confine the sands of the North Bull, and to scour the chan- | within are capable of containing 600 sail in 16 feet of water. nel. This, which is called the north wall, has been con- Attached are three graving-docks for vessels of different structed by the Ballast Board of Dublin, and cost from dimensions, with several extensive piles of stores; the whole 1819 to 1824 a sum of 103,0547. 19s. 11d. Notwithstand-being surrounded by spacious wharfs. This portion of the ing these great undertakings, the navigation of the Liffey works has failed in a remarkable manner. The stores is still very imperfect, and requires constant dredging. The have long been unoccupied, and the wharfs are for the bar, on which there are but five feet of water at spring-ebbs, most part overgrown with grass. runs across the channel immediately outside the lighthouse. The insecurity of the bay, joined to the failure of the works at Howth, led to the commencement of the present noble asylum harbour of Kingstown, on the site of the old harbour of Dunleary, on the south side of the bay, in 1817. The small pier and tide harbour at Dunleary have been enclosed within the new works, and are now crossed by the Dublin and Kingstown railroad. The new harbour is entirely artificial, consisting of an area of about 200 acres contained between two piers, of great dimension. There is a depth of 24 feet at the pier-head, at the lowest springs, which is sufficient for a frigate of 36 guns, or an Indiaman of 800 tons. The work was commenced under the authority of two acts of the 55th and 56th George III.; the latter of which grants certain duties on all vessels entering the port of Dublin, to be vested in commissioners for carrying the work into execution. The Liffey has a course of little more than eight miles from the point where it enters Dublin county to the bay of Dublin at Ringsend. It is navigable for vessels of 200 tons to the Custom-house, and for barges and row-boats to Chapel Izod, about two miles farther up. The Dodder, the course of which lies almost wholly within this county, takes its rise from numerous small streams descending from Kippure mountain, and forming a rapid stream which descends in a course of about ten miles into the bay of Dublin at Ringsend. The Tolka is a small river rising near Dunbryna in the county of Meath; it flows east by south, through Blanchardstown and Glassnevin to the north-western extremity of Dublin bay, which it enters by Ballybough bridge. The Royal Canal running west by north from its chief terminus at Broad-stone on the north-west of the city of Dublin, unites the capital with the Upper Shannon at Richmond harbour in the county of Longford. A short branch encircling the north-east of the city connects the basin at Broad-stone with docks opening into the Liffey east of the Custom-house. The width of the line throughout, at top is 42 feet, and at the bottom 24 feet, with locks, and a depth of water calculated for boats of from 80 to 100 tons. The entire length of the canal from the Liffey to the Shannon is 91 English miles. Loch Ouil, in Westmeath, supplies the summit level, which is at a height of 307 feet above high-water mark in the Liffey docks. The supply of water to the northern part of the capital is drawn from the Royal Canal. The canal is the property of a company of subscribers which was incorporated by royal charter in 1789. The chief terminus of the Grand Canal, the most important line of water-carriage in Ireland, is at James's Street Harbour, on the south-west of the city, from which it crosses the counties of Dublin, Kildare, and King's County, in a direction west by south to the Shannon at Shannon Harbour, about two miles north of Banagher. The summit level commencing at 17 Irish miles from Dublin, is 261 feet 10 inches above the tide-water in the Liffey. This level is supplied by the Middletown and Blackwood rivers, which are branches of the Barrow; and is ascended from James's Street Harbour by four double and fourteen single locks. The total length from the western extremity of the capital is 79 English miles. From the summit level, at a distance of 204 Irish miles from Dublin, a branch of similar dimensions with the main trunk descends 103 feet half an inch in 22 Irish or 284 English miles, through two double and nine single locks, by Rathangan and Monasterevan to the navigable river Barrow at Athy. The dimensions throughout are, at the top, 45 feet; at the bottom, 25 feet; the depth of water, 6 feet in the body of the canal, and 5 feet on the sills of the lock-gates. The locks are generally 70 feet long, 14 wide, and calculated to pass boats of 60 tons in from two and a half to five minutes. The Grand Canal has a second terminus in an extensive range of docks covering an area of 25 English acres on the south side of the Liffey near Ringsend. The communication with the river is by three sea locks, and the basins The Dublin and Kingston railway passes the western dock by a viaduct and raised causeway, and a factory for the repair and supply of locomotive engines is being erected by the proprietors of the railway on the southern side of the same basin. The communication