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make laws and administer justice. Of these Rockhall moat | who was then minister, for the liberty of Geneva and the
near Lochmaben is one of the largest and most beautiful. return of her exiles. He stayed in Paris until the begin
Among the antiquities, the cross of Markland, which is an ning of 1751, and during this second visit the acquaintance
octagon of solid stone, and a very curious antient obelisk, previously formed with Mirabeau ripened into intimacy.
supposed to be of Anglo-Saxon origin, found in the church- We learn from Dumont's posthumous work, entitled
yard of Ruthwell, are deserving of notice. The latter is Souvenirs sur Mirabeau,' (a work which has thrown great
ornamented with figures in relievo descriptive of sacred light on Mirabeau's character, and which is further inter-
history, and inscribed partly with Runic and partly with esting as giving Dumont's views concerning the French
Roman characters. The antient buildings in Nithsdale Revolution,) that Mirabeau frequently during this period
are the castles of Caerlaverock, Morton, Closeburn, Torthor- | availed himself of the assistance of Dumont and Duroverai,
wold, and Sanquhar. In Annandale are the castles of especially the former, in the preparation of speeches and
Comlongan, Hoddam, Lochwood, and Achincass. In Esk- reports. These three also set on foot conjointly a paper
dale there are some remains and vestiges of the castles of called the 'Courier de Provence;' though Mirabeau's share
Langholm and Wauchope. Gilnochie in the parish of in the composition of it was not very great.
Canobie was the residence of Johnny Armstrong, a cele-
brated and powerful border-chieftain. In this parish there
are also some vestiges of a monastery, which was pillaged,
and laid in ruins by the English soldiers after the battle
of Solway-moss in 1542. Vast quantities of antique pieces
of armour, medals, and coins have been found in the
county.

The Selgovæ were the most antient inhabitants of this
county. In the time of the Romans, Dumfriesshire formed
a part of the Roman province of Valentia [BRITANNIA];
and after the Romans had relinquished Britain it consti-
tuted a portion of a new kingdom founded by Ida and
the Angles. In the eighth century it was under the do-
minion of the Picts, who dismembered Galloway and Dum-
friesshire from the Northumbrian monarchy. Until the
reign of James VI. this county was the scene of many battles
and of many a feud and foray, which were often occasioned by
the jealousies of the rival chieftains. Being seated on the
borders it was also liable to the incursions of the English and
to frequent predatory warfare. It was likewise the birth-place
and residence as well as the scene of the heroic actions of
many warriors distinguished in Scottish history. For a
long time many of the inhabitants subsisted entirely by
spoil and pillage, and the rapine of those freebooters was as
intolerable to their own countrymen as to the English. This
life of predatory warfare was afterwards exchanged for vicious
idleness and lawless independence. The contraband trade
with the Isle of Man prevailed to a great extent, and the
borders were for a considerable time infested with daring
bands of smugglers. In the rebellions of 1715 and 1745,
but particularly in the latter, the country districts endured
various outrages, and the county town sustained damage to
the amount of 40007., but in 1750 the crown granted a
dividend of 28007. on the above sum out of the forfeited
estate of Lord Elcho.

(Dr. Singer's General View of the Agriculture, &c. of the County of Dumfries; New Statistical Account of Scotland; Jameson's Mineralogical Survey of Dumfriesshire; Chalmers's Caledonia; Beauties of Scotland; Communications from Dumfriesshire.)

DUMONT, ETIENNE, was born at Geneva in July,
1759. His father died when he was very young, leaving a
widow, three daughters, and a son (the subject of the pre-
sent article), with very small means of support. The mother,
however, was a woman of strong mind, and struggled against
the difficulties arising from her straightened circumstances,
that she might give her son a good education. At college
Dumont assisted to support himself by giving private lessons.
In his twenty-second year he was ordained minister of the
Protestant church in Geneva; and we are told by M. Sis-
mondi that his preaching was greatly admired. He left
Geneva in the spring of 1783, owing to the triumph then
achieved by the aristocratical party in that state through
foreign interference; and he betook himself, a voluntary
exile, to St. Petersburg, where he assumed the charge of
the French Protestant church. He stayed in that city
eighteen months, acquiring fame by his preaching; when
he was invited to London by Lord Shelburne, afterwards
the Marquis of Lansdowne, to undertake the education of
his sons. In Lord Shelburne's house he made the ac-
quaintance of Fox, of Sir Samuel Romilly, of Lord Hol-
and, and most of the other distinguished members of the
Whig party; and with Sir Samuel Romilly in particular
he formed a strong friendship. In 1788, Dumont and Sir
Samuel Romilly visited Paris together, and it was on the
occasion of this visit, which lasted only two months, that
Dumont first became acquainted with Mirabeau.

