than a diameter and a half from each other, except in the centre of a portico, where there was generally a doorway between the columns, the lower part of the other intercolumns being walled up, as described above, and as shown m the view of Denderah. Such is the case in that of Edfu, which also agrees with the one just mentioned in the number of its columns in front. Owing to their being

enclosed at their extremities, both these examples answer to a Greek hexastyle in antis [CIVIL ARCHITECTURE], or an octastyle; because although there are but six columns, there are seven intercolumns. They agree, too, in having other rows of columns within, parallel to those in front; but in this respect that at Denderah is richer than the other, for while it has three inner ranges of columns, that at Edfu has only a couple. Even this, however, exceeds what we meet with in Grecian buildings, where there is only-neither is that very general-a single row of columns in antis behind those in front, forming the pronaos or vestibule to the cella-for being inclosed not only at its sides, but in front, by the intercolumnar walls, it answers more to the character of a pronaos than a portico. The plan of such structures as the propylæa at Athens and Eleusis corresponds more with that of an Egyptian portico than does any thing else in Grecian architecture; they being, like the latter halls, open in front and enclