and suspecting Dryden of indulging anonymous revenge, caused him to be attacked and beaten by bravos. This occurred in 1679.

During the four years from 1682 to 1685 Dryden produced nothing worth notice, with the exception of a translation of Maimbourg's History of the League,' undertaken, as Dr. Johnson says, to promote popery. We should be at a loss to account for this apparent want of purpose, but an event which occurred in the year last mentioned clears up the difficulty. Soon after the death of Charles II. Dryden turned Roman Catholic-not without due consideration-as the Religio Laici,' written nearly four years before, contains sufficient evidence of his mental struggles at that period, and not, it is to be hoped, otherwise than conscientiously, as indeed his subsequent conduct appears to show.

In 1690 Dryden returned to his old employment, and produced four plays between that year and 1694. This was no doubt owing to poverty, as the Revolution deprived him of the laureatship, which he had obtained on the death of Davenant in 1668, and the expenses of his family were now increasing. For the next three years he was busied in his translation of the Æneid, and about the same time with it appeared his celebrated ode on St. Cecilia's day, which is perhaps one of the finest pieces of exact lyrical poetry which our language possesses, although not to be named with Wordsworth's Platonic ode.

Dryden's prose works consist mostly of dedications, the extravagant flattery of which is only palliated by custom. His Essay on Dramatic Poesy' has been already noticed. He also wrote Lives of Polybius, Lucian, and Plutarch (Biog. Brit.), and assisted in translating the last-named author: perhaps, however, only from the French.

Dr. Samuel Johnson has been highly praised for his critique on Dryden. He has not, however, escaped that spirit of verbal criticism which was so prevalent in his days; and his comparison of our poet with Pope shows how little competent he was to do more than judge of the externals of poetry. Sir Walter Scott's life of Dryden is a beautiful piece of critical biography, uniting research only equalled by Malone's to taste and style of an order far surpassing Johnson's.

(Langbaine's Dramatic Poets; Johnson's, Malone's, and Scott's Lives of Dryden; Quarterly Review for 1826; Edinburgh Review, 1808; Biographia Britannica; Life of Sir W. Scott, vol. ii.)

In the middle of 1698 he undertook his adaptations of Chaucer, and about a year and a half afterwards completed his Fables. His last work,-a masque, with prologue and epilogue, was written about three weeks before his death, which happened, after a short illness arising from neglected inflammation of the foot, May 1st, 1700. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, where a monument was erected to his memory by John duke of Buckingham. A portrait of him DRYOBA'LANOPS, a genus established by the younger hangs in the hall of Trinity College, Cambridge. Gærtner, from specimens of the fruit found in the Bank It is extremely difficult to form an opinion on the charac-sian collection, supposed by him to belong to the tree which ter of a man of whose life we possess such scanty notice, yielded the best cinnamon. But Mr. Colebrook, from speciand who, for the greater part of his literary career, wrote mens sent to Dr, Roxburgh, which in the absence of the entirely to please others. Congreve has left a description of latter he received, ascertained that the fruit belonged to the

Partly written by Tate.

This was the second on that subject. The first he wrote in 1687.

It should be observed that Spain was the birthplace of that form o comedy which Dryden derived immediately from France,

camphor-tree of Sumatra, which he accordingly named It is generally stated that dry rot consists of the thal-
Dryobalanops camphora, until its identity with D. aro-lus of Merulius lacrymans, or Polyporus destructor, two
matica (of Gærtner) be established.' (Asiat. Researches, xii.) | highly-organized fungi, whose fructification is sometimes
Dr. Roxburgh had, in his MS. Flora Indica, already named
it Shorea camphorifera. Some botanists are of opinion
that the genus is not sufficiently distinguished from DIP-
TEROCARPUS, but Blume, the latest author, and one who
has had the fullest opportunity of examining the subject,
has, in the article on Dipterocarpeæ, in his Flora Java'
given it as his opinion that Dryobalanops should be kept
distinct; as, like Shorea, it has all five instead of only two of
its sepals prolonged into long foliaceous wings, while its
cotyledons are unequal and rumpled.

According to Blume, the existence of this camphor-yielding tree was first indicated by Grimm in Ephem. Nat. Cur. Kampfer was so well acquainted with its distinctness, that in describing the Camphor-tree of Japan (Laurus Camphora), he says, that natural camphor, of crystal-like appearance, which is scarce and of great value, is furnished by a tree of Borneo and Sumatra, which is not of the Laurel genus.' The first notice of the tree is in the 4th volume of the Asiatic Researches, where we learn that a tree near Tappanooly on the west coast of Sumatra yielded above 3 pounds of camphor, and at the same time near 2 gallons of camphor oil; that the tree resembles the bay in leaves, is fond of a rich red loam tending to a blackish clay, and that it grows principally on the north-west coast of Sumatra, from the Line to 3 of north lat. The fullest account is given by Mr. Prince, resident of Tappanooly, who describes the tree as growing spontaneously in the forests, and as being found in abundance from the back of Ayer Bongey as far north as Bacongan, a distance of 250 miles: he says that it may be classed among the tallest and largest trees that grow on this coast; several within daily view measuring 6 or 7 feet in diameter. But it will produce camphor when only 24 feet in diameter. The same tree which yields the oil would produce camphor if unmolested, the oil being supposed to be the first state of the secretion, which ultimately changes into concrete camphor, as it occupies the same cavities in the trunk which the camphor afterwards fills: consequently it is found in young trees. The produce of camphor of a middlingsized tree is about eleven pounds, and of a large one double that quantity. (Fl. Ind. ii. p. 616.) As stated in the article CAMPHOR, this kind of camphor is very highly esteemed by the Chinese. It is commonly called Malay Camphor, or Camphor of Barus, from the port of Sumatra whence it is mostly shipped. Its price in China is 100 times greater than that of the common camphor of commerce. (M'Culloch's Com. Dic.) In the same work it is mentioned that camphor oil being nearly as cheap as spirits of turpentine, might perhaps be profitably imported into England as a substitute for that article or for medicinal use.

Camphor, which in many respects resembles the essential oils, has been shown by Dumas to be an oxide of hydrocarbon identical in composition with pure oil of turpentine; hence the term camphene has been applied to it. But Dr. Thomson informs us that its camphor oil differs in some respects from camphene, as he was not able to produce camphor with the same facility or in equal quantity by driving a stream of oxygen gas through highly rectified oil of turpentine, which Dumas regards as pure camphene.

found upon rotten timber. But it is a great mistake to
suppose that dry rot belongs exclusively to those two
species, or that they are even the common origin of it; on
the contrary, there is reason to believe that any of the fungi
that are commonly found upon decaying trees in woods are
capable of producing dry rot, and it is quite certain that
one of the most rapidly-spreading and dangerous kinds is
caused by the ravages of different species of Sporotrichum.
The latter throw up from their thallus whole forests of
microscopic branches loaded with reproductive spores, of
such excessive smallness that they may insinuate them-
selves into the most minute crevices or flaws even in the
sides of the tubes of which timber consists, and they are
infinitely more dangerous than Merulii or Polypori, which
seldom fructify. It is the genus Sporotrichum that at
the present moment is causing the dry rot in ships under
repair at Sheerness.

The circumstances that are most favourable to the deve-
lopment of the dry rot fungi are damp, unventilated situa-
tions, and a subacid state of the wood. The latter condition,
especially in oak, is easily produced by a slight fermentation
of the sap which remains in the timber, especially if the
latter has not been well seasoned before being employed.
It has been proved experimentally that fluids which, in
their ordinary state, will not produce fungi generate them
abundantly if ever so slightly acidulated. Dutrochet found
that distilled water holding in solution a small quantity of
white of egg will not generate fungi in a twelvemonth, but
upon the addition of the minutest quantity of nitric, sul-
phuric, muriatic, phosphoric, oxalic, or acetic acids, it gene-
rated them in eight days' time in abundance. Alkales-
cent infusions possess the same property. This observer
also found that the only poisons which will prevent the ap-
pearance of fungi are the oxides or salts of mercury. A so-
lution of fish-glue yields fungi rapidly and in great abund-
ance; but a small quantity of red precipitate or corrosive
sublimate destroys this power entirely. It is moreover an
important fact that no other mineral preparation has any
such properties. Dutrochet ascertained that other metallic
oxides acted differently. Oxides of lead and tin hastened
the development of fungi; those of iron, antimony, and zinc,
were inert and oxides of copper, nickel, and cobalt, although
they retarded the appearance of fungi, yet did not pre-
vent their growth in the end. These facts confirm in a
striking manner the statement of Mr. Kyan, as to the im-
possibility of timber, steeped in a solution of corrosive sub-
limate, becoming a prey to dry rot, so far as dry rot is pro-
duced by a fungus.