In 1789 Dumont made a second visit to Paris, accompa-
ied by M. Duroverai, in order to negociate with M. Necker,

It was not until Dumont's return to England in 1791 that his intimacy and co-operation with Mr. Bentham com menced. [BENTHAM]. Admiring Mr. Bentham's talents, and impressed with the importance of his pursuits, he craved leave to arrange and edit those writings on legislation which their author would not himself publish. The task was one comparatively humble, yet useful. Further, it was a task of some difficulty. I have had,' says Dumont himself, in his preface to the Traités de Legislation,' to select from among a large number of various readings, to suppress repetitions, to clear up obscurities, and to fill up lacunae which the author had left that he might not slacken in his work. I have had to do much more in the way of curtailment than of addition, of abridgment than of extension. The mass of manuscripts which has passed through my hands, and which I have had to decipher and compare, is considerable. I have had to do much to attain uniformity of style, and in the way of correction; nothing or next to nothing as regards the fundamental ideas. The profuseness of their wealth was such as to need only the care of an economist, and being appointed steward of this large fortune, I have neglected nothing which could improve its value or help to put it into circulation.' (p. 2.)

The following are those of Mr. Bentham's works which were edited by Dumont. 1. The 'Traités de Legislation,' 3 vols., published in 1802. 2. The Théorie des Peines et des Recompenses,' 2 vols., in 1811. 3. The Tactique des Assemblées Legislatives,' in 1815. 4. The Preuves Judicaires,' 2 vols., in 1823. The 'Organisation Judiciaire et Codification,' in 1828.

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In 1814 Dumont had returned to Geneva, his native state having then recovered her independence. He was elected a member of the representative council of Geneva, and, having been appointed on a committee that was to draw up laws and regulations for the counéil, he was the author of the plan that was ultimately adopted. He afterwards directed his efforts to a reform of the penal system and the prison system existing at Geneva. Under his auspices, a penitentiary establishment was erected at Geneva in 1824, on the Panopticon plan of Mr. Bentham. Dividing his time between his senatorial duties and the publication of those of Mr. Bentham's works which have been named, he lived a useful and a happy life to the age of sixty. He died suddenly in the autumn of 1825, while travelling in the north of Italy.

There is a brief memoir of Dumont by M. de Sismondi in the Revue Encyclopédique, tom. 44, p. 258; and another by M. de Candolle in the Bibliothèque Universelle for November 1829. M. Duroverai has also prefixed a short notice of his life to the Souvenirs sur Mirabeau.'

DUMOURIEZ, CHARLES FRANCOIS, was born at Cambrai in 1739. His father was commissary in the army, and was also an author and a poet. Dumouriez entered the army at an early age, and served in Germany during the seven years' war. After the peace of Paris, 1763, he travelled about Europe, offering his services to several states: he visited Corsica, and afterwards Spain and Portugal, and wrote an essay on the military situation and resources of the latter kingdom. Having returned to France, he was appointed quarter-master-general to the French expedition for the conquest of Corsica, 1768-9. He was afterwards sent to Poland on a mission to the confederates of Bar, with whom he made the campaign of 1771 against Russia. He was afterwards sent by Louis XV. on a confidential mission to Sweden, in the same manner as the Chevalier D'Eon, count Broglie, and others, who were sent to England and other countries, and who corresponded directly with the king without the intervention of his ministers. The ministers however became jealous of Dumouriez, and found means to arrest him at Hamburg,

France from a successful invasion.

