to serve.

suasions of his queen and Paulinus; but his escape from whose name seems to have been Ethelgiva, was not the the attempt against his life by the king of Wessex, and the wife but the mistress of Edwy; and, that being the case, he birth of a daughter, happening simultaneously, powerfully contends that Odo was justified, first, in sending her to affected him, and Edilberga and her chaplain, taking ad- Ireland, by a law of king Edward the Elder, which declared vantage of the moment of emotion, prevailed with him to that if a known whore-quean be found in any place, men call a meeting of his witan to discuss the question of the shall drive her out of the realm;' and then in having her two religions. When the nobility of Northumbria as-put to death on her return, inasmuch as he believes that, sembled, Coiffi, the high priest, was himself the first to according to the stern maxims of Saxon jurisprudence, a profess his disbelief in the deities he had been accustomed person returning without permission from banishment This ended the dispute; the chief temple of the might be executed without the formality of a trial.' For idols, which stood at a place still called Godmundham (that the full discussion the reader is referred to Lingard's Antiis, the hamlet of the enclosure of the God), was profaned quities of the Anglo-Saxon Church: Lingard's History of and set fire to by the hand of Coiffi; the king and all the England; Lingard's Vindication of his History, 8vo., 1827; chief men of the country offered themselves to be baptized, Letter to Francis Jeffrey, Esq., by John Allen, Esq., 8vo., and the commonalty soon followed their example. Paulinus 1827; and the articles on Dr. Lingard's two works in the was made bishop of Northumbria, his residence being esta- Edinburgh Review, vol. xxv., pp. 346-354, and vol. xlii., blished at York, in conformity with the design of Gregory pp. 1-31; both in that letter acknowledged to be by Mr. the Great, when the original mission to England was ar- Allen. ranged. The archiepiscopal dignity was soon after conferred upon Paulinus by Pope Honorius. Edwin however did not long survive these events. The Mercians, under their King Penda, revolted against the supremacy claimed by Northumbria; and a war which arose in consequence was ended on the 12th of October, 633, by a battle fought at Heathfield, or Hatfield, in Yorkshire, in which Edwin was defeated by Penda and his ally Ceadwalla, king of North Wales, and lost at once his kingdom and his life. His eldest son was slain at the same time; another, whom he also had by his first wife, was afterwards put to death by Penda; and Edilberga, with her children and Paulinus, was compelled to fly to the court of her brother in Kent. One of Edwin's daughters, Eanffed, afterwards married Oswio, a son of Edilfrid, who mounted the throne of Northumbria in 642 and reigned till 670. He defeated Penda, and regained the title of Bretwalda, which Edwin had first brought into his house.

Edwy died in 958, within a year after the pacification with his brother. It is difficult to say whether the expressions of the chroniclers imply that he was murdered, or only. that he died of a broken heart. Edgar now became sole king.

EECKHOUT, GERBRANT VANDER, born at Amsterdam in 1621, was a disciple of Rembrandt, whose manner of designing, colouring, and pencilling, he imitated with such felicity, that it is difficult to distinguish some of his paintings from those of his master; and he rather excelled him in the extremities of his figures. His principal employment was for portraits, in which he was admirable, and he especially surpassed all his contemporaries in the power of portraying the mind in the countenance. His masterpiece was the portrait of his own father, which astonished even Rembrandt.

But though his excellence in portraits brought him continual employment in that branch, he greatly preferred painting historical subjects, in which he was equally suc cessful. His composition is rich and judicious; and his distribution of light and shade excellent. His back-grounds are in general clearer and brighter than those of Rembrandt; and he was by far the best disciple of that master on the other hand, it must be allowed that he shared in his defects, being incorrect in his drawing, deficient in elegance and grace, and negligent of costume. He died in 1674.