Of ANIMAL DRY ROT, that is, of death caused in animals by the attack of fungi, little was was known till lately, and great doubt was entertained respecting its existence. And yet, if the subject is rightly considered, there is nothing improbable in its occurrence: it is well known that living vegetable matter is subject to the ravages of fungi, as in all the cases of mildew, smut, rust, &c., with which the farmer is familiar, and therefore there is no intelligible reason why living animal matter should be exempted from the same fate. Specimens of hymenopterous insects re sembling wasps have been brought from the West Indies, DRY ROT, a well-known disease affecting timber, and with a fungus allied to Sphæria militaris growing from beparticularly the oak employed for naval purposes. When tween their anterior coxa, and it is positively asserted by dry rot is produced by the attacks of fungi, the first travellers that the insects fly about while burthened with sign of it consists in the appearance of small white the plant. Upon opening the bodies of the wasps they are points, from which a filamentous substance radiates pa- found filled with the thallus of the fungus up to the orbits rallel with the surface of the timber. This is the first of the eyes and the points of the tarsi ; the whole of the instage of growth of the seeds of the fungus, and the fila- testines being obliterated. In such cases it is to be supmentous matter is their thallus or spawn. As the thallus posed that the thallus of the sphæria first kills the wasp gathers strength it insinuates its filaments into any crevice by compressing and drying up the body, and then, conof the wood, and they, being of excessive fineness, readily tinuing to grow, occupies the whole of the cavity of the pass down and between the tubes from which the wood shell of the insect. A more common instance of animal dry is organized, forcing them asunder, and completely de- rot is the disease in silk worms called La Muscadine. stroying the cohesion of the tissue. When the thalli of Silk-worms of all ages are occasionally liable to become many fungi interlace, the radiating appearance can no sickly and to die, soon after death becoming stiff, and aclonger be remarked; but a thick tough leathery white quiring such a degree of firmness as to be readily broken. stratum is formed wherever there is room for its develop-They then throw out from their surface a sort of white ment, and from this a fresh supply of the destructive fila-efflorescence, which is the fructification of the fungus mentous thallus is emitted with such constantly increasing called Botrytis Bassiana, their inside being filled by the rapidity and force, that the total ruin of timber speedily thallus of the same plant. If some healthy caterpillars are ensues where circumstances are favourable for the growth placed beneath a bell-glass, along with a small portion of of the fungi. worm killed by the Botrytis, they soon catch the disease, exhi

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bit the same symptoms as those already mentioned, and eventually perish; having, no doubt, been infected either by rubbing themselves against the dead worm, or, which is more probable, having received upon their skins the infinitely minute seeds dispersed by the Botrytis. If healthy crysalids are inoculated by the introduction below their shell of a little of the Botrytis matter upon the point of a needle, they also sicken and die.

In these cases effects are produced upon insects similar to those upon timber; that is to say, vitality in the one case and cohesion in the other is destroyed by the growth of the thallus of certain fungi, which spread with great and irresistible rapidity, and fructify where occasion offers. DSHIKKETEI (Žikketei). Cuvier writes the word Dzigguetai, and Buffon Dzigithai, the native name for the Eques Hemionus of Pallas, Asinus Hemionus of Gray. [HORSE.]

while the other, as genuine, though not so fortunate a dialect, will still maintain its ground by the fireside. The former will be addressed to hundreds, the latter commonly to one or two individuals. Hence the colloquial and friendly dialect of the cottage may well be borrowed by even the public speaker when speaking of two persons; and thus the notion of duality which at first was only accidentally united with a certain suffix becomes in the end the inseparable and essential meaning thereof. Something parallel to this may be seen in the double forms of the English verb to be. While am, art, is, are honoured by the favour of the learned, the unlearned still retain, and with as good a title, the genuine forms be, best, bes or be. These are both indicatives, yet it is already a common practice to look upon the latter set of forms as constituting a subjunctive.

An interesting discussion by William Humboldt on the dual is printed in the Transactions of the Academy of DUAL NUMBER. The Greek, Sanscrit, and Gothic of Sciences of Berlin for the year 1827 (Abhandlungen der antient, and the Lithuanian of modern languages, in ad-historisch-philologischen Klasse der Königlichen Academie dition to the undefined plural which they share with other tongues, possess also forms of the verb and noun in which two persons or things are denoted, called the dual number. On a careful consideration of the suffixes which are supposed to convey this notion, there seems reason for believing that the idea of duality was not originally contained in them, but simply that of unlimited plurality.