whence he was brought back to Paris under a lettre de | towns of Germany, treated with suspicion, and annoyed by câchet, and lodged in the Bastile. the royalist emigrants, who hated him as a constitutionalist, He was released by Louis XVI. on his coming to the while in France the Convention offered a reward of 300,000 throne, and restored to his rank of colonel. In 1778 he was francs for his head. Having crossed over to England, he sent to Cherbourg to form there a great naval establishment was obliged to depart under the alien act, and took refuge connected with the proposed invasion of England, and he at Hamburgh, where he remained for several years, and furnished the ministry with plans for the conquest of the wrote his memoirs and several political pamphlets. In islands of Jersey, Guernsey, and Wight. At the beginning 1804 or 1805 he obtained permission to come to England, of the revolution he took the popular side, and became con- where he afterwards chiefly resided. He is said to have furnected with the Girondins, by whose interest he was ap-nished plans to the British and Portuguese governments for pointed minister of foreign affairs, in which capacity he pre- the operations of the peninsular war; and he received a vailed upon the king to declare war against Austria in April, pension from the British government, upon which he lived 1792. Soon after he left office, upon the dismissal of the other to a very advanced age. It is remarkable that after the Girondin ministers, Roland, Servan, Claviere, &c. Dumou- restoration he was not recalled to France by Louis XVIII. riez had now become afraid of the violence of the revolu- In 1821 he wrote a plan of defence for the Neapolitan contionary movement, the Jacobins hated him, and even the stitutionalists. He died in March, 1823, at Turville Park, Girondins grew cool towards him. Like La Fayette, he pro- near Henley-upon-Thames, at the age of eighty-four. (Méfessed his attachment to the constitutional monarchy of 1791, moires du Général Dumouriez, written by himself; and an which the others had given up. He withdrew himself how- article in the Supplement to the 6th volume of the Bioever from internal politics and went to serve under General graphie des Contemporains, which seems fairly and soberly Luckner on the northern frontiers. After the 10th of August written.) he was appointed to replace La Fayette in the command of DUN-LE-ROI. [CHER.] the army which was opposed to the Duke of Brunswick. The army was disorganised, but Dumouriez soon re-established DÜNA, the, or in Livonian the DA-UGAVA, and in order and confidence; he obtained a series of partial but Russian the ZAPADULA, a considerable river in Western brilliant successes, which checked the advance of the Prus-Russia, rises from several springs not far from the source of sians; and, lastly, he made a determined stand in the forest the Volga, which flow out of marshy ground in the neighof Argonne, which he styled the Thermopyla of France, by confines of the government of Tver. It winds in a westbourhood of the Volkonsky forest, near the south-western which means he gave time to Kellerman and other generals to come up with fresh divisions, and give battle to the Prus- south-westerly direction, nearly parallel with the Dnieper, sians at Valmy, 20th September, 1792, an engagement flat-bottomed craft at Valisch, or Velige, above Vitepsk. until it has passed Vitepsk, having become navigable for which was won by Kellerman. It is generally allowed that Dumouriez' stand at Argonne was the means of saving Polotsk and Minsk, as well as those of Livonia and Vilna, Thence, forming the boundary between the governments of it turns to the north-west, and near Dünsburg flows almost due north until it reaches the point where it begins to constitute the frontier between Livonia and Courland; from that point it continues its course west-north-west to Dünamünde, below Riga, where it falls into that arm of the Baltic called the Gulf of Riga, in 57° N. lat. The entire course of the Düna, inclusive of its windings, is about 655 miles; its length in a straight line from the source to the mouth is about 325 miles. Güldenstädt states that the in every 2000 fathoms, and in its passage through the lower fall of its waters is, in the upper part of its course, one foot part, where the land is more level, six inches in every 2000 fathoms, its average fall being six inches in every four versts (about 2 miles). The navigable portion of the Duna, namely, from Velige to Dünamünde is about 405 miles in length, but the navigation, owing to the variableness of its depth, which ranges from two to four fathoms, to its shallows, and to a stratum of rock, which runs across its bed just above Riga, and the sandbanks at its mouth, is extremely difficult, and even dangerous, for vessels of any size. Its course above Riga, indeed, is not practicable for any but the flat-bottomed craft called Strusen. At Riga its breadth is about 3000 feet. In the spring the surface is covered with rafts, logs, and planks, which are thus floated down from the forests of Livonia, Lithuania, and Semigallia, as well as the more westerly provinces which it passes through. It contains several islands, and abounds in fish. The tributaries of the Duna greatly augment its waters, though they are not of any great length: the chief of these are the Toroptsa, which is navigable from Toropecz to its mouth, a distance of about 60 miles; the Ulla, which flows out of lake Beloye, and is navigable for about 56 miles; the Kasplia, which is navigable from Poritsch, about 110 miles from its mouth; the Ewst, Meshna, and Disna, the last of which rises in the government of Vilna; and the Bolder-Aa, which flows past Mittau, then skirts the southern shore of the gulf of Riga, and ultimately falls into the Düna just above its mouth. The Narofna, which joins the Düna on its right bank, can be regarded only as an outlet for lake Peipus, and is from 37 to 42 miles in length. The basin of the Düna comprehends an area of about 28,350 square miles.

At the end of October Dumouriez began his campaign of Flanders; gained the battle of Jemmapes against the Austrians, 5th and 6th November; took Liege, Antwerp, and a great part of Flanders, but, on account of some disagreement with Pache the minister at war, he was obliged to return to Paris during the trial of Louis XVI. After the execution of the king, Dumouriez returned to his headquarters, determined to support, on the first opportunity, the re-establishment of the constitutional monarchy under the son of Louis. Meantime he pushed on with his army, entered Holland, and took Breda and other places, but being obliged, by the advance of Prince Cobourg, to retire, he experienced a partial defeat at Neerwinde, and again at Louvain. Meantime he had displeased the convention by opposing its oppressive decrees concerning the Belgians, and he wrote a strong letter on the subject to that assembly on the 12th of March, which, however, was not publicly read. Danton, Lacroix, and other commissioners of the convention came successively to his head-quarters to watch and remonstrate with him, but he openly told them that a republic in France was only another name for anarchy, and that the only means of saving the country was to re-establish the constitutional monarchy of 1791. Dumouriez entered into secret negotiations with Prince Cobourg, by which he was allowed to withdraw his army unmolested to the frontiers of France, and also his garrisons and artillery which he had left in Holland, and which were cut off by the advance of the enemy. These favourable conditions were granted by Cobourg on the understanding that Dumouriez should exert himself to re-establish the constitutional monarchy in France. Dumouriez retired quietly to Tournay, and evacuating Belgium withdrew within the French frontiers, where he placed his head-quarters at St. Amand, 30th March, 1793. He was now accused of treason at Paris: the convention passed a decree summoning him to their bar, and four commissioners, with Camus at their head, came to St. Amand to announce to him the summons. Dumouriez replied that he was ready to resign the command, if the troops consented, but he would not go to Paris to be butchered. After a violent altercation he gave the commissioners in charge to some hussars, and sent them over to the Austrian general Clairfait, at Tournay, to be detained as hostages.