between the Grand Canal docks and the line from James's Street harbour is by a branch canal of about three miles, running from the docks round the south-east and south of the city. The canal is now the property of a company which was incorporated in the year 1772, and who are stated to have spent from time to time on these works a sum of a million and a half sterling. The supply of water for the southern part of the capital is drawn chiefly from the canal. The main roads subject to turnpikes, which issue from Dublin, are those to Howth, Malahide, Drogheda by Swords, and the Naul, Drogheda by Ashbourn, Ratoath, Navan, and Mullingar, Carlow by Rathcoole and Tallaght. The chief lines free from toll are the military road and the roads to Enniskerry, Bray, and Kingstown. The only railway at present completed in Ireland is that between Dublin and Kingstown in this county. It is the property of a company incorporated by 1st & 2nd William IV., c. 69, with a capital stock of 200,000l., in shares of 1007. each. The line extends from Westland Row, in Dublin, to the jetty opposite the main street of Kingstown, called the Forty-foot road, a distance of nearly six English miles. The entire line is lighted with gas. The railway bed consists of layers of gravel and concrete, with numerous cross drains. The sleepers are massive blocks of granite, which it was supposed would give unusual solidity to the structure, but the want of elasticity in these supports causes the engines to work harshly. The railway was opened for traffic on the 17th of December, 1834, between which day and the 1st of March, 1836, the number of passengers carried was 1,237,800, being, on the average, 2000 persons daily. Since that period the number of passengers had increased considerably, as appeared by the following statement for the year 1836 of the number of passengers conveyed by the Dublin and Kingstown Railway :-May, 119,000; June, 119,080; July, 146,000; August, 139,000; total, 523,000. The cost of constructing the railroad and stations, loco- By act 6th and 7th William IV., c. 132, a company is month of August. The average annual depth of rain which fell in Dublin during the sixteen years preceding the year 1817, was 23 inches 7 lines. The greater part of the county of Dublin is occupied by a tract of mountain limestone, being a part of the central limestone field of Ireland, which exte..ds from the Atlantic to the Irish sea. This secondary tract extends into Meath on the north, and is bounded in this county on the south by primary rocks. Along the northern coast also there are patches of primitive rock, as the greenstone and argillaceous schists, which form the Man-of-war Hills and the island of Lambay, and the stratified quartz and schist of Howth. Lambay consists of strata of argillaceous schist and greenstone porphyry. The schistose strata are much indurated and contorted. In Howth the stratification is very obvious, and the schistose beds exhibit a great diversity of hues from purple to red. Some of the strata rest on their edges, others are undulated, and sometimes curved upon themselves so as to resemble the concentric crusts of some spheroidal formation (Dr. Scouler). The primitive formation on the south of the limestone plain consists of a ridge of granite supporting flanks of micaceous and argillaceous schists. The granite extends on the south from Dalkey island to Blackrock, and from thence to Dundrum and Rathfarnham; it then takes a southerly direction and crosses the range of the Dublin mountains by the line of the military road; whence, crossing the northern extremity of Glenismael, it extends into the group of the Kippure mountains. On the south it runs from Dalkey to the hill of Killiney, and thence inland by Rochestown hill to the Scalp, whence, holding a southerly course, it passes on to Glencree, in the county of Wicklow, and so southward to a distance of nearly sixty miles, forming the nucleus of the entire range from Killiney to Blackstairs mountain, between the counties of Carlow and Wexford. The granite comprising the greater part of this range is of a coarse texture, and easily disintegrated; in Glenismael particularly, it is frequently found decomposed to a depth of several feet, and hence probably the uniform outline presented by the summits of the range. At Dalkey, however, and generally along the eastern and north-eastern limits of the granite district, the stone quarried is of the closest grain, and excellently adapted to all purposes of building. It is here free from hornblende; the felspar is of a pearly whiteness, and in the stone obtained from the quarries of Kilkenny the mica, instead of occurring in plates, is found in the form of plumose mica. This mass of granite is almost everywhere in contact with the micaceous schist, both on its western and eastern flanks; and the junction of the rocks may be observed at Killiney, the Scalp, and Rathfarnham. The argillaceous schist approaches it very closely at Ballynascorney; and between Blackrock and Dundrum the edges of the limestone field are in several places within a few yards of the granite, the intervening rocks of the series not