EECKHOUT, ANTHONY VANDER, was born at Brussels in 1656. It is not known under whom he studied; but he went to Italy with his brother-in-law, Lewis Deyster, a very eminent artist, and painted in conjunction with him during his residence abroad; Deyster painting the figures, and Eeckhout the fruit and flowers: yet there was such a harmony in their style of colouring and touch, that their works appear to be all by one hand. Though he was received with great marks of distinction on his return to Brussels, and appointed to an honourable office, he was resolved to leave his friends and country, and the brilliant prospects which he had before him, in order to return to Italy, intending to spend there the remainder of his days. The vessel however chanced to touch at Lisbon, and he was induced to stop in that city. His pictures sold at excessively fruit and flowers in Italy, that he had sufficient for all his future compositions, in which he arranged them with infinite variety and great taste. He had not been above two years in Lisbon, when a young lady of quality and large fortune married him. Unhappily his success and his wealth excited the envy of some miscreants, who shot him as he was taking an airing in his carriage. The assassins were never discovered.

EDWY, called the Fair, king of the Anglo-Saxons, was the eldest of the two sons of Edmund I., but, being only in his seventh or eighth year at his father's death in 946, he and his brother Edgar were set aside for the present in favour of their uncle Edred. On Edred's death in 955, Edwy became king, and his brother appears to have been at the same time appointed subregulus of Mercia. About two years after, the Mercians and Northumbrians rose in revolt, with Edgar as their leader, and a war ensued, which terminated in an agreement between the two brothers that Edwy should retain the country to the south of the Thames, and that Edgar should be acknowledged king of all England to the north of that river. In this revolt Edgar, a mere boy, seems to have been an instrument in the hands of the clerical party, whom Edwy had made his enemies almost from the monent of his accession. In whatever it was that the quarrel began, it soon led to the dismissal of Dunstan and his friends, who had acquired so great an ascendancy in the government in the reign of the preceding king. The writers upon whom we are dependent for the history of this period were all monks, and their testimony is to be cautiously received; but still it is probable enough that they had too much ground for their accounts, which all concur in representing Edwy as a prince of the most dissolute man-high prices; and he had made so many sketches of fine ners, and the kingdom as given up to oppression and anarchy under his rule. The tragical story of Elgiva, as commonly told, is familiar to most readers. Edwy is said to have married this lady, though they were related within the prohibited degrees, and to have incurred the enmity of the ecclesiastics by that violation of canonical law more than by any other part of his conduct. On the day of his coronation, Dunstan tore him rudely from the arms of Elgiva, to whose apartment he had retired from the drunken revelry of the feast; Dunstan's friend, archbishop Odo, subsequently broke into one of the royal houses with a party of soldiers, and, carrying off the lady, had her conveyed to Ireland, after having disfigured her by searing her face with a red-hot iron; and when some time after she ventured to return to England, some of the archbishop's retainers seized her again, and put her to death by the barbarous process of cutting the sinews of her legs with their swords. This story has lately been the subject of some controversy, and the defence of Dunstan and Odo has been undertaken by Dr. Lingard, who does not however deny the main facts of the conduct imputed to them. 'Ham-stringing,' he says, was a cruel but not unusual mode of punishment in that age.' He has however made it probable that the lady,

EECLOO. A town and commune in East Flanders, situated on the high road between Bruges and Ghent, about nine miles north-west from Ghent. Eecloo is a place of considerable trade, and contains manufactures of woollen and cotton stuffs, of soap, tobacco, and hats, breweries, distilleries, tanneries, oil-mills, and salt refineries. The weekly market for grain is the largest and best frequented in the province. The town contains 980 houses, mostly well built; there are several public squares, and the streets are well paved. It has two churches, a town-hall, an antient convent, and eight schools. The population is 8350.

EEL. [MURENIDE.]

EFFENDI is a Turkish word, which signifies 'Master, Monsieur,' and is subjoined as a title of respect to the names

EFFERVESCENCE is the rapid disengagement of a gas taking place in a liquid in consequence of chemical action and decomposition; it is most commonly applied to the effect produced by adding an acid to a carbonate, by which numerous bubbles of carbonic acid gas rise to the surface of the liquid, and forming a frothy head burst with a hissing noise. Fermentation is accompanied with a slower kind of effervescence; and when metals are dissolved in acids, gaseous matter is frequently formed and expelled with considerable force. Its nature depends upon that of the acid and metal employed: thus when diluted sulphuric acid is poured upon iron, the effervescence is owing to the escape of hydrogen gas from the decomposition of water; when, on the other hand, dilute nitric acid is poured upon copper, nitric oxide gas is liberated.

of persons, especially to those of learned men and eccle- | of Offa, and who had even extended the territory which he siastics, e. g. Omar Effendi, Ahmed Effendi, in the same had inherited from that king. The two states were at war manner in which Agha is placed after the names of military when Egbert became king; but a peace was soon concluded and court officers. The word Effendi occurs also as part of between them; and so long as Cenwulf lived Egbert made some titles of particular officers, as Reis Effendi, the title no attempt at conquest over any part of Saxon England. of the principal secretary of state, and prime minister of For the first nine years of his reign indeed he seems not the Ottoman empire, which is properly an abbreviation of to have drawn his sword. He then (A.D. 809) engaged Reis-al-Kottab, i. e.,' the head or chief of secretaries or in war against the alien tribes that still remained unsubwriters.' dued in the west; and between that year and 814 he is recorded to have subjugated, or at least overrun and reduced to temporary submission, all Cornwall (including Devon) and South Wales. But soon after the death of Cenwulf in 819 we find him entering upon a new career. In 823 a dispute about the succession to the Mercian crown raised the East Angles in revolt; Egbert's aid, upon being applied for, was readily given to the insurgents; and a great battle took place at Ellerdune,' supposed to be Wilton, which ended in the complete defeat of the Mercians. Essex and Kent were immediately seized by Egbert, or voluntarily submitted to him. The East Angles in the mean time he professed to leave independent; and Mercia itself he did not think yet sufficiently weakened to be attacked with effect. A continuance of the dispute about the succession, however, and another revolt of the East Angles (which he probably fomented), soon produced the state of things he waited for. In 827 he marched against Mercia; Wiglaf, the king, fled, on his approach, to the monastery of Croyland; but soon after made his submission, and was permitted to retain his kingdom as the vassal or tributary of Egbert. East Anglia Egbert appears to have now taken under his own immediate government. He is affirmed by Bede to have subjected to his rule all England to the south of the Humber. Without loss of time also he led his army against the Northumbrians; their king Eanred offered no resistance, but, meeting Egbert at a place called Dore, to the north of the Humber, acknowledged him as Bretwalda. He is the eighth Saxon king who is stated to have acquired this dignity; the last was the Northumbrian king Oswio. [EDWIN.]

EFFLORESCENCE is the property by which certain salts containing water of crystallization lose it, and become opaque by exposure to the air; in some cases, salts which do not contain much water preserve their form, whilst others which contain a large quantity are not only rendered opaque, but lose their crystalline figure, and become powdery by efflorescence: such are sulphate and carbonate of soda.

The efflorescence of some salts may be prevented by varnishing or oiling them. It has also been observed by Professor Faraday that the property of efflorescence appears in some cases to depend upon the superficial fracture of the crystal: thus he found that crystals of carbonate, phosphate, and sulphate of soda, having no parts of their surfaces broken, and carefully preserved from external violence, remained perfect; but upon breaking or scratching their surfaces efflorescence began at that part, and eventually extended all over the crystal.

EGBERT, styled the Great, king of the West Saxons, was, according to the Saxon Chronicle, the son of Alchmond, whose descent is traced up through Esa, or Eata, and Eoppa, to Inigisil, or Ingild, the brother of the great Ina, and the undoubted descendant of Cerdic. The Chronicle states Alchmond to have reigned in Kent; but this point, as well as the whole of the genealogy of Egbert, must be considered as doubtful. All that can be certainly affirmed is, that he was of the blood of Cerdic, and that he eventually came to be regarded as the representative, if not the only remaining male descendant, of that founder of the royal house of Wessex. When Beohrtric, or Brihtric, became king in 786, Egbert, then very young, or his friends for him, had claimed the throne. Brihtric is said to have soon after made an attempt on his life, upon which he took refuge at the court of Offa, the powerful king of Mercia. After a short time however he lost Offa's protection, on Brihtric marrying Eadburga, the daughter of that king. Egbert then fled to France, where he was received by the Emperor Charlemagne, and at his court he abode till the death of Brihtric in 800. He was then recalled, and by the unanimous vote of the witan appointed to the vacant throne. William of Malmsbury, who wrote in the twelfth century, is the only authority for this history of Egbert's early life. He says, that besides other accomplishments he learned the art of war under Charlemagne, in whose armies he served for three years.

At the date of Egbert's accession the Saxon states in England were reduced to three independent sovereignties; Northumbria, comprehending what had occasionally been the separate kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia; Mercia, which had reduced to subjection Kent, Essex, and East Anglia; and Wessex, with which Sussex had become incorporated. Of these three powers, Northumbria was torn by internal dissensions, and probably was indebted for the preservation of its independence chiefly to the rivalry between the other two. The conquests and the able rule of Offa however had raised Mercia to a decided pre-eminence over Wessex; and at this time the Mercian throne was occupied by Cenwulf, who was well qualified to wield the sceptre

In the last year of the reign of Egbert several of those descents of the Danes or northern pirates were made upon the English coasts, which produced so much public confusion and calamity when renewed in the times of his son and his grandsons. In 832 they ravaged the Isle of Sheppey; and next year, appearing with a fleet of five-andthirty sail in the river Dart, they landed and defeated a force that Egbert sent against them. When they returned however in 835, and landed in Cornwall, they and a number of the people of that district whom they had induced to join them, sustained a decisive overthrow from the king of Wessex in person. Egbert died the next year, after a reign of thirty-seven years and seven months; leaving his dominions between his son Ethelwulf and Athelstane, whom some of the chroniclers make the son, others the brother, of Ethelwulf. [ETHELWULF.]

Egbert is commonly said to have been the first AngloSaxon king who called himself king of the Angles or of England; but only one charter is known to exist in which he is styled Rex Anglorum. In general both he and his successors down to Alfred inclusive call themselves only kings of the West Saxons. And although Egbert asserted a supremacy over the other states, which remained ever after with his kingdom of Wessex, it is to be recollected that he did not incorporate either Mercia or Northumbria with his own dominions. It does not appear that he even assumed to himself the appointment of the kings of those states. The reigning families seem to have continued in possession, with merely an acknowledgment of his supremacy as Bretwalda. (See Turner's 4. Saxons, 1. 422.)

EGEON (zoology), Risso's name for a genus of macrourous decapods, whose characters are generally like those of Crangon (shrimp), but with the following differences. The fourth or last visible joint of the external jaw-feet is nearly twice as large as the preceding. The feet of the second pair are extremely short, slender, and didactylous; those of the third long, very slender, and terminated by a single nail; those of the fourth and fifth pairs larger, and ending by a compressed nail. The carapace elongated, cylindrical, spinous, and terminated anteriorly by a small rostrum. The extreme brevity, observes Desmarest, of the second pair of feet, and the roughness of the carapace, are the most remarkable of these differences; but they do not, in his opinion, present characters sufficient for the establishment

of a genus. Example, Egeon loricatus, Risso (crust.) ; | on the internal border, and terminated by a point. Claws Pontophilus spinosus, Leach. (See Trans. Soc. Linn., t. xi., p. 346, and Malac. Brit., tab. 37 A.) Description.-Carapace supporting three longitudinal dentelated carinæ above; rostrum very short; total length about an inch and a half. Locality, coasts of England, those of Nice, and the Adriatic Sea.

chifers which M. Sander Rang considers identical with
Egeria is also used by De Roissy for a genus of con-
Galathea, Brug., and Potamophilus, Sow.
EGERTON, FRANCIS.
[BRIDGWATER, DUKE OF.]
EGG PLANT, the Solanum Melongena of botanists, is
country in the year 1597.
a native of the north of Africa, and was introduced to this

leaves of an ovate form, which, as well as the stem, are
It grows to the height of two, or two and a half feet, has
prickly and downy; its flowers are generally of a violet
colour, and its fruit is a large ovate or globose berry

resembling a hen's egg, or sometimes larger; whence the name of egg-plant, which has been given to it.

