a chapel of ease, recently erected. St. Thomas is a hand-personal and virulent abuse; and also when one man im some building in the modern style of English architecture, pugns or disparages, in any of the above-mentioned ways, with a lofty spire. There are places of worship for Metho- the character of some relative or intimate friend of another dists. Baptists, Independents, Unitarians, and the Society man, An insult or injury to a female relative in particular, of Friends. The free grammar-school was founded by or to a female companion, such as a partner in a ball-room, Thomas Wattewood, clothier, of Stafford, and Mark Bysmor, is always accounted a great affront. Sometimes even the stillworker, of London, and endowed with land by queen simple fact of success in an amatory affair is construed by Elizabeth, the annual value of which is now above 3007. the unsuccessful rival as an affront, and he who has sucThe master receives 2001. a year, and the number of ceeded is called upon for satisfaction. Such are the prinscholars averages about 30 or 40. A charity-school for cipal affronts which, according to custom or fashion or (as clothing and educating 40 girls, and another charity for it is also called) the law of honour, are, at different times, clothing seven poor men was established in 1819, by Mrs. reasons or grounds for fighting a duel. Cartwright, in consequence of a legacy left for that purpose by the Rev. Henry Antrobus. A school for clothing and educating 50 boys was founded 1732, and endowed with land by Robert, Šamuel, and Ann Baylis. About 200 boys are educated here, exclusively of those on the foundation. There is a blue school, where 230 boys, and a school of industry, where 220 girls are educated. The Unitarians have also a school for girls.

A fossil called the Dudley Locust is found in great quantities and variety of sizes in the limestone quarries in the neighbourhood; it is supposed to be an extinct species of Monoculus. Nash, in his History of Worcestershire,' mentions one four inches five-eighths in length, and three inches three-fourths in width.

In the vicinity of Dudley there are several chalybeate springs, as well as a spa well, held in high estimation for its encacy in cutaneous disorders.

DUEL, a hostile meeting between two persons in consequence of an affront given by one of them to the other, and for the purpose (as is said) of satisfaction from the person affronting to the person affronted. Such is a general description of the duel, as now existing in England and other European nations, and in America.

The rise of the present duel, or practice of duelling, is to be referred to the trial by battle which obtained in early ages, jointly with the single combat or tournament of the age of chivalry, which again most probably owed its own existence to the early trial by battle. This trial by battle, or duel (as it was also called), was resorted to, in accordance with the superstitious notions of the time, as a sure means of determining the guilt or innocence of a person charged with a crime, or of adjudicating a disputed right. It was thought that God took care to superintend, and to see that, in every case, innocence was vindicated and justice observed. The trial by battle, or duel, thus viewed, was introduced into England by William the Conqueror, and established in three cases; viz., in the court-martial or court of chivalry, in appeals of felony, and in civil cases upon issue joined in a writ of right. Once established as a mode of trial, the duel was retained after the superstition which had given rise to it had died away, and was resorted to for the purpose of wreaking vengeance, or gaining reputation by the display of courage. Then came the age of chivalry, with its worship of punctilio and personal prowess, its tilts and tournaments; and the duel, originally a mode of trial established by law, became in time (what it now is) a practice dependent on certain conventional rules of honour, or on fashion.

We shall confine ourselves to a consideration of the duel in its present character. This duel takes place, as we have already said, in consequence of an affront. In order then to have a complete notion of the present practice of duelling, we must understand what an affront is, and the best way of explaining this word affront is the way of enumeration; for were we to content ourselves with saying that an affront is anything which (in the common phrase) hurts a man's feelings, or again, which wounds his honour, we should only be using words which themselves require to be explained as much as the word affront. We might as well say at once, forgetting that it is our object to explain the grounds or reasons of a duel, that an affront is anything which is at any time the ground or reason of a duel; for we should give as much and as correct information by this as by either of the preceding explanations.

An affront is considered to be given when one man charges or insinuates against another that he is guilty of a lie, of dishonesty in pecuniary transactions, of cowardice, of hypocrisy, of being actuated by one motive or set of motives when he professes to be actuated by others; when (in the common phrase, which is sufficiently vague and comprehensive), one man imputes motives to another; when he indulges in expressions of contempt, or what is styled

When any one of these affronts has been given by one man to another, it is the custom or fashion for this last to call on the affronter to retract, explain, or apologize for (as the case may be) that which constituted the affront, or else (in significant phrase) to give the usual satisfaction,-that satisfaction (as it is also sometimes circumloquized) which one gentleman expects from another. He at the same time usually names some friend, in whose keeping (to use the fashionable phrase) he places his honour, and to whom his affronter is to address any communication. This call or challenge having reached its destination, and the affronter being unable or unwilling to retract, explain, or apologize, he too singles out a friend to whom he likewise entrusts his honour; the two friends or seconds (as they are called) then make arrangements for a meeting between the affronter and the person affronted, or (varying the expression) the challenger; they fix the time and place, and get ready the weapons; the meeting takes place; the word fire is uttered, according to a previous agreement between the seconds; the hostilities commence, and they proceed until one of the parties either fires in the air, or is killed or wounded, or until the seconds interfere to stop them. The parties, or rather so many of them as are alive, then leave the ground, satisfied; the principals (if both are alive) sometimes shaking hands with one another, to denote either the return or the commencement of friendship. Such are most of the circumstances of a duel.