The suffix of plurality which belongs to the Indo-Teutonic languages seems to have had two forms, en and es, as in the English housen and houses. Thus the Greeks had two forms for the first person plural of their verbs active, tuptomen and tuptomes. In the second person, the Latin language gives the suffix tis, scribitis; probably the Greek, in its oldest character, would have presented us with a suffix tes, but the forms of that language which have come down to us give only the abbreviated te, tuptete. But if there existed a double form for the second person as well as for the first, we should in that case have also tupteten, or rather tupteton, seeing that to the Greek ear ton was a more familiar termination. In the third person the dual ton might well represent a plural, as the oldest form of that person in the singular gives a suffix ti, esti; and this, with the plural termination n, would produce a syllable which might readily take the same shape as the second person dual.

In the nouns the same analogy prevails. The nominatives and genitives of the dual and plural differ no more than might be expected in two dialects; in the dative, the difference consists in the one number having a final n, the other an s; while the accusative dual has lost the final sigma, a fate common enough with that letter in the Greek language, as may be seen even in the plural nominatives, mousai, logoi, which the analogy of the other declensions proves to have once possessed that letter. We have already seen an example of the same loss in the second person plural of the verb. In the pronouns, again, the same confusion of the two numbers prevails. Thus the Greek dual of the pronoun I contains the very same element, no, which in the Latin is appropriated to the plural.

In the Gothic verb the same principle may be traced. A specimen may be seen in the second person dual which has the suffix ts, a form more closely approaching the old plural suffix tis, which has been above mentioned, than even the th, which is the suffix of the same person in the plural.

Again in the Lithuanian, while the first person plural of the verb, which ends in ma, has derived that suffix from the older form mus or mes, the dual of the same person ends in wa, which has a strong resemblance to our plural we. The same observation applies to the Sanscrit verb of the Parasmaipadam form of the potential and imperative moods, and of the preterits called by Bopp 'Præteritum augmentatum uniforme et multiforme.' The terminations of the first persons of the dual and plural respectively in the present of the Parasmaipadam are was and mas; of the second and third persons dual respectively, thas and tas; and of the second person plural, tha.

If it be admitted then that the dual in its origin was not confined to the notion of two, it remains to consider how that notion was superadded. Perhaps the following may not be an unreasonable conjecture. In many countries there are two or more dialects co-existing, one among the educated and in towns, the other belonging more particularly to the cottage. In the places of public meeting, whether for religious or political purposes, the dialect which happens to belong to the more educated class will prevail,

der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, aus dem Jahr 1827,) page 161-187), to which we refer our readers, though the views explained in that essay differ from those in the present article.

DUBLIN, an archbishopric of Ireland, including the dioceses of Dublin, Kildare, Ferns, Leighlin, and Ossory; and extending over the counties of Dublin, Wicklow, Wexford, Kilkenny, Carlow, Kildare, Queen's County, with the exception of one parish, and part of King's County. By act 3rd & 4th William IV., c. 37, sec. 46, so soon as the archiepiscopal see of Cashel becomes void, the jurisdiction of the archbishopric of Cashel is to be vested in the archbishop of Dublin for the time being.

In 1834 the total population of this province was 1,247,290; of whom there were 177,930 members of the Established Church; 1,063,681 Roman Catholics; 2,517 Presbyterians, and 3,162 other Protestant Dissenters; being in the proportion of rather more than 13 Roman Catholics to 3 Protestants of whatever denomination. In the same year there were in this province 1612 daily schools, educating 108,474 young persons; being in the proportion of 8 per cent. of the entire population under daily instruction, in which respect Dublin stands second among the four ecclesiastical provinces of Ireland. Of these schools there were in the same year 204 in connection with the National Board of Education.

DUBLIN, a bishop's see in the ecclesiastical province of Dublin. The chapter consists of dean, precentor, chancellor, treasurer, two archdeacons, and nineteen prebendaries. The collegiate chapter of Christ Church, in Dublin, consists of dean, precentor, chancellor, treasurer, archdeacon, and three prebendaries: this deanery has heretofore been held in commendam with the bishopric of Kildare. By 3rd & 4th William IV., cap. 37, sec. 50, the deanery of Christ Church, when next void, is to be united as to spiritualities, with the deanery of St. Patrick; and the temporalities, as portion of the revenue of the see of Kildare, are to be vested in the ecclesiastical commissioners.