being observable. The limestone which elsewhere possesses the usual character of carboniferous limestone, is extremely compact along the margin of the field towards the primitive series, and has a schistose structure (the Calp of Kirwan), which renders it highly useful as a material for building. Dolomite, or magnesian limestone, occurs near the junction of the primary and secondary strata, at Sutton on Howth. Magnesian limestone also occurs on the Dodder, near Milltown. It dresses with peculiar sharpness under the hammer or chisel, and is the material of some beautiful specimens of building; among others, of the Lord-Lieutenant's chapel in the castle of Dublin. The only mines at present worked (and that but partially, in the county of Dublin, are the lead mines at Ballycorus) within half a mile of the Scalp. Galena, potters' clay, and manganese have been found on Howth. Fuller's earth of a middling quality has been found at Castleknock, on the north bank of the Liffey. The soil of Dublin abounds in mineral springs: of those within the city, ten were analysed about the year 1750: they are all saline purgative springs, and some of them so strongly impregnated as to yield on evaporation from three to four hundred grains of salts per gallon: of some of those salts two drachms operated as a brisk cathartic. In 1758 spring strongly impregnated with sulphureted hydrogen gas was discovered in the vicinity of a disused chalybeate spa at Lucan, on the south bank of the Liffey. These waters have been found very efficacious in cutaneous diseases. | There are tepid springs near Finglass and Leixlip; the heat is 75 degrees Fahr. In general the water, which rises from the Calp district around Dublin, is impregnated with a considerable portion of sulphate or nitrate of lime, which renders it unfit for most domestic purposes, unless with the use of large quantities of soda. It deposits a copious sediment on the vessels in which it is used; and in one distillery mentioned by Whitelaw an incrustation of sienite, half an inch in thickness, had frequently to be cleared from the inside of the boilers. a The vegetable soil of the county of Dublin is generally shallow. On the granite bottom it is a light gravel, which requires strong manuring. The subsoil of the Calp district is a tenacious clay, which retains the water and renders the loamy soil wet and cold; but drainage and an unlimited supply of scavengers' manure from the city have brought that part of this district, which lies immediately round the capital, into a good state of productiveness. The quality of the land improves towards the west and north, and the district bordering on Meath is not inferior to the generality of wheat lands in the midland counties. The soil along the junction of the northern primary strata and the limestone is also of excellent quality. There is but a small proportion of the county under tillage. Villas, gardens, dairy farms, kitchen gardens, and nurseries occupy the immediate neighbourhood of the capital, and grazing farms and meadow lands extend over the country which is not occupied by demesnes, to a distance of ten and twelve miles beyond those on the west and north. The mode of feeding generally pursued is grazing during summer and hay feeding in winter. Many extensive farmers and resident proprietors however pursue the system of green crops and stall-feeding the year round. The total annual value of the agricultural produce of the county of Dublin has been estimated at 1,145,8007.; the rental of proprietors at 343,7007. per annum, and the rent paid by them at 31. per acre. The rents paid by land-occupiers vary from 47. and 47. 10s. to 107. in the vicinity of the capital. Dublin County is divided into nine baronies; namely:I. Balrothery on the north, containing the towns of Balbriggan, population in 1831, 3016; Skerries, population 2,556; Rush, population 2144. II. Nethercross, scattered through the other baronies in seven separate divisions, of which six lie north of the city of Dublin, containing the towns of Swords, population 2537; Lusk, population 925; and Finglass, population 840. III. Coolock, on the north-east of the city of Dublin, containing the towns of Clontarf, population 1309; Baldoyle, population 1009; Howth, population 797; and Glassnevin, population 559. IV. Castleknock, on the northwest of the city of Dublin, containing part of the town of Chapel Izod, total population 1632. V. Newcastle, on the west and south-west of the city of Dublin, containing the towns of Lucan, population 1229; Rathfarnham, population 1572; Crumlin, population 544; and Newcastle, population 3915. VI. Donore, a small barony, embracing a portion of the south-west of the city of Dublin, with a population of 11,153. VII. St. Sepulchre's, a small barony embracing a portion of the south of the city of Dublin, with a population of 13,631. VIII. Uppercross, on the southwest of the city of Dublin, containing the towns of Ranelagh (a suburb of Dublin), population 1999; Rathmines (do.), population 1600; Harold's-cross, population 1101; Milltown, population 673; Rathcoole, population 602; Clondalkin, population 756; Dalkey, population 544; and Ballymore Eustace, in the detached portion of the county, population 841. IX. Half Rathdown, on the south-east of the city of Dublin, containing the towns of Kingstown, population 5756; Blackrock, population 2029; Little Bray, population 1168; Stillorgan, population 650; and Dundrum, population 680. There is not at present in the county of Dublin any town exercising corporate privileges. Swords and Newcastle each returned two members to the Irish parliament. The county of Dublin, the city of Dublin, and the university of Dublin are each at present represented by two members in the imperial parliament. capital and its immediate vicinity, is limited to the small The commerce of the county of Dublin, exclusive of the coast-trade carried on at Balbriggan, Bray, and the other coast towns. The cotton and stocking manufactures are carried on at Balbriggan with considerable spirit. There are two cotton factories, and numerous establishments for stocking weaving; the Balbriggan hosiery has long held a high character in the market. Considerable quantities of flour are manufactured in this county. The principal cornmills are on the Liffey, the Balbriggan river, and the Kimmage brook, on the south-west of Harold's-cross. In 1835 the number of boats belonging to the county of Dublin, which were employed in the fisheries, was as follows: Decked vessels, 121; tonnage, 4651; men, 789 :-halfdecked vessels, 27; tonnage, 265; men, 150:-open sailboats, 66; men, 297:-row-boats, 65; men, 249; number of fishermen, 1505. The fishing grounds lie in from 15 to 60 fathoms water between the Dublin coast and the Isle of Man. The fish consist chiefly of turbot, brit, sole, and plaice, which are sent to market daily throughout the year: There is a well-known fishing ground between Rush and Lambay Island, on which cod, ling, haddock, whiting, &c., are taken. Trawling is the mode of fishing generally practised by the decked and half-decked boats. White trout and salmon are taken at the bars of the Bray river and Liffey. Since the withdrawal of bounties the fisheries along the coast, as well as elsewhere in Ireland, have declined. Table of Population. (Exclusive of the County of the City of Dublin.) The census of 1831, as compared with that of 1821, exhibits an increase of population and houses, and a decrease in the number of families, which, if not arising from some error in the returns, is very remarkable. The civil history of the county of Dublin is immediately connected with that of the capital. The whole of the fee of the county, with the exception of the estates of the St. Lawrence family, and with the exception, to some extent, of the estates of the families of Barnwall, Lutterel, and Talbot of Malahide, has frequently changed hands since the period of the Reformation. The forfeitures consequent on the rebellion of 1641 extended to 67,142 acres, 2 roods, 26 perches, profitable, and 1666 acres unprofitable, in this county. The amount of forfeitures in the county of Dublin, consequent on the war of the Revolution in 1688, was 34,536 acres profitable, of the then annual value of 16,0617. 168., and of the then total estimated value of 208,7967. 188. The families which chiefly suffered by these confiscations were those of Barnwall, Fleming, Plunket, Walsh, Peppard, Archbold, Cruise, Fagan, Hackett, Archer, Sweetman, Dowdall, and Trant. The Pagan antiquities of the county of Dublin are not numerous. There is a cromlech on the hill of Carrickmoor in Howth. Another cromlech stands to the south of Killiney, on the descent into the vale of Shanganagh; and at Brennanstown, on the Bray road, 6 miles from Dublin, there is a third, of large dimensions. Dublin is, however, rich in ecclesiastical and military antiquities. The round tower of Clondalkin, 44 miles from Dublin, on the southern road by Rathcoole, is in better preservation than most other similar edifices in Ireland. The door is at a height of 15 ft. from the ground; the entire height of the tower is 84 ft., and its diameter above the basement 15 ft. The explosion of 260 barrels of gunpowder in the powder-mills in the vicinity, in 1797, did not in the slightest degree injure the round tower. The antiquities at Swords, on the great northern road, 7 miles from Dublin, consist of a palace of the archbishops of Dublin, in ruins, a square steeple of the old church, and a round tower, 73 ft. in height. This tower is also in good preservation, and retains its conical stone capping. At Lusk, on the same road, 4 miles farther north, there is an antient church with a square steeple, attached to three of the angles of which are round towers with graduated parapets, and at the remaining angle a round tower of greater altitude and superior construction, supposed to be the original building. Between Swords and Baldoyle, 5 miles from the capital, is the hamlet of St. Doulagh's, containing one of the most singular stone-roofed churches in Ireland. The entire edifice measured but 48 ft. by 18 ft. It is divided into a rude nave and choir, which communicate by a narrow square-headed doorway, not sufficiently high to admit a full-grown person upright. The entire