It is professed that this duel takes place for the purpose of satisfaction. The affronter professes to have satisfied the man whom he has affronted, and the challenger professes to have been satisfied by the man whom he has challenged, after they have fired, or have had an opportunity of firing, pistols at one another. That this satisfaction, which the one professes to give and the other to receive, is of that sort which is also expressed by the word reparation, is of course out of the question. Satisfaction in this its most obvious sense, or reparation for an injury, cannot be effected by the injured man firing at his injurer, and (what is more) being fired at in return.

The satisfaction furnished by a duel is of a different sort, and of a sort which, were it distinctly comprehended, would at once show the absurdity of the practice; it is a satisfaction occasioned by the knowledge that, by standing fire, the challenger has shown his courage, and that the world cannot call him coward. Now it is clear that there would be no reason for dissatisfaction on this point, previous to the fighting of the duel, and therefore no reason for seeking satisfaction of this sort, were it not that the practice of duelling existed. Were men not in the habit of fighting duels, and therefore not expected to expose themselves to fire after having received an affront, there would be no ground for calling their courage into question, and therefore no necessity for satisfying themselves that the world thinks them courageous. The practice of duelling then itself causes the evil which it is called in to remedy,the injury for which it is required to administer satisfaction. Such being the case, we call the practice absurd. And every one who saw this would immediately see its absurdity. But the word satisfaction is conveniently ambiguous. When one speaks of it, or hears it spoken of, one thinks of that satisfaction which means reparation for an injury, and which is not the satisfaction furnished by the duel; and it is fancied that the practice has some reason in it. Thus are men the dupes of words.

The real object then of the duel is, in most cases, to satisfy the person who provokes it, or who sends the challenge, that the world does not suspect him of a want of courage; and it will be useful to observe, in passing, that the duel furnishes this sort of satisfaction as well to the man who gave the affront, as to him who was affronted. Its object also, in certain cases, is doubtless to gratify the vengeance of the

man who has received an affront. But in all cases that ob- | ject which is professed, or which is generally understood to be professed, of satisfaction in the sense of reparation for the affront, is no more than a pretence.

Though the practice of duelling, however, cannot and does not effect the good of repairing an injury, it may very possibly effect other sorts of good. It is a question then worthy of consideration, whether this practice is, on the whole, productive of good or of evil? If it be, on the whole, productive of evil, another question arises, how is it to be got rid of?

feelings occasioned by the affront, but also the fear excited by the danger to which the existence of the practice of duelling subjects him, after receiving the affront.

Thirdly, the practice of duelling affords means for the gratification of vengeance; and thus tends to hurt the characters of individuals, by the encouragement both of that feeling, and of hypocrisy in those who, thirsting for vengeance, and daring not to own it, profess (in the common ambiguous phrase) to be seeking for satisfaction. Fourthly (which is the most important consideration), there are the evils entailed by the deaths which the prac tice of duelling brings about,-evils entailed both on the persons dying, and on their surviving relatives and friends. It is an evil that a man should be cut off from life,unhouseled, disappointed, unaneled.' It is an evil, that he should be taken from relatives and friends to whom his life is, in different ways and degrees, a source of happiness; from the parents who have centered in him their hopes, and to whom, in their declining years, he might be a comfort, or from the wife and children who look to him for support.

Such are the evil effects of the practice of duelling; and there being no list of good effects to set against them, it follows immediately that the tendency of the practice is, on the whole, evil. There arises then the question, how is it to be got rid of?

A mild and judicious legislation, one which takes into account, and does not set itself violently against, public opinion, may do much. The punishment assigned to the crime of duelling should (in Mr. Bentham's phrase) be popular. It should be a punishment which does not tend to excite sympathy for the criminal, and thus defeat its own object; for where an opinion prevails that a punishment is too severe, or where (in other words) a punishment is unpopular, witnesses, jurors, judges are provided by the punishment itself with motives to shield the criminal. It is clear that the punishment of death, which the law of England now assigns, is not popular; and it is clear further that, in consequence of this, it is almost entirely nugatory. Public opinion, which favours duelling, sets itself against the punishment of death, and renders legislation vain.

The advantage of the practice of dueling is generally said to consist in its tendency to increase courtesy and refinement of manners. So far as this tendency exists or is supposed to exist, the manner in which it operates, or is supposed to operate, is obvious. It is, or is supposed to be, a reason for a man to abstain from giving an affront, that he will be subjected in consequence to the fire of a pistol. Now it is clear, in the first place, that all the affronts which are constituted reasons or grounds of duels by fashion, or the law of honour, or (which is the same thing) public opinion, are so constituted because they are judged by public opinion deserving of disapprobation. If then the practice of duelling did not exist, public opinion, which now constitutes these affronts grounds of a duel, as being deserving of disapprobation, would still condemn them, and, condemning them, provide men with a reason to abstain from them. Thus there would still exist a reason to abstain, in all cases in which the practice of duelling now provides a reason. But, in the second place, the practice of duelling itself depends on public opinion alone. A man fights because public opinion judges that he who, in certain cases, refuses to challenge or to accept a challenge is deserving of disapprobation; he fights from fear of public opinion. If he abstain from giving an affront on account of the existence of the practice of duelling, it is because the fear of public opinion would oblige him to fight; he abstains then from fear of public opinion. Now we have seen that there would be the fear of public opinion to deter him from the affronts which now lead to duels, if the practice of duelling did not exist. Thus the practice of duelling does not in any case provide a reason to abstain, which public opinion would not provide without its aid. As a means then of increasing courtesy and refinement of manners, the practice of duelling is unnecessary; and inasmuch as its tendency to polish manners is the only advantage which can, with any show of probability, be ascribed to it, there will be no good effects whatever to set against the evil effects which we now proceed to enumerate. There will be no difficulty in striking the balance between good and evil. First, the practice of duelling is disadvantageous, inasmuch as it often diminishes the motives to abstain from an affront. We have seen that the existence of this practice leads public opinion to employ itself concerning the courage of the two persons, who (the one having affronted and the other having been affronted) are in a situation in which, according to custom or fashion, a duel takes place. Public opinion then is diverted by the practice of duelling from the affront to the extraneous consideration of the courage of the two parties. It censures the man who has given the affront only if he shrinks from a duel; and even goes so far as to censure the man who has received the affront for the same reason. Thus in a case where a man, reckless of exposing his life, is disposed to give affronts, he is certain that he can avert censure for an affront by being ready to fight a duel; and in a case where a bold or reckless man is dis-practice to the utmost extent of his power, both by precept posed to affront one who is timid, or a man expert with the pistol one who is a bad shot, he can reckon on the man whom he affronts refusing to fight, and on censure being thus diverted from himself who has given an affront to him who has shown want of courage. It is well observed in a clever article in the Westminster Review:-'It is difficult to conceive how the character of a bully, in all its shades and degrees, would be an object of ambition to any one, in a country where the law is too strong to suffer actual assaults to be committed with impunity, where public opinion is powerful, and duelling not permitted; but where duelling is in full vigour, it is very easy to understand that the bully may not only enjoy the delight of vulgar applause, but the advantages of real power.' (vol. iv., p. 28.)

Secondly, the practice of duelling is disadvantageous, as increasing the amount of injury which one man can do to another by an affront. There is not only the injury to his

Were a man who had killed his antagonist in a duel compelled by the law to support, or assist in supporting, some of his surviving relatives, this, so far as it would go, would be a punishment popular and efficacious. Public opinion would then infallibly be against the man who, having incurred the penalty, should endeavour to avoid it. And such a punishment as this would furthermore be superior to the punishment of death, as being susceptible of graduation, as furnishing reparation to a portion of those who have been most injured, and as preserving the offender, that he may have all those opportunities, which his natural life will afford him, of improving himself and of benefiting others.

A mild and judicious legislation would tend to guide and improve public opinion; whereas such a legislation as the present tends only to confirm it in its evil ways.

And as legislation may and should assist the formation of a right public opinion, so is it possible and desirable to operate independently on public opinion, either that the absence of good legislation may, as far as is possible, be compensated for, or that the good legislation, when present, may in turn be assisted. Now this operation on public opinion must be brought about by the endeavours of individuals. It is the duty of each man to oppose this

and example; or (changing the phrase) each man will effect the greatest amount of good for himself and for his fellow men by adopting this course. It is his duty to ab stain from challenging when he has received an affront, and to refuse a challenge when he is considered to have given one, making public in both cases, so far as his situation allows, his reasons for the course which he takes, and thus producing an impression against the practice as widely as he can. In the second of these two cases he must either be able to defend, or he must apologize for, that which was considered an affront. If he can defend it, or show that the evil to the person insulted was overbalanced by the good accruing to others, he refuses rightly to be fired at for having been the author of a benefit; or, if unable to defend the affront, he apologizes for it, he performs a manly and a rational part in refusing to fire at a man whose feelings he has wantonly injured.