There are many varieties of this plant, of which two only are commonly cultivated in gardens, namely the small white and the large purple. They are raised from seed, which should be sown early in spring, in light soil on a hot-bed, and treated in every respect like a tender annual. After the plants are strong enough they must be taken up and potted, and regularly shifted when necessary into pots of a larger size. They may either be allowed to fruit in flowerpots in an airy green-house or vinery; or they may be planted out in June in a warm border on the south side of a wall, where they will have the benefit of the reflected rays of the sun. Of the two varieties above mentioned, which by some botanists are regarded as distinct species, that with white fruit is small, and rather an object of curiosity than of use; the other, with purple fruit, which sometimes attains a pound weight, is a favourite article of food in hot countries; under the name of Brinjal and Begom it is well known in India, and by that of Aubergine in France. The fruit is brought to table boiled or fried, or in stews: and if well cooked is delicate and agreeable; but it is necessary in the first instance to deprive it of a bitter nauseous viscid juice, or it is unfit for food; and as the cooks of this country do not generally understand the art of doing this, the egg-plant is here very seldom seen on the table.

It is said by those who have visited China that the Chinese, on days of festivity, cook this fruit while hanging on the plant, and in that way introduce it to table.

EGHAM. [SURREY.]

EGINHARDT, a native of Austrasia or East France, was instructed by Alcuinus, and by him introduced to Charlemagne, who made him his secretary, and afterwards superintendent of his buildings. His wife Emma, or Inma, is said by some to have been a daughter of that prince, and a curious story is related of their amours previous to the marriage, but the whole seems an invention. Eginhardt himself does not reckon Emma in his enumeration of the children of Charles. After the death of that monarch, Eginhardt continued to serve his successor, Louis le Débonnaire, who entrusted him with the education of his son Lotharius. But after a time Eginhardt resigned his offices, left the court, and withdrew to the monastery of Fontenelle, of which he became abbot: his wife also retired into a nunnery. After remaining seven years at Fontenelle, he left it, about A.D. 823, and went to another monastery, but in 827, having received from Rome the relics of the martyrs Marcellinus and Petrus, he placed them in his residence at Mulinheim, which he converted into an abbey, which took afterwards the name of Seligenstadt, where he fixed his residence. (De Translatione SS. martyrum Marcellini et Petri, in the Acta Sanctorum of Bollandus. The account is written by Eginhardt.) Eginhardt seems to have still repaired to court from time to time, when his advice was needed, and he appears by his own letters to have endeavoured to thwart the conspiracy of Louis's sons against that unfortunate monarch. He spent his latter years in retirement and study: he was still living in 848, but the time of his death is not ascertained. His wife had died before him, a loss by which he was greatly grieved, although they had lived separately for many years. Eginhardt wrote, 1. Vita et Conversatio gloriosissimi Imperatoris Karoli Regis magni,' divided into two parts, one relating to the public and the other to the private life of his hero. It has gone through many editions, and has been also translated into various languages. The style is remarkably good for the times. 2. Annales Regum Francorum, Pipini, Karolimagni, et Ludovici Pii, ab anno 741 ad annum 829. 3. Epistolæ,' which are found in Duchesne's 'Historiæ Francorum Scriptores,' vol. ii. These letters, of which only sixty-two have been preserved, show Eginhardt's character to great advantage, and afford considerable information on the manners of that period. 4. Breviarium Chronologicum ab orbe condito ad ann. D. 829,' which is an abridgment of Bede's Chronicle. There is a notice of Eginhardt by Duchesne, prefixed to his life of Charlemagne, in the collection already

scendant of those dukes of Guelders who had signalized themselves against the house of Austria, was born in 1522 in Amsterdam. The fame of his ancestors is celebrated in the annals of his country, one of whom enjoyed, during the reign of Maximilian, the supreme magistracy of Holland. Egmont's marriage with Sabina, duchess of Bavaria, reflected additional lustre upon his noble birth, and increased his influence by powerful alliances. In the year 1546 Charles V. conferred upon him the order of the Golden Fleece. Under this emperor he learned the art of war, and, being appointed by Philip II. commander of the cavalry, he gathered his first laurels in the fields of St Quentin and Gravelingen (1557, 1558).