construction is rude and capricious; the building does not stand due east and west. Some of the arches are altogether nondescript in their shape, and for several of the recesses and nooks between the roof it is difficult to assign any probable use. It is perhaps the only edifice in the empire which exhibits the square-headed doorway, the Saxon arch, and the trefoil Gothic and lancet window, in such close juxtaposition. Near the church is a consecrated well, inclosed in an octagon building, the interior of which retains some paintings in fresco executed in the beginning of the seventeenth century. In the vicinity of Howth Castle are the ruins of St. Fintan's Church and of the collegiate church and abbey of Howth. On the opposite side of the Bay of Dublin the vicinity of Dalkey exhibits the remains of an antient town erected here at an early period for the protection of the shipping and merchandize of the capital, to which the creek of Bullock served for a length of time as port. There are also some druidical remains on the commons of Dalkey. The castles of Clontarf, Baldongan, Naul, and Castleknock are among the principal detached military edifices. In 1821 the number of young persons in the schools of this county, exclusive of the county of the city of Dublin, was 9442, being nearly in the proportion of 6 per cent. of the entire population under instruction. The proportion of young persons under daily instruction in the diocese of Dublin, in 1834, was 7.28 per cent., in which respect the diocese, which may be taken as an index of the county, ranks nineteenth among the thirty-two dioceses of Ireland. The grand jury presentments for the county of Dublin average about 18,000l. per annum. The circumstance of so many of the roads in the county being under the control of turnpike-trustees renders this assessment comparatively light in proportion to the extent of the district on which it is levied. The constabulary force of the county, on the 1st of January, 1836, consisted of 1 stipendiary magistrate, 5 chief constables of the first class, I do. of the second class, 29 constables, 113 sub-constables, and 6 horse. The expense of maintaining this force for the year 1835 was 61297. 168. 7d., of which 28901. 7s. 2d. was chargeable against the county. The county of Dublin, together with the county of the city of Dublin, the county of the town of Drogheda, and the counties of Meath, Louth, and Wicklow, contribute, in proportion to their relative populations, to the support of the Richmond Lunatic Asylum, built in Dublin in 1815. The fever hospitals and dispensaries throughout the county are supported by equal voluntary contributions and grand jury presentments. A survey of the county of Dublin, on a scale of 3 inches to the mile, was made by order of the grand jury in 1821. A survey on a scale of not quite 6 inches to 3 English miles had been published in 1760 by John Rocque. A chart of Dublin, by Seale and Richards, was published in 1765, and another has since been published by Captain Bligh. An interesting account of the chief localities of this county is contained in Brewer's Beauties of Ireland, London, 1825. The Statistical Survey of Dublin County,' published by re the Royal Dublin Society in 1801, is extremely meagre; the river, were built round during the period between the middle of the 18th century and the Union. Fitzwilliamsquare and the adjoining streets, which are at present among the most fashionable places of residence in Dublin, have been completed since, and a great extension has taken place in private residences towards the south-east; a considerable portion of the north-east of the city also belongs to this period. DUBLIN, the chief city of Ireland, forming by itself a The use of brick and stone in private buildings was not county of a city, on both sides of the river Liffey, at its en- general until after the Restoration; and there are now few trance into the bay of Dublin. Lat. of Dublin Castle 53° or no remains of private dwellings of so early a date. The 20' 38" N.; long. 6° 17' 29" W. The situation, as con- walls almost entirely disappeared in the extension of the sidered with reference to the whole of the United King-city in the 18th century. Christ Church and St. Patrick's dom, is central, there being more places of importance in Great Britain and Ireland accessible in a given time from Dublin than from either London or Edinburgh. With regard to its boundaries, Dublin may be considered either as a county of a city with separate corporate jurisdiction; or as a city having a local police, and returning representatives to parliament; or as a city consisting of a collection of continuous buildings. In each character its boundaries are different. Pending the publication of the Ordnance Survey map of Dublin, the areas contained in these various limits cannot be accurately stated. The map constructed by order of the grand jury of the county of the city in 1821 gives the area contained within the limits of corporate jurisdiction at 5217 Irish or 8450 statute acres; the Report of the Boundary Commissioners states that of the city, as limited for the purposes of the elective franchise, at 