His design was now to march upon Paris, but his troops, and especially the volunteers, refusing, he was obliged to take refuge himself, with a few officers, at the Austrian head-quarters, April, 1793. He there found out that his plan of a constitutional monarchy was disavowed by the allies, and in consequence he refused to serve in the Austriau army against his country. He wandered about various

DÜNABURG, the chief town of a circle in the northwestern part of the government of Witepsk in Western Russia, and formerly the capital of Polish Livonia. It lies on the right bank of the Düna, and on both sides of the Shunitzee, which flows into it; in 55° 53' N. lat., and 26° 24' E. long. It was founded in 1277 by the Knights of the Sword, and while attached to the Polish crown was the residence of a bishop, voyvode, and castellan. At the pre

DUN

198

sent day it is become of great military importance, from the
strength which has been given to its fortifications. Düna-
burg contains a Greek and two Roman Catholic churches,
and a synagogue, a suppressed Jesuits' college, and a popu-
lation of about 4200. It has three fairs in the course of the
year, and carries on considerable trade.

DUNBAR. [HADDINGTON.]
DUNBAR, WILLIAM, is supposed to have been a
grandson of Sir Patrick Dunbar, of Beil, in the shire of
Haddington. This Sir Patrick Dunbar was a younger son
of George, tenth earl of March.
younger brother of George, eleventh earl, who was attainted
He was thus also a
in an arbitrary manner, and had his possessions forfeited
by King James I. in the parliament held at Perth on the
10th of January, 1434-5; and it appears that Dunbar, being
involved in the common ruin of the house, lived in a state
of great dependence without any patrimonial inheritance.

The path of ambition in those days, and the road to
wealth and honours, was the church, to which Dunbar was
destined from his earliest years. In 1475 he was sent to
the university of St. Andrews, where he passed bachelor of
arts, in St. Salvator's college there, in 1477; ana in 1479
master of arts.

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DUN

Gar house him now against this yule,
And busk him like a bishop's mule;
For with my hand I have indost

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they exhibit an amazing versatility of genius, from grave
To pay whate'er his trappings cost.'
Dunbar's writings now extant are not numerous, but
rant, warning the rash; at another, indulging in all the
to gay, from witty to severe.
immodesty of licentiousness. But it is in description that
sober moralist supporting the weak, instructing the igno-
At one time we find him the
he shows his various powers most conspicuously. Thus, in
have imagery brilliant and dazzling. In the Dance of the
his Golden Terge,' as in The Thistle and the Rose,' we
Deadly Sins in Hell,' the same creative hand appears. The
Feigned Friar of Tungland and The Justs between the
Taylor and the Souter display the same power of vividly
portraying character, mingled with bitter sarcasm and
biting satire. And in the doggerel lines On James Doig'
we see the burly wardrobe-keeper pass before us, and feel
'His gang gars all the chalmer schog.'

immortality of real merit. We know not at what precise
time he was born, nor when he died; his very name, it has
The existence of Dunbar's works is a signal proof of the
met with in the whole compass of our literature for 200
years, and it is only after the lapse of three centuries that
been remarked, is, with one solitary exception, not to be
his poems have been collected and published; and yet he
Scotland's poets.
now once more stands forth as one of the very greatest of

DUNBLANE. [PERTHSHIRE.]

He afterwards entered the monastic order of St. Francis; and in the habit of a friar travelled not only throughout the south of Scotland, but also into England and on the continent. From his writings we learn that he was frequently employed abroad in the king's service, but in what capacity does not precisely appear. It was in all likelihood as a clerk in some of the numerous missions despatched by King James IV. to foreign courts. own fidelity to his royal master on these occasions he enter-side he was descended, through the Haldanes of Gleneagles, DUNCAN, ADAM, was born July 1, 1731, at Dundee, tained a tolerably high opinion; and few opportunities es- from the earls of Lennox and Menteith. He entered the Of his of which his father was provost in 1745. By the mother's caped of his reminding the king of the nature and extent navy in 1746, was made post-captain in 1761, and distinof his services, with not merely distant hints, but direct guished himself in several actions, especially at that of intimations of the propriety of a recompense. It was no Cape St. Vincent. In 1787 he became a rear-admiral, and doubt with a view to this, but partly also, and perhaps seven years afterwards was appointed to command in the mainly, to remunerate his higher labours of the intellect North Seas. In this service he watched the mouth of the and fancy, to reward his literary merit, and to attach him Texel, where a large Dutch fleet lay at the time of the to the person of the king, that, on the 15th of August, mutiny at the Nore. 1500, he had a grant from his majesty of an annual pro- deserted by every ship except one (Adamant, 50), he devision of 107. during his life, or until he should be pro- tained them until he was joined by the rest of the fleet, By skilful manoeuvring, although moted to a benefice of the value of 40. or more yearly. them to action at Camperdown, where he captured nine sail of the line and two frigates. and, on their leaving port, cut off their retreat and brought Duncan was created a viscount and received the thanks of parliament. He died suddenly, August 4th, 1804. lady, the daughter of Lord President Dundas, he left two For this service Admiral sons and several daughters. His eldest son was created earl of Camperdown, at the coronation of William IV. His youngest, Sir Henry Duncan, was principal storekeeper By his to the Board of Ordnance, and died in 1835. DUNDALK. [LOUTH.]