This see comprehends the county of Dublin, the greater part of the county of Wicklow, parts of Carlow and Kildare, and some small portions of King's and Queen's Counties. In 1834 it contained 178 parishes, constituting 95 benefices, in which there were 124 churches of the Establishment, 9 other places of worship in connection therewith, 121 Roman Catholic ditto, 7 Presbyterian ditto, and 27 other places of Protestant worship. The gross population in the same year was 501,977; of whom there were 106,599 members of the Established Church, 391,006 Roman Catholics, 2290 Presbyterians, and 2082 other Protestant Dissenters, being in the proportion of rather more than seven Roman Catholies to two Protestants of whatever denomination. In the same year there were in this diocese 509 daily schools, educating 37,219 young persons; being in the proportion of

7

per cent. of the entire population under daily instruction, in which respect this diocese is much inferior to the province at large, and ranks on a par with the see of Cork, nineteenth among the 32 dioceses of Ireland. Of the above schools, 62 were in the year 1834 in connection with the National Board of Education.

There is no certain mention of the see till the seventh century. In the year 1152 it was erected into an archbishopric in the person of bishop Gregory; and in 1214 it was united with the see of Glendaloch, which had been founded in the sixth century. The archbishops of Dublin

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did not, however, obtain full possession till the year 1479.
The union of the sees of Dublin and Glendaloch still sub-

sists.

The first Protestant archbishop of Dublin was George Browne, who had been an Augustinian friar of London. The present (1837) archbishop is Dr. Whateley. The archiepiscopal residences are St. Sepulchre's, now disused, and converted to a police barrack; at Tallaght, where archbishop Hoadley repaired the old mansion in 1729; and in Stephen's Green, in Dublin.

DUBLIN, a county in the province of Leinster in Ireland; bounded on the north-west and north by the county of Meath; on the east by the Irish channel; on the south by the county of Wicklow; and on the south-west by the county of Kildare. Greatest length from Gormanstown on the north to Bray upon the south, 25 Irish, or 31 English miles. Greatest breadth from the promontory of Howth upon the east to the boundary of Kildare at Leixlip on the west, 15 Irish, or 18 English miles. The coast line from Bray to the point of junction with Meath is about 55 Irish, or 70 English miles. Until the publication of the Ordnance Survey Map of Dublin, the area cannot be stated with certainty. It is given by Dr. Beaufort at 228,211 statute acres, or 355 square statute miles, including the county of the city of Dublin. According to the more accurate survey made for the grand jury in 1821, by Mr. Duncan, the superficial contents are, arable 132,042 acres; not arable 16,191 do. Total, exclusive of county of city, 148,233 acres. Exclusive of the county of the city of Dublin, the population in 1831

was 176,012.

The county of Dublin, excepting a small tract on the
south, is a champaign country highly cultivated. The only
portions of the county not under cultivation are the pro-
montory of Howth, and the range of mountains which
separates Dublin from Wicklow on the south. The Dublin
mountains, of which the central group has an average
height of 1000 or 1200 feet, are partially separated from
the loftier elevations of the county of Wicklow by the valley
of Glencullen on the east, and by that of Ballynascorney
or Glenismael on the west; a neck of elevated land, in
tervening between these valleys, connects the advanced
range with the group of Kippure and Seechon on the south.
The elevation of Kippure, part of which is in the county of
Dublin, is upwards of 2700 feet. The whole range forms
a fine mountain back-ground to the rich scenery of the plain
of Dublin.

The northern part of Dublin county is more undulating than the immediate vicinity of the capital. A low range of cultivated eminences, called the Man-of-War Hills, extends across the line of communication with Meath and Louth, and the ground on the north-western border next Meath and Kildare is pretty much broken by picturesque valleys. The only marked eminences, however, north of the mountainous tract, are the islands of Lambay and Ireland's Eye, and the hill of Howth. The isthmus which connects Howth with the mainland is a low narrow neck, which gives Howth very much the appearance of an island. The highest point of the promontory of Howth is 567 feet above the level of the sea. The cliffs towards the bay and channel are lofty, and the whole promontory contributes much to the picturesque effect of Dublin bay.