3538 statute acres; and the Rev. Mr. Whitelaw in 1805 estimated the entire area then occupied by buildings at 1264 statute acres. Dublin appears to have been known by something approaching nearly to its present name in the second century, as it is found written Eblana in the geography of Ptolemy. The name is written in historical documents Dublin, Dyflin, Dyvelin, &c., being all varieties of the Irish Dubh-linn, or Black-pool, which appears to be the true etymology. It is also called, and is still generally known among the Irish, by the name Ath-cliath, which may be rendered Hurdle-ford, from the causeway laid on hurdles which formerly led to the channel of the river across the ooze at either side. are the chief objects of antiquarian interest. The Castle, although occupying a very antient site, contains but a small portion of the original building. The Tholsel and old courts of law have disappeared, and the oldest of the bridges now standing is Barrack Bridge, occupying the site of a wooden bridge built so late as 1671. The corporation of Dublin consists of the Lord Mayor, two Sheriffs, 24 Aldermen, and 144 Common Councilmen, made up of 48 Sheriffs' Peers and 96 Representatives of the Guilds. There are 25 Guilds, of which Trinity Guild, or the Guild of Merchants, is the most important, returning 31 of the 96 representatives of the whole. The number of freemen is not correctly ascertained, but is supposed to be about 4000. The chief officers of the corporation are the recorder, coroners, president of the court of conscience, and the governors and keepers of the several prisons. This corporation is subject to the New Rules of the 25th Charles II., modified by the provisions of the 33rd George II., c. 16. The corporation has for upwards of two centuries maintained a strict Protestant character; and the exclusion of numerous wealthy merchants of the Roman Catholic religion, or of what are termed liberal principles, has rendered it comparatively inefficient as a municipal body. The jurisdiction of the corporate magistrates of the county of the city extends over the various liberties within the Circular Road, although these are situated within the county of Dublin. They are not however permitted to sit at sessions of the peace for the county. The court of quarter sessions of the peace for the county of the city, at which the recorder, lord mayor, and two aldermen preside, has, by the 48th George III., c. 140, a criminal jurisdiction extended to all crimes and offences, excepting high-treason, committed on or within the Circular Road; and by its sittings and adjournments affords 12 gaol deliveries each year. The trial of serious offences is generally reserved for the commission court for the county of the city, held before two judges of the superior courts, with whom the lord mayor is joined in commission. The lord mayor holds a weekly court for the determination of small claims of wages, and the infliction of fines for infringement of municipal regulations: the operation of this court is not considered efficient. In the various political contests that have afflicted Ireland from the earliest history of the country Dublin has always borne a conspicuous part; but these events belong rather to_the_general_history than to that of the city. [IRELAND.] Dublin, however, under all circumstances, continued to maintain and increase its importance and its extent. In 1205 the castle was ordered to be built and the city to be fortified; and in 1215 a stone bridge was built over the Liffey. In 1316 the first material extension of Dublin took place in consequence of the pulling down of some of the old walls, and the erection of a new line of defence by the citizens when threatened with a siege by Edward Bruce. The Reformation had commenced in Dublin, in 1535, by the consecration of George Brown, a denier of the papal supremacy, to the archbishopric. In 1550, on Easter Sunday, the liturgy was read in English, for the first time, in Christ Church, and printed, the next year, by Humphrey Powell: this is supposed to have been the first book printed in Ireland. The foundation of the great Protestant University of Trinity College followed close on the establishment of the Reformation. In consideration of the leading part it had taken at the Restoration, the city of Dublin was honoured by the king with a collar of S S., and the mayor was soon after (1665) invested with the title of Lord Mayor, together with an estate of 500l. per annum The gaol of the county of the city is Newgate, which is towards maintaining that dignity. After the struggles im- also the gaol for that part of the county of Dublin within the mediately preceding and following the Revolution of 1688, Circular Road. It was founded in 1773, and is situated in on the settlement of affairs by the public cancelling of all Green-street, beside the City Sessions'-house, on the norththe arbitrary proceedings of the abdicated government, Oc-west of the city. Contiguous to Newgate is the Sheriffs' tober 2, 1695, the improvement of the city was resumed, prison for debtors, erected in 1794. The City Marshalsea and from this till the period of the