In the year 1501 he was again in England, probably in the train of the ambassadors who were sent thither to conclude the negotiations for the king's marriage. The preparations for this marriage began on the 4th of May, 1503; and upon the 9th of that month Dunbar composed his poem of The Thistle and the Rose,' a rich and elegant allegory in celebration of the union. On the 7th of March following he said mass for the first time in the royal presence, and received a liberal gift as the king's offering on the occasion. In the year 1505 he also received a sum from the king in addition to his stated pension; and both that year and the next a sum equal each time to his half-yearly allowance in lieu of his vule-gown.' doubled; and besides occasional marks of the royal bounty, In 1507 his pension was he had a letter under the privy seal in August, 1510, increasing the sum to fourscore pounds a year, and until he should be promoted to a benefice of 100%. or upwards. This allowance he continued to receive, with other gifts, till the time of the king's death at Flodden in September, 1513, after which we find no farther mention of Dunbar's name in the treasurer's account, or other like records. He is supposed to have died about the year 1520.

on the north shore of the Frith of Tay, in the shire of DUNDEE, a large seaport town and parish of Scotland, is from 1 to 4 miles in breadth. The town is in 56° 27′ N. Forfar. The parish extends 6 miles along the shore, and lat. and 3° 3' W. long., 42 miles north-north-west from Edinburgh. It stands on a gentle acclivity rising from the water-edge towards a high hill at the back, called the Law. is Ail-lec (beautiful). Boethius it is Alectum. Buchanan names it Taodunum (hill The antient Gaelic name, still used by the Highlanders, of the Tay), and in several antient records it is variously In the Latin annals of Hector castle, and was the residence of several kings of Scotland. called Dondé, Dondie, and Donum Dei. The place, from In various civil wars it suffered severely, and was repeatedly plundered and burned: however, it always speedily recovered from these disasters, and has long been noted as a place of commercial opulence and prosperity. When, in 1645, it was sacked and burned, it was one of the richest it was taken by Cromwell's officer, General Monk, sixty vessels in the harbour were laden with the spoil, and each towns in Scotland; and when, after a siege of six weeks, soldier's share was 607. The commerce of Dundee has been remarkable for its successive adoption of different speculations. About forty years ago leather was a principal article, and 70007. worth of shoes were annually exported. This trade is now extinct. At one time seven companies successfully prosecuted the cotton manufacture, which was succeeded by woollens; but the permanently prosperous commerce and trade of this town have been

Whether be at last obtained the great object of his de-a fishing village, became a fortress with walls, gates, and sires does not appear. His remaining works do not show that he ever did. On the contrary, they contain many supplications for a benefice, and many lamentations for the want of one; and the various forms and character of these pieces display not a little of that fertility of invention by which Dunbar is distinguished. He seizes every occasion and seems to exhaust every expedient to rouse the king to bestow upon him the long-cherished wish of his heart. A singular one is the poetical address to the king by Dunbar in the person of an auld grey horse' worn out in the royal service, and to the petition is appended the king's reply, written, as it seems, by Dunbar himself, in the hope, no doubt, that the king would adopt it as his own. In modern orthography the reply runs thus:

After our writings, treasurer,
Take in this grey horse, old Dunbar,
Which in my aucht with service true
To lyart changed is his hue.

produced by the importation and manufacture of Russian hemp and flax. Of late years the business in this branch of trade has greatly increased. The fabrics are chiefly of a coarse description, as sacking, sail-cloth, &c., of which large quantities are made for exportation; but finer and bleached linens are also extensively manufactured. Thirty large spinning-mills are driven by steam, and employ a great number of persons, principally children. There is an iron-foundry, machine-factories, several sugar-refineries, candle-manufactories, and much rope-making and shipbuilding. In 1830, the total tonnage of vessels which entered the harbour amounted to 182,512; and the exports of linen and hempen goods were to the amount of 464,752 tons. In 1832 the tonnage of vessels belonging to the port was 32,868, and the number of seamen employed, 3500. Nine vessels are employed in the whale-fishery of Green

land.