2 B 2

This duty is peculiarly incumbent on public men, whose sphere of influence is larger, and whose means of producing good effects by example are therefore greater, than those of others. A public man who should at all times refuse to challenge or to accept a challenge, resting his refusal on the ground of the evil tendency of duelling, not of the infraction of some other duty which an accident has in his case connected with it (as the violation of an oath), and who should at the same time preserve himself from suspicion or reproach by circumspection in speech, by a manly defence, where it is possible, and, where it is not, by a manly apology, would be a mighty aid for the extirpation of this practice.

We have said nothing as to the objections to duelling on religious grounds, it being never denied, so far as we are aware, that the practice is incompatible with the profession of Christianity.

DUET (Duetto, Ital. from Duo), a musical composition for either two voices or two instruments. According to the Padre Martini, the duo is a vocal composition in the severe ecclesiastical style, without any kind of accompaniment; the duetto, or diminutive of duo, one written more freely, in a lighter manner, and admitting accompaniment. The older word is now, however, become obsolete.

DUFRESNE. [CANGE, DU.] DUGDALE, SIR WILLIAM, was the only son of John Dugdale, Esq., of Shustoke, in the county of Warwick, where he was born September 12th, 1605. His mother was Elizabeth, daughter of Arthur Swynfen, Esq., of Staffordshire. He was in part educated in the free-school at Coventry, and subsequently with his father, with whom he also read Littleton's Tenures,' some other law-books, and history. In 1622 he married Margery, the second daughter of John Huntbach, Esq., of Seawall, in Staffordshire. Upon his father's death in 1624, he succeeded to a small estate in Shustoke, to which he added by purchase the manor of Blythe, in that parish, in 1625. This latter estate is still in the possession of his descendants.

Dugdale's natural inclination, which was chiefly the study of antiquities, brought him acquainted with the most eminent antiquaries of his day. Sir Symon Archer, of Tamworth, introduced him to Sir Christopher Hatton and Sir Henry Spelman, by whose joint interest with the earl of Arundel, then Earl Marshal, he was created a pursuivantat-arms extraordinary, by the name of Blanche Lyon, in September, 1638. Afterwards he was made Rouge Croix pursuivant in ordinary, by letters patent dated March 18th, 1639-40; by which means, having lodging in the Heralds' College, and convenient opportunities, he made large collections from the Records in the Tower of London, as well as from other places.

After the surrender of Oxford upon Articles, Dugdale, having the benefit of them, and having compounded for his estate, went to London; where he and Dodsworth proceeded vigorously in completing their collections from the Tower Records and Cottonian library. A short absence from England in 1648, when he attended lord and lady Hatton to Paris, enabled him to improve his and Dodsworth's collections with notices and charters relating to the Alien Priories of England, from the papers of Andrew Du Chesne. When their collections were ready, the booksellers, declining to venture upon so large and hazardous a work, Dodsworth and Dugdale printed the first volume at their own charge, which was published in 1655, in folio, under the tile of 'Monasticon Anglicanum,' adorned with the views of abbeys, churches, &c. The second volume was published in folio, in 1661. These two volumes were collected, and chiefly written by Dodsworth; but Dugdale took great pains in methodizing and disposing the materials, in making several indexes to them, and in correcting the press. Dodsworth died in August, 1654, before the tenth part of the first volume was printed off. A third volume was published in 1673.

་

From an entry in his diary, as early as 1658, Dugdale appears to have feared that a translation of the Monasticon' would have been published by Mr. King, probably Gregory King, at that time his clerk. That such a one was prepared, as far as the first volume was concerned, is evident, since Dugdale describes it as 'erroneously Englished in a multitude of places.' The translation, however, or rather the epitome, which was subsequently printed, did not appear till 1692, six years after Sir William Dugdale's death. The dedication to William Bromley, Esq., is signed J. W. It is ascribed to James Wright, who, in 1684, published the History and Antiquities of the County of Rut land.' Another epitome, by an anonymous writer, was published in 1718: but believed to have been by Captain John Stevens, who, in 1722 and 1723, published two addi tional volumes to the Monasticon,' which, besides an abundance of additional information in English, contained a very large collection of new charters, together with the History of the Friaries, to which no place had been assigned in the volumes published by Dugdale. The Rev Samuel Peck, in 1735, promised a fourth volume of the Monasticon,' which was never completed. His collections for it are in the British Museum.

An improved edition of the Monasticon' was undertaken in 1812 by the Rev. Bulkeley Bandinel, D.D., keeper of the Bodleian library at Oxford, who soon relinquished his task to two other gentlemen who had been called in as coadjutors, John Caley, Esq., of the Augmentation Office, and Henry Ellis, Esq., keeper of the MSS. in the British Museum. An account of each religious house, in English, was prefixed to its respective series of Latin charters, and many new materials from leiger-books, rolls, and other documents were added, including all that was valuable in Stevens's volumes, with the history of several hundred religious foundations which were unknown to Dugdale. The edition, were re-engraved, and above 200 plates of churches and monasteries added, from drawings made exclusively for the work. This new edition was completed in 1830, in six volumes folio, the last volume divided into three parts.