Union the increase of is a small prison for debtors committed from the lord Dublin proceeded with great rapidity. Although Dublin has decidedly fallen off as an emporium of trade and a centre of society since the act of Union removed the seat of legislation to London, it has, during the last period, not only increased in size and population to a great extent, but continues to advance in architectural im provement. Stephen's Green, Merrion, Rutland and Mountjoy squares, with almost all the streets on the north-east of P. C., No. 552. The chief civil jurisdiction of the corporation is exercised in the lord mayor and sheriffs' court, which is held once every three months, with a cognizance of all actions for sums exceeding 40s. late Irish currency. The recorder's civil bill court for the recovery of debts over 408. is held quarterly. The court of conscience, for the determining cases between party and party, under 40s. Irish, sits every day from 10 o'clock A.M. The practice of these courts is considered open to much improvement, particularly in the adjustment of fees, and the remuneration of certain officers by fixed salaries. mayor's court and court of conscience; the condition of this prison is very wretched. The Smithfield Penitentiary, erected at the charge of government, is a house of cor rection for the reception of convicted offenders of both sexes; this prison is well conducted. The males are employed and instructed in weaving; the females in needlework, and in washing for the Sheriffs' prison and the gaol of Newgate. The Richmond Bridewell, another government establishment, is also a house of correction for male and VOL. IX.-Z female convicts. Weaving is the principal employment of the males; those sentenced to hard labour are put to the tread-mill. The prisoners on being discharged are paid onethird of the earnings of their labour. The condition of this bridewell is highly creditable to the authorities. The current expenses of these establishments are defrayed by presentments of the grand jury of the county of the city, and in the year 1833 the gross outlay was 11,7637. Besides these, there is the House of Industry, with lunatic asylum, hospitals, &c. attached, which is supported by an annual grant of 20,000l. from government. The Four Courts Marshalsea prison is situated within the city, but is not connected with the corporation. The county gaol of Kilmainham stands beyond the western suburbs, and is one of the most severe places of confinement in Ireland. The revenues of the corporation arise chiefly from rents, certain dues on shipping for slippage and anchorage, renewal of leases, fines levied by the city authorities, and pipe-water taxes. The rents arise out of four several estates granted to the city at various times. The gross amount of revenue and loan received by the corporation in the year commencing 29th September, 1833, was 3,3467. 138. 244., being equal to the expenditure of the year. The principal item in the expenditure is interest on bond, which amounts to upwards of 14,000l. per annum. The police of Dublin and the surrounding district is regulated by the 48th George III. c. 140, amended by the 5th George IV. c. 102. By these Acts the castle of Dublin, and all places within eight Irish miles thereof, not being within the jurisdiction of the Court of Admiralty, are united into one district, and this district is divided into four divisions. Each of these divisions embraces about a quarter of the city, and extends over the adjoining district to the exterior limit of the jurisdiction. To each is attached a divisional office of police, with an establishment consisting of one barrister, one alderman, and one member of the common council, being the divisional justices for that district. The Castle district is the seat of the head policeofficer, to whom the divisional justices of the other districts make weekly reports. The funds applicable to the expense of the police and watch establishments are derived from various sources, namely, from the watch-tax, from pawnbrokers' licences, from publicans' and other licences, from fines and fees, and from government grants. The total disbursements of the Dublin police establishment for the year ending 31st March, 1834, was 41,5487. 38. 61d. The paving, cleansing, and lighting of the city of Dublin are regulated by the 47th George III. (loc. and pers. sess. 2, c. 109), amended by the 54th George III. (loc. and pers. c. 221). The Paving Board is a corporation, and consists of three commissioners appointed by the lord-lieutenant. They derive their income from various assessments and other receipts. The total amount of the receipts of the commissioners for paving, &c., for the year ending 5th January, 1833. was 41,115l. 8s. 6d. ; and the total amount of their expenditure was 41,9971. 78. 