The Flemish people, chiefly occupied with commerce, and indebted for the preservation of their prosperity to these victories, were justly proud of their countryman, whose faine was spread through all Europe. The circumstance of Egmont being the father of a numerous family served also to increase their affection, and they saw with delight the prospect of this illustrious family being perpetuated among them. Egmont's demeanour was courteous and noble; his open countenance was an index of the singleness of his mind; his religion was one of mercy and philanthropy: far from being a bigotted Romanist, or a reckless reformer, he elevated himself above the contending parties, and laboured to bring about a peaceful reconciliation. It was only towards the close of his life, when all attempts to disarm the fury of the Spaniards against his Protestant countrymen had failed, that he showed himself willing to defend them against their oppressors. His motives however were not

any predilection for the Protestant doctrine, but pure love of justice, peace, and humanity.

A man possessed of such qualities, and enjoying so much popular influence, naturally awoke suspicion and jealousy in the heart of the Spanish despots whenever the interests of the Flemish came into collision with those of the crown. Philip however, in order to conceal his dark designs against the supposed protectors of the religion of his rebellions subjects, on visiting Brabant gave to Egmont the government of Artois and Flanders, and exempted his estates from taxation. But upon his return to Madrid the tyrant changed his plans, and sent his favorite, Alva, to Flanders, with instructions to get rid of Eginont and his friend Count Horn. In order to secure them both Alva invited them to dinner, under the pretence of wishing to consult them on public affairs. When they had entered his private room, they were seized, and thrown into prison in Ghent, where they remained during nine months. At the expiration of this time they were carried to Brussels under an escort of ten companies of Spanish soldiers. Here Alva, invested with the power of captain-general and supreme judge, compelled the criminal court to pronounce Egmont guilty of high treason and rebellion, and to sentence him to be beheaded. This sentence was pronounced on the 4th June, 1568, without any substantial evidence, and was supported only by the depositions of his accusers. His estates were also confiscated. During his imprisonment the emperor of Germany, the knights of the Golden Fleece, the electors, the duchess of Parma, and his wife, used every possible exertion to save his life; but Philip was immovable. The sentence was executed on the 5th of June, 1568, and both Egmont and Horn fell by the sword of the executioner on a scaffold erected in one of the principal squares of Brussels. Egmont died with courage, after having written a dignified letter to the king and a tender one to his wife.

He was but 46 years of age. The people, who assembled in crowds to witness this mournful spectacle, were loud in their lamentations; they rushed towards the scaffold and dipped their handkerchiefs in the blood of the martyrs of Flemish independence. His friend, Count Horn, was executed immediately after him. Egmont's wife died the 19th of June, 1598. It is said that the bishop of Ypres, a most pious and upright prelate, who had been deputed by Alva to prepare the two prisoners for their execution, after hearing the confession of Egmont, was so persuaded of his innocence that he went to Alva and begged him on his knees to suspend the execution. But Alva, besides his natural ferocity, bore a mortal enmity to Egmont on account of his military reputation, and rejected the bishop's intercession with insolent contempt. When Philip II. heard that these two noble lords had been executed he exclaimed, 'I have caused these two heads to fall because the heads of EGMONT, Count of Lamoral, Prince of Gavre, a de- such salmons are worth more than many thousand frogs, P. C., No. 569.

mentioned.

EGLANTINE, the old English name of the Sweet Briar Rose; aiglantier and eglantier in French. Milton misapplies the word to the Honeysuckle in the following lines:Through the Sweet Briar, or the Vine,

Or the twisted Eglantine.

VOL. IX. R