In 1641, by Sir Christopher Hatton's encouragement, he superintended the making of exact drafts of all the monuments in Westminster Abbey, St. Paul's Cathedral, and in many other cathedral and parochial churches of England; particularly those at Peterborough, Ely, Norwich, Lincoln, Newark-upon-Trent, Beverley, Southwark, Kingston-upon-Hull, York, Selby, Chester, Lichfield, Tam-chief of the prints, by Hollar, which ornamented the original worth, Warwick, &c. The drawings were made by one William Sedgewick, an arms-painter, then a servant of Sir Christopher Hatton; the inscriptions were copied by Dugdale. Both were deposited in Sir Christopher Hatton's library, that the memory of these monuments might at least be preserved; the state of the times threatening imminent destruction to the originals.

In 1656 Dugdale published, at his own charge, The Antiquities of Warwickshire, illustrated from Records, Leiger-books, Manuscripts, Charters, Evidences, Tombes, In June, 1642, the king, who had retired to York, sum- and Armes, beautified with Maps, Prospects, and Portraie moned Mr. Dugdale to attend upon him, according to the tures,' folio, Lond.: this is one of the very best of our county duty of his office. Dugdale accordingly repaired to York, histories. A second edition was published, in two volumes and was afterwards commanded to attend the earl of North-folio, in 1730, revised and augmented by William Thomas, ampton, who was marching into Worcestershire to oppose D.D.; and a third was contemplated a few years ago, and the forces raised by lord Brooke for the service of the Par-large preparations made for it, by the late William Hamper, liament. He attended upon the king at the battle of Edge- Esq., of Birmingham. While this work was printing, Dughill, and afterwards at Oxford, where he continued with his dale remained in London, during which time he had an Majesty till the surrender of the garrison there to the Par- opportunity of collecting materials for another work, which liament, June 22nd, 1646. He was created M.A. November he published in 1658, The History of St. Paul's Cathedral, 1st, 1642; and April 16th, 1644, was promoted to the in London,' folio. A second edition of this work, enlarged, office of Chester-herald. During his long residence at was published in 1716, in folio, by Edward Maynard, D.D., Oxford, he applied himself to such researches in the Bod-rector of Boddington in Northamptonshire; and a third, leian, and the different college libraries, as he thought in 1818, by Henry Ellis, Esq. The plates of the original might conduce toward the furtherance of the Monasticon,' editions, both of the Warwickshire and the St. Paul's, were then designed by Roger Dodsworth and himself; as well as by Hollar. To the two last editions of the St. Paul's a life to the history of the antient nobility of the realm, and of of Dugdale was prefixed. which he afterwards made much use in his 'Baronage.'

Upon the restoration of King Charles II., through Lord

Chancellor Hyde's recommendation, Dugdale was advanced DUISBURG, the chief town, lies on the Ruhr and Anto the office of Norroy King of Arms. In 1662 he pub-gerbach, not far from the right bank of the Rhine, which lished The History of Imbanking and Drayning of divers once washed its walls; in 51° 26′ N. lat., and 6° 46′ E. long. Fenns and Marshes, both in Foreign Parts and in this It is said to have received its name from the Tuisconi or Kingdom, and of the Improvements thereby,' fol. Lond. Teutones, who had a camp on this spot: in the time of the 1662: a second edition of which, revised and corrected by Romans it was denominated the Castrum Deusonis. The Chas. Nalson Cole, Esq., appeared in fol. Lond. 1772. This town is surrounded by walls and decayed towers on one work was written at the desire of the Lord Gorges, Sir side, and by a rampart and ditches on the other, and is John Marsham, and others, who were adventurers in drain- | situated in a fertile and agreeable country. The number of ing the great level which extends itself into a considerable houses is about 700, and of inhabitants about 5500: in 1784 part of the counties of Cambridge, Huntingdon, Northamp- the number of the one was 682, and of the other 3531 the ton, Norfolk, and Suffolk. [BEDFORD LEVEL] About the population has therefore increased about 1969 during the same time Dugdale completed the second volume of Sir last fifty-two years, or upwards of one per cent. yearly on Henry Spelman's 'Councils,' which was published in 1664 the average. Duisburg contains a gymnasium founded in under the title of Concilia, Decreta, Leges, Constitutiones 1599, an orphan asylum and hospital, endowed almshouses, in Re Ecclesiarum Orbis Britannici, &c., ab Introitu Nor- a monastery of Minorites, and five churches, of which that mannorum, A.D. 1066, ad Exutum Papam, A.D. 1531. Ac- of John the Baptist dates from the year 1187, and that of cesserunt etiam alia ad Rem Ecclesiasticam spectantia,' St. Salvator, on the tower of which once stood an observafol. Archbishop Sheldon and Lord Clarendon, who were the tory, from 1415; two of them are Roman Catholic, and the great encouragers of this labour, likewise employed Dug- others Protestant. It was the site of a Protestant univerdale to publish the second part of Sir Henry Spelman's sity, founded in 1655 and abolished in 1802. There are Glossary. Having revised the first part, which had been considerable manufactures in the town, particularly of woolpublished in 1626, and arranged the materials of the second, len-cloth, cottons, stockings, hats, woollen coverlids, velvet, both were printed together in 1664 under the title of Glos- soap, starch, and leather; and an extensive traffic with the sarium Archaiologicum, continens Latino-barbara, Pere- Westphalian provinces in wine and colonial produce, grain, grina, Obsoleta, et Nova Significationis Vocabula.' The and cattle. In the neighbourhood there are two iron-works, second part, digested by Dugdale, began with the letter M. where large quantities of cast-iron are made. The There was another edition of this work in 1687. Duisburg forest, mentioned by_Tacitus (Annal. i. 60), under the name of the Saltus Teutoburgensis, is in the vicinity.