5d. The streets in general are Macadamized, the footpaths for the most part flagged, and the curb stones and crossings of cut granite. The city has been well lighted since 1825 with gas, for the supply of which there are four incorporated companies, the works at three of which are at present in operation. The supply of water is regulated by a committee of the corporation, entitled the Committee of the Pipe-water Establishment. The pipe-water rent, collected by the corporation, forms a large item in their income. The commissioners of wide streets are constituted by various Acts of Parliament, of which the earliest is the 31st George III. c. 19, and the latest the 2nd George IV. c. 110. The board consists of twenty-five; the lord mayor and representatives of the city and county for the time being are members. Their funds, since the coal-duty ceased in March, 1832, arise almost solely from the widestreet tax, which produces from 5000l. to 55007. per annum; and this is allocated to pay the interest, at 3 per cent., on a loan of 36,8951. 6s. 5d. from the government. The port and harbour are under the management of the Ballast Board, constituted by 26th George III. c. 19. Their funds arise from taxes on shipping entering the port. The tonnage duties received by the Ballast Board in 1832 amounted to 11,960/. 178. 9d. In the same year the ex- The supply of fuel is almost wholly by colliers from the opposite coast of England. The colliers which entered the port in 1832 measured 230,878 tons. Turf is retailed for lighting fires, &c., in which mode considerable quantities are used: the supply is furnished from the extensive bogs of Kildare and Westmeath by the boats of the Grand and Royal canals. The ground on which Dublin stands rises gently from the river towards the north and south-west: the highest ground in the city is at Broadstone harbour, which is 62 feet above the level of high water in the Liffey. The eastern division on the south of the river lies almost wholly without the limits of the antient city on level ground, the northern part of which has in a great measure been reclaimed from the former bed of the Liffey. Six extensive plots of open ground ornament and ventilate this portion of the city; viz., on the south, the Coburg Gardens and Fitzwilliamsquare; on the east, Merrion-square; on the north, the park of Trinity College; on the west, the Castle Gardens; and in the centre, Stephen's Green. Dame-street, which leads from the castle to the university, expands towards its eastern extremity into College Green, from which all the leading lines of communication radiate. The whole area of College Green on the east is occupied by the front of Trinity College, a rich and dignified pile of building of the Corinthian order, built in 1759, and extending north and south 300 feet, a little in advance of the provost's house, which stands on the eastern side of the entrance into Grafton-street. Separated from the college by the entrance into Westmoreland and Coll ge streets, stands the Bank of Ireland, formerly the Irish house of parliament, founded in 1729, which presents a portico of six Corinthian columns towards College-street, and a semicircular façade with a receding centre of extraordinary magnificence towards College Green. The effect of this combination of giand architectural objects is peculiarly striking. West from College Green, Dame-street consists of uniform and lofty houses, occupied by persons in trade, having the Commercial Buildings, founded in 1796, about midway on the nortli, and the Royal Exchange, founded in 1769, at its southern extremity. Of the squares which lie east and south of College Green, Stephen's Green, laid down in 1670, is the first in point of extent as well in Dublin as in the United Kingdom. The area within the railing is a rectangle of 1220 by 970 feet, being somewhat more than 27 statute acres, and is now handsomely laid out, although so late as the year 1818 it was a marshy flat surrounded with a stagnant ditch and mean wall. The surrounding buildings are, however, very unequal. The eastern division of the city lying north of the Liffey occupies higher ground, and is the airiest and most cheerful part of Dublin. Mountjoy-square and Rutland-square occupy the crest of the hill, and from these respectively the chief lines of communication are Gardiner's-street and Sackville-street, the first leading to the Liffey at the Custom House, the latter to Carlisle Bridge, Westmorelandstreet, and College Green. The façade of the Lying-in Hospital and Rotunda Rooms forms a striking termination to Sackville-street on the south. From Rutland-square Sackville-street extends with a scarcely perceptible descent to Carlisle Bridge, a distance of three-quarters of an English mile. The breadth throughout is 40 yards, and the buildings on each side lofty, and, with few exceptions, uniform. About midway between Carlisle Bridge and the Rotunda stands a fluted Doric column, on a pedestal of large proportions, bearing a colossal statue of Lord Nelson. This monument was erected in 1808. West of Nelson's monument the General Post-Office presents a cut-granite front of 223 ft. to the street. In the centre is a portico of Portland stone. At the southern extremity of Gardiner-street the Customhouse occupies a detached plot of ground on the quay leading from Carlisle Bridge to the north wall. This splendid building, founded in 1781, is 375 ft. in length by 205 ft. in depth, and exhibits four decorated fronts of the Doric |