Dundee is the chief seat of the Scotch and indeed of the British linen manufacture. The business commenced about the middle of the last century. In 1745 the importation of flax was only 74 tons. From that period to the present the amount of imports and exports has annually increased in a most astonishing ratio. The increase is mainly attributed to the introduction of spinning machinery, by which the whole price of the thread is now reduced to less than the mere cost of spinning by the old hand-wheel.

land, in the shire of Fife, 15 miles north-west of Edin-
burgh, and 2 miles north of the Frith of Forth. It is 3
miles from the sea, and 270 feet above its level, command-
ing magnificent and extensive views of the windings of the
Forth and of the principal hills of the south of Scotland.
It is a place of great antiquity. King Malcolm Canmore
founded here a very spacious and superb Benedictine mo-
nastery, of which the extant ruins, with those of his palace
and castle, are objects of much interest to the antiquarian.
After the celebrated Iona, or Icolmkill, the abbey church
of Dunfermline was the common cemetery of the kings of
Scotland. In 1818 the skeleton of King Robert Bruce,
measuring above six feet in length, was disinterred, and a
cast was taken of the cranium. This Abbey was the most
eminent in Scotland, and was very richly endowed, and pos-
sessed of peculiar privileges. The Fratery with its fine
Gothic window still indicates the grandeur of the original
buildings. (Grose's Antiquities of Scotland,' fol., vol. ii.)
The Guildhall is a fine building with a lofty spire.
The town was made a royal burgh by James VI. An
extensive business is carried on in the manufacture of
diaper and fine table-linen; the value of the quantity
annually manufactured is about 200,000. The parish con-
tains a large coal-field and collieries, the property of the
Earl of Elgin, and in the town are several breweries, an
iron-foundry, and candle and tobacco manufactories.

In 1831 the number of spinning-mills worked by steam Dunfermline is the principal seat of the manufacture of in the town was 31, exclusive of many in the suburbs. the finer sorts of linen fabrics, as shirting, damasks, and The present number exceeds 50. In the last census of the table-linen. The thread is spun by machinery. Of late county of Forfar, the number of males of the age of 20 years the beauty of the patterns and the fineness of the and upwards engaged in the linen manufacture in Dundee goods have been much improved, and the manufacture has is stated to have been 3300. In 1835 there were 25,159 greatly increased. In the census of 1831 it is stated that tons of hemp and flax imported, and the number of pieces 2700 males of the age of 20 and upwards were then em of sheetings, bagging, sailcloth, sacking, and dowlas ex-ployed in the linen manufacture in this town. ported was 618,707, containing about 70,000,000 yards, and worth about 1,600,000l., being considerably greater than the entire exports from Ireland. To show the amazing progress of the trade of Dundee, it may be mentioned that persons now living once farmed the harbour dues at 4007. a-year, which now bring about 10,500l. (MacCulloch's Statistics of the British Empire, vol. ii. p. 90.) The Frith, opposite the town, is two miles in width, and is crossed every half hour by an enormous double steam-boat of a peculiar and very commodious construction. The dangerous and numerous sand-banks in the estuary are avoided by excellent charts of the soundings, two lighthouses, and several beacons. The present docks and quays have cost 200,0007., and further improvements are suggested. Besides a number of smacks, steamers sail regularly to London, two of which have engines each of 125 horse power.

A railway communicates with Newtyle, in Strathmore, and passes through the Law by a tunnel.

The town consists of a spacious market-place and six principal streets diverging from it. In the older parts the houses are closely packed together, but many, especially in the western extremity, are large airy mansions with ornamental gardens. Numerous improvements are going on in the appearance and conveniences of this highly prosperous place. It is lighted with gas, is well paved, is abundantly supplied with spring-water, and has several well attended markets. The finest public buildings are the Exchange, the Trades' Hall, and the Town House.

Besides a good parochial school, there is a public academy conducted by superior masters, a royal infirmary, a dispensary, lunatic asylum, and several incorporated benevolent institutions. The lofty square Gothic tower of the spacious old church is a conspicuous object at a great distance. There are three other churches, or chapels of ease, a Gaelic church, and several dissenting chapels.

The situation is picturesque, and the houses are inter-
mingled with luxuriant trees, over which the spire of the
Abbey church rises to the height of 155 feet. The western
suburb is composed of superior houses. An enormous meet-
ing-house, built for the celebrated minister, Ralph Erskine,
is a conspicuous object in approaching the town. There are
several beneficent institutions and schools, and two public
subscription libraries. The streets are paved and lighted
with gas. Population in 1831, 27,692.
DUNG. [MANURE.]

DUNGANNON. [TYRONE.]
DUNGARVAN. WATERFORD.]
DUNKELD. [PERTHSHIRE.]

DUNKERQUE, or as it is not unfrequently written by the English, DUNKIRK, a town in France, capital of an arrondissement in the department of Nord. It is on the sea, about 150 miles in a straight line north of Paris, or 165 miles by the road through Clermont, Amiens, Doulens, St. Pol, Aire, Hazebrouck, Cassel, and Bergues: in 51° 3′ N. lat. and 2° 22' E. long.

This place is said to owe its origin to a chapel founded by St. Eloi, which, from its situation among the sandy downs of the coast, took the name of Dun-kirk, i. e. the church of the downs. In the 10th century, by the favour of Baudouin or Baldwin III., called Le Jeune, Count of Flanders, it was raised from a mere village to the rank of a town. In the records of the 12th century it is mentioned by the names Dunkerca, Dunekerca, and Dunikerca. In the 14th century a castle was built here by Robert count of Flanders, but it was demolished in a revolt of the Flemings, or perhaps by their supporters the English, who burnt the town in 1388. Another castle, built in 1538, to defend the port, by Charles V., to whom it had come with the rest of Flanders by inheritance, has also been demolished. In 1558 the English, who had rendered themselves masters of the town, were driven from it by the French under the Marshal de Thermes: but in the following year it was given up to the Spaniards by the treaty of Le Château-Cambresis. In 1646 it was taken after a short siege by the French under the duke of Enghien (better known by his subsequent designation of the Great Condé), in spite of the vigorous defence of the Marquis de Leede, the Spanish governor; but it fell again shortly after into the hands of the Spaniards. In 1658 Turenne, having defeated the Spaniards at the battle of the Downs (bataille des Dunes), took Dunkerque, which, according to a treaty previously concluded with Cromwell, was put into the hands of the English: four years afterwards DUNFERMLINE (pronounced Dumferline, and signify-(in 1662) Charles II. restored it to France on condition of ing fort of the crooked river), a town and parish of Scot receiving for it a considerable sum of money. Louis XIV.,

Dundee has produced many eminent ministers. At the Reformation it was distinguished for its Protestant enthusiasm; though before that event, when the population was comparatively very small, there were ten Catholic churches, four monasteries of friars, gray, black, and red, and a nunnery. Among the distinguished persons born and educated here may be named, Hector Boethius, Fletcher of Saltoun, Dempster, Admiral Duncan, Sir William Wallace, the Earl of Mar, and the poet Ferguson. Dundee was made a royal burgh by William I., in 1165. It returns one member to parliament. Population in 1831, 45,355; at present it is probably 50,000.

then king of France, made extraordinary exertions to fortify gious houses; namely, in the 7th Edw. IV., in the 23rd it, and to repair the harbour; in 1671 thirty thousand Hen. VI., and in 1510, 2nd Hen. VIII. This ceremony is men were employed on the works, and its strength enabled alluded to in the Visions of Piers Plowman,' and also by the town to repel an attempt made by the English to bom-Chaucer in the 'Wife of Bath's Prologue.' (See Brand, ut bard it 1695. By virtue of the peace of Utrecht, the supr.; Morant's Hist. of Essex, vol. ii. p. 429; Blount's fortifications were rased and the port filled up. The mari- Jocular Tenures, 8vo., York, 1784, p. 276; Dugdale's Motime activity of the people of Dunkerque, and the num-nasticon, last edit., vol. vi. p. 149.) The Dunmow Bacon ber of privateers and ships of war which they sent out were was claimed in 1701, and again in 1751, when a large print probably the inducement to the English and Dutch to re- was engraved of the ceremonial which took place on the quire these hard conditions. By the peace of Aix-la-Cha-occasion. pelle the port and fortifications, which had been partially restored in the previous war, were again demolished; but by the peace of 1783 they were allowed to be restored. In 1793 the town was besieged by the allies under the Duke of York; but the victory obtained by the French under General Houchard at Hondscotte obliged the duke to raise the siege and retire, with the loss of 52 pieces of cannon and a large quantity of ammunition.

Dunkerque is separated from the sea by a range of downs: on the land side the town is surrounded by canals. The canal of Bourbourg runs westward to the river Aa: the canal of Furnes runs eastward to Furnes, and so to Nieuport and Bruges, uniting with several of the canals which intersect Belgium. The town of Dunkerque is nearly three miles in circuit. The streets are generally broad, and the houses well built of brick, and whitened or coloured. The place du Champ de Mars is a large and fine square: the place Dauphine is an oblong square planted with trees and adorned with a bust of Jean Bart. [BART.] The fortifications consist of the ramparts, surrounded by ditches, of Fort Louis, and the Citadel. The principal building is the church of St. Eloi, which has been ornamented by a fine portico of ten Corinthian columns. The great tower which belonged to the church has been separated from it by continuing the line of the Rue de l'Eglise through the church, which is consequently much smaller than it once was: the new front is formed by the portico just mentioned. The hôtel de ville (town-hall) is an insignificant building. There is a range of barracks and naval storehouses.

The population of Dunkerque in 1832 was 24,937. The inhabitants are engaged in the manufacture of soap, starch, beet-root sugar, cordage, and leather: there are metal foundries, gin distilleries, and salt-works. Snuff was formerly manufactured to a great extent. There are two fairs in the year for linens, woollen cloth, jewellery, hardware, and pottery. The trade by sea is very considerable, especially since it was declared in 1816 a free port. The harbour is large and convenient; but there is a dangerous bar at its mouth. The Newfoundland and Iceland cod fishery, and the herring fishery, are prosecuted with considerable spirit; and the town has a considerable trade in Bordeaux wines and brandies.

Dunkerque has a tribunal de première instance, or subordinate law court, and a tribunal de commerce for the decision of commercial disputes. There are a high school, schools of navigation, drawing, and architecture, an agricultural society, a learned society under the designation of conseil polytechnique,' and a public library of 4000 volumes. There are also a theatre, an hospital, a foundling hospital, and two prisons, one of them military.

The language commonly spoken by the poorer inhabitants is Flemish, but most of them are also acquainted with French, which is the ordinary language of the place.

The arrondissement of Dunkerque is divided into seven cantons, and comprehends sixty communes. It had in 1832 a population of 95,571.

DUNMOW BACON. A custom prevailed at Dunmow, in Essex, and was observed there even as late as the middle of the last century, of giving a flitch of bacon to any married man or woman who would swear that neither of them, in a year and a day, either sleeping or waking, repented of their marriage. Brand, in his Popular Antiquities,' vol. ii. pp. 98, 99, has given the rhyming oath which was administered to them upon the occasion. The parties were to take it before the prior and convent of Dunmow and the whole town, kneeling in the churchyard upon two hard pointed stones. They were afterwards carried in procession through the town upon men's shoulders, with the bacon borne before them. The register of Dunmow priory attributes the institution of this ceremony to Robert Fitzwalter, a descendant from Juga, the foundress of the priory, some time in the reign of Henry III., and preserves memoranda of three claims made for the bacon prior to the dissolution of reli

DUNN, SAMUEL, was a native of Crediton, Devonshire, where he kept a mathematical school for several years; but he afterwards removed to Chelsea, and occupied himself in the same manner. He was well skilled in nautical astronomy, and was a good practical observer, which led to his being appointed mathematical examiner of the candidates for the East India Company's service.

He was the author of several useful and ingenious papers in the Philosophical Transactions,' as well as of some separate works on the practical branches of science. He also published a folio Atlas, which has been held in some estimation.

Mr. Dunn bequeathed an estate of about 30l. a year to found a mathematical school in his native town, the first master to which was appointed in 1793.

DUNNING, JOHN, Lord Ahsburton, the son of an attorney at Ashburton in Devonshire, was born 18th October, 1731. He was removed from the free-school at Ashburton, and articled to his father as a clerk in the thirteenth year of his age. Sir Thomas Clarke, the then master of the rolls, who employed old Mr. Dunning as his attorney, having observed the young man's capabilities for active business, induced him to study for the bar. He entered of the Middle Temple, May 8th, 1752, and was called to the bar, according to the Temple books, July 2, 1756.

Dunning travelled the western circuit for some years without any success; but in 1761, through the good offices of Mr, Hussey, a king's counsel, being appointed to draw up the reply of the East India Company to the Dutch memorial, he acquired some connexions, which were considerably increased by his argument in the case of Combe v. Pitt (Trin. Term, 1763), which he was called upon to make in consequence of the illness of his leader. In the course of the same year the question as to the legality of general warrants arose, in consequence of the arrest of the publishers of the North Briton. Dunning throughout the whole litigation was employed as the advocate of his friend Wilkes; and the argument on the Bill of Exceptions (June, 1765) afforded hini an opportunity of establishing his reputation. After this his business rapidly increased: he was shortly chosen recorder of Bristol, and in December, 1767, appointed solicitor-general.

In the following year he entered parliament as one of the nominees of Lord Shelburne for the borough of Calne. A Whig in his politics, and an accomplished constitutional lawyer, Dunning throughout his parliamentary career unflinchingly opposed the Tories. He laboured strenuously to reduce the pension list, but unfortunately for his own fame, himself became a pensioner to the amount of 40002. a year, when, in the spring of 1782, he was raised to the peerage by the title of Baron Ashburton, of Ashburton in the county of Devon. Possessing the most lucrative practice of the day, which had already enabled him to purchase considerable landed property, and to save a sum little short of 180,000l., and having besides within a week after this promotion possessed himself of a lucrative sinecure, the chancellorship of the duchy of Lancaster, Dunning had not even the poor excuse of poverty for this political profligacy. This venality and want of principle, which so often unfortunately obscure the fair fame of individuals, are not wholly without profit to the public; they afford an example which acts as a warning to them against placing implicit confidence in the unbounded professions of ambitious and unprincipled men; for however popular, however distinguished may be the name of such a man in his own day, a few short years are sure to consign him to well merited neglect, if not contempt. Such, as a politician, has been the lot of Dunning. As a lawyer none of his contemporaries enjoyed a higher reputation, or more lucrative practice: his wit appears to have been of that brilliant nature which defies description. In person Dunning was small, and singularly weak and awkward; his action in speaking clumsy and uncouth, but the awkward

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