south from Loch Shinney is Rush, a considerable village, with a small pier for fishing boats. Off the creek of Malahide is the rocky island of Lambay. In 1821 the population was only thirty-four. There is good anchorage all round the island in five to eight fathoms water, clear ground; it has also a small pier and harbour. The Muldowny bank lying off the creek of Malahide is a good artificial oyster bed. The peninsula of Howth contains about 1500 acres, and excepting towards the low isthmus which connects it with the mainland, stands in deep water. The sound between Howth and Ireland's Eye, a rocky picturesque island of thirty acres, which lies about three quarters of a mile off the northern side of the promontory, being a sheltered situation with considerable depth of water, was selected by government in 1807 for an asylum and packet harbour; but unfortunately this object has not been accomplished. The work, which was completed under the direction of the late Mr. Rennie, consists of two piers, of which that on the east is 2493 feet in length, and that on the west 2020 do. On the extremity of the eastern pier is a lighthouse. The entrance between the extremities of the piers is 300 feet across; and the space enclosed 52 English acres. whole work is faced with cut granite, except the sloping glacis under water which is of red grit from Runcorn in Cheshire. The entire amount expended on Howth harbour from the 2nd July, 1807, to 5th January, 1832, was 420,4727. 88. 54d. The deepest and best anchorage afforded by the sound is left outside the piers; one-half of the space enclosed is dry at half-ebb, and two-thirds at low-water; and the sands from the bank on the west side are daily accumulating in the entrance; so that the mail packets for want of water in the basin have been latterly transferred to the Kingstown station. From Howth round to the sands of the North Bull the whole of the promontory which stands in deep water is rocky and precipitous towards the sea. On a detached rock at the south-eastern extremity, called the Bailey, stands a lighthouse, which marks the northern entrance to the bay of Dublin. Another lighthouse now disused stands on the brow of the promontory above, a little to the north.

The

From the Bailey of Howth to the island of Dalkey at the opposite extremity of the bay of Dublin, is a distance of 63 English miles. Between these points the bay recedes in a semi-elliptical sweep to a depth of about six miles inland. The shore surrounding the head of the bay, where the Liffey, Tolka, and Dodder rivers empty themselves, is low: it rises, however, towards Blackrock and Kingstown, and beyond the latter town is of a very bold and picturesque character. The river of Bray, which discharges itself about half a mile north of the bold promontory of Brayhead, is the county boundary.

As a harbour, the bay of Dublin is materially encumbered by a great tract of sand, which is bisected by the Liffey in a direction from west to east. The portion on the north of the Liffey is called the North Bull, and that on the south the South Bull. In order to protect the navigation of the Liffey from the sands of the South Bull, a pier consisting of a mound of gravel contained between double stone walls was undertaken by the Irish government in 1748. It runs from the suburb of Ringsend along the northern margin of the South Bull, to a distance of 7938 feet. Here the The principal creeks north of the bay of Dublin are those main work at first terminated in a basin and packet station, of Baldoyle, Malahide, and Rogerstown; but these tide- called the Pigeon-house; and the remainder of the channel, harbours are of little commercial advantage. The only extending 9816 feet from the Pigeon-house to the northtolerable harbour north of Howth is that of Balbriggan. eastern extremity of the Bull, was protected by a range of The town of Balbriggan, which in 1831 contained 3016 in-frame-work and piles. The expense however of keeping habitants, has taken its rise almost solely in consequence of this part of the wall in repair was found so heavy, that in the construction of a pier here by the late Baron Hamilton, 1761 a light-house was commenced at the extremity of the who received 15007. towards this work from the Irish par- Bull, and from it the wall was carried inwards towards the liament in 1761, and a further sum of 37521. for the same Pigeon-house until completed in 1796. This sea-wall is purpose in 1765. The total cost is stated at upwards of composed of two parallel walls of hewn granite, alternate 15,000l. The quay is about 600 feet in length, and is fre- headers and stretchers, laid without cement. The space quently occupied with craft; but it would still require a between is filled to a certain height with gravel and shingle; large expenditure to make it complete for vessels of the over which is a course of stone-work imbedded in cement; second class. From 80 to 100 cargoes of coal are annually and the whole is finished on the top with a course of granite delivered here, besides rock-salt, bark, slates, &c. There is blocks of large dimension, laid in tarrass. The wall is thirtyan excellent light-house on the pier-head, built by the two feet broad at bottom, and twenty-eight at top. The Ballast Board. Four miles south from Balbriggan is Skerries, Pigeon-house, since being disused as a packet station, has the chief fishing village on the east coast of Ireland, with a been converted into a strong depôt for artillery and military pier for small craft 450 long, built in 1755. stores. The amount of parliamentary aid given to the conSouth of Skerries the sandy shore gives place to a lime-struction of the south wall from 1753 to 1780, was 57,1697. stone cliff as far as the creek of Loch Shinney, another site 4s. 6d. Another wall, running nearly south-east from the well adapted for the construction of a harbour. One mile opposite shore of Clontarf, is intended in like manner to

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