·

In 1666 he published, in folio, Origines Juridiciales; or, Historical Memoirs of the English Laws, Courts of Justice, Forms of Trial, Punishment in Cases Criminal, Law Writers,' &c. &c., with portraits of several of the judges, and some other plates. A second edition was published in 1671, and a third in 1680. The first volume of The Baronage of England' appeared in 1675, and the second and third in 1676, folio. Upon this work he had spent thirty years of labour; and though the corrections to be made in it are numerous, it still remains one of the best works which exist as a foundation of English history. [BARONAGE.]

DUKE. The title given to those who are in the highest rank of nobility in England. The order is not older in England than the reign of king Edward III. Previously to that reign those whom we now call the nobility consisted of the barons, a few of whom were earls. Neither baron nor earl was in those days, as now, merely a title of honour; the barons were the great tenants in chief, the earls important officers in the community. It does not appear that in England there was ever any office or particular trust united with the other titles of nobility, viscount, marquis, and duke. They seem to have been from the beginning_merely honorary

In May, 1677, Dugdale was created Garter King of Arms, and the day after received from his Majesty the honour of knighthood, much against his will, on account of the small-distinctions. They were introduced into England in imitaness of his estate. In 1681 he published ‘A short View of the late Troubles in England, briefly setting forth their Rise, Growth, and Tragical Conclusion,' folio. This is the least valued of his publications. He published also, at the same time, 'The Antient Usage in bearing of such Ensigns of Honour as are commonly called Arms,' &c., 8vo., a second edition of which, with large additions, was published in the beginning of the year following; and a third edition, edited by T. C. Banks, Esq., folio, London, 1811.

The last work which Dugdale published was A perfect Copy of all Summons of the Nobility to the Great Councils and Parliaments of this Realm, from the 49th of king Henry III. until these present times,' folio, London, 1685. A facsimile, with the original date of this work, was printed at Birmingham between forty and fifty years ago.

This industrious man died at Blythe Hall, February 10th, 1686, in his eighty-first year, in consequence of a cold; and was interred at Shustoke. His epitaph in Latin, written by himself, is inscribed upon a tablet near the spot of his interment.

An account of Dugdale's manuscript collections remaining in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, and in the possession of his descendant, the late Dugdale Stratford Dugdale, Esq., at Merevale in Warwickshire, will be found appended to his Life, Diary, and Correspondence, edited by William Hamper, Esq., 4to., London, 1827, whence the principal particulars of the present life have been obtained. (See also the life prefixed to the last edition of the History of St. Paul's; and Chalmers's Biogr. Dict., vol. xii., pp. 420-427.)

DUGONG. [WHALES.]

tion of our neighbours on the continent. Abroad however the titles of duke and marquis had been used to designate persons who held no small political power, and even independent sovereignty. The czar was duke of Russia or Muscovy. There were the dukes of Saxony, Burgundy, and Aquitaine: persons with whom the earls of this country would have ranked, had they been able to maintain as much independence on the sovereign as did the dukes on the continent of the Germanic or the Gallic confederacy. An important officer during the lower empire had the title of dux, which is probably the origin of the modern duke or doge in every country of Europe. [DOGE.]

The first person created a duke in England was Edward Prince of Wales, commonly called the Black Prince. He was created duke of Cornwall in parliament, in 1335, the eleventh year of king Edward III. In 1350, Henry, the king's cousin, was created duke of Lancaster, and when he died in 1361, his daughter and heir having married John of Gaunt, the king's son, he was created duke of Lancaster, his elder brother Lionel being made at the same time duke of Clarence. The two younger sons of king Edward III. were not admitted to this high dignity in the reign of their father: but in the reign of Richard II., their nephew Edmund was made duke of York, and Thomas duke of Gloucester.

The dignity was thus at the beginning kept within the circle of those who were by blood very nearly allied to the king, and we know not whether the creation of the great favourite of king Richard II., Robert Vere earl of Oxford, duke of Ireland, and marquis of Dublin, is to be DUIKERBOK. [ANTELOPE, vol. ii., p. 81, species 30.] regarded as an exception. Whether, properly speaking, an DUISBURG, a circle in the northern part of the great English dignity or an Irish, it had but a short endurance, administrative circle of Düsseldorf in Rhenish Prussia, the earl being so created in 1385 and attainted in 1388. about 252 square miles in area, and containing 8 towns, The persons who were next admitted to this high dignity 1 market-town, 14 villages, and 3 hamlets, with a popula- were of the families of Holland and Mowbray. The former tion of about 76,500 inhabitants: an increase of 17,150 since of these was half-brother to king Richard II.; and the latter 1817. The Rhine is the western and the Lippe the north-was the heir of Margaret, the daughter and heir of Thomas ern boundary. It possesses rich coal-mines, and has de Brotherton, a younger son of king Edward I., which 108,850 acres of fine arable land, and 27,720 of meadows Margaret was created duchess of Norfolk in 1358. and pastures: grain, tobacco, rapeseed, flax, hemp, hops, was the beginning of the dignity of duke of Norfolk, which linseed, &c. are raised. is still existing, though there have been several for

This

feitures and temporary extinctions. Next to them, not to mention sons or brothers of the reigning sovereign, the title was conferred on one of the Beauforts, an illegitimate son of John of Gaunt, who was created by king Henry V. duke of Exeter. John Beaufort, another of this family, was made duke of Somerset by king Henry VI.

In the reign of Henry VI. the title was granted more widely. There were at one time ten duchesses in his court. The families to whom the dignity was granted in this reign were the Staffords, Beauchamps, and De la Poles. In 1470, under the reign of Edward IV., George Nevil was made duke of Bedford, but he was soon deprived of the title, and Jasper Tudor was made duke of Bedford by his nephew king Henry VII. in the year of his accession.

King Henry VIII. created only two dukes, and both were persons nearly connected with himself; one being his own illegitimate son, whom he made duke of Richmond, and the other Charles Brandon, who had married the French queen, his sister, and who was made by him duke of Suffolk. King Edward VI. created three: viz., his uncle, Edward Seymour, the Protector, duke of Somerset (from whom the present duke of Somerset derives his descent, and, by reversal of an attainder, his dignity), Henry Grey, duke of Suffolk, and John Dudley, duke of Northumberland. The struggles of these three great peers proved the ruin of all and the extinction of their dignities.

Queen Elizabeth found on her accession only one duke, Thomas Howard, duke of Norfolk, attainder or failure of male issue having extinguished the others. He was an ambitious nobleman, and aspiring to marry the queen of Scotland, Elizabeth became jealous of him: he was convicted of treason, beheaded, and his dignity extinguished in 1572; and from that time there was no duke in the English peerage except the sons of king James I., till 1623, when Ludovick Stuart, the king's near relative, was made duke of Richmond, which honour soon expired. In 1627 George Villiers was created duke of Buckingham, and he and his son were the only dukes in England till the civil when another of the Stuarts was made duke of Richmond, and the king's nephew, best known by the name of prince Rupert, duke of Cumberland.

wars,

We see how choice this dignity was regarded down to the reign of king Charles II. In the first year after his return from exile, that prince restored the Seymours to their rank of dukes of Somerset, and created Monk, the great instrument of his return, duke of Albemarle. In 1663 he began to introduce his illegitimate issue into the peerage under the title of duke, his son James being made in that year duke of Monmouth. In 1664 he restored to the Howards the title of duke of Norfolk, and in 1665 created a Cavendish, who had held a high military command in the civil war, duke of Newcastle. In 1682 he created the marquis of Worcester duke of Beaufort. As for the rest the dignity was granted only to issue of the king or to their mothers. The only duke created by king James II. was the duke of Berwick, his natural son.

limitation of the Pelham dukedom of Newcastle so as to comprehend the Clintons, by whom the dukedom is now possessed. From 1720 to 1766 there was no creation of an English duke except in the royal house. In that year the representative of the antient house of Percy was made duke of Northumberland, and the title of duke of Montagu, which had become extinct, was revived in the Brudenels, the heirs. The same forbearance to confer this dignity existed during the remainder of the reign, and during the reign of George IV., no dukedom being created out of the royal house, till the eminent services of the duke of Wellington marked him out as deserving the honour of the highest rank which the king has it in his power to confer. His dukedom was created in 1814, forty-seven years after the creation of a duke of Northumberland. The marquis of Buckingham was advanced to the rank of duke of Buckingham and Chandos in 1822, so that for a hundred years, namely from 1720 to 1822 only four families were admitted to this honour.

During the reign of William IV. two dukedoms have been created, Gower duke of Sutherland, and Vane duke of Cleveland.

The whole number of dukes in the English peerage is at present twenty-one, exclusive of the blood royal. There are seven Scottish dukes, two of whom are also English dukes. The only Irish duke is the duke of Leinster.

All the dukes of England have been created by letters patent in which the course of succession has been plainly pointed out. Generally the limitation is to the male heirs of the body.

DUKER, CHARLES ANDREW, a distinguished scholar, born at Unna in La Marck, in the year 1670. He studied first at Hammon, and afterwards, under Perizonius, at Franeker. About the year 1700 he became professor of history and eloquence at Herborn, in Nassau, which he exchanged, four or five years afterwards, for the place of under-master in the school at the Hague. On the death of Perizonius, in 1716, the Greek chair in the university of Leyden became vacant, and was offered to Burmann, who accepted it, and thereby vacated the professorship of history and eloquence which he held at Utrecht, and which was divided between Duker and Drakenborch, Burmann's pupil and friend. In 1734 Duker gave up his professorship and retired to the country. He died at Meyderic on the 5th of November, 1752. Duker is best known by his edition of Thucydides, published at Amsterdam 1731 (fol.), which was, till Bekker's appeared in 1821, by far the best edition of that author. The great care and labour which he bestowed upon this work made Schröder call him Varilectionarius Thucydideus (Præf. ad Senec. Tragedias). Duker also edited Florus in 1722, and contributed to the edition of Livy published by his colleague Drakenborch, to the Origines Babylonicæ et Ægyptiaca' of his friend Perizonius, and to other works. All his notes are sensible and accurate; but it has been remarked that in his Thucydides in particular he has been rather capricious in choosing passages for illustration, and has omitted explanations in the very places where they were most necessary.

Of the families now existing, beside those who descend of king Charles II., only the Howards, the Seymours, and the Somersets date their dukedoms from before the Revolu- DULCIMER, a very antient musical instrument, and not tion. The existing dukedoms originally given by Charles yet entirely fallen into disuse. There seems to be little II. to his sons are Grafton, Richmond, and St. Albans. doubt of this being the psaltery, psalterium, or nebel, of the Under king William and queen Anne several families which Hebrews. In shape it was sometimes a triangle, sometimes had previously enjoyed the title of carls were advanced to a trapezium, as appears from Luscinius, Kircher, and dukedoms, as Paulet duke of Bolton, Talbot duke of Blanchinus, a fact overlooked by Sir John Hawkins, who Shrewsbury, Osborne duke of Leeds, Russell duke of argues, in opposition to Kircher, that the instrument took Bedford, Cavendish duke of Devonshire, Holles duke of different names according to its different forms. The DulNewcastle, Churchill duke of Marlborough, Sheffield cimer, as now used by street-musicians, to whom it is conduke of Buckinghamshire, Manners duke of Rutland, fined, is a trapezium in shape, has many strings, two to Montagu duke of Montagu, Douglas duke of Dover, Gray each note, and is struck by a pair of sticks with wooden or duke of Kent, Hamilton duke of Brandon; besides mem-metallic knobs. The tone much resembles that of the old bers of the royal family and Marshal Schomberg, who was made an English peer as duke of Schomberg. This great accession gave an entirely new character to the dignity. King George I. followed in the same policy, giving us, besides the dukedoms in his own family, Bertie duke of Ancaster, Pierrepoint duke of Kingston, Pelham duke of Newcastle, Bentinck duke of Portland, Wharton duke of Wharton, Brydges duke of Chandos, Campbell duke of Greenwich, Montagu duke of Manchester, Sackville duke of Dorset, and Egerton duke of Bridgewater. George II. adopted a different policy: he created no duke out of his own family, and the only addition he can be said to have made to this branch of the peerage was by enlarging the

spinnet, and in skilful hands the instrument is of rather an
agreeable kind. [CITOLE.]

DULVERTON. [SOMERSETSHIRE.]
DULWICH. [ALLEN; BOURGEOIS.]

DUMBARTON, or DUNBARTON, the chief town of Dumbartonshire, in Scotland, is an antient royal burgh, and was in very early times the head town of the earldom of Lennox. It is situated at the confluence of the Leven with the Clyde, about 14 miles west-north-west from Glasgow and 52 west from Edinburgh.

The first charter granted to Dumbarton was that of Alexander II., in the beginning of the thirteenth century; this charter, as well as those of several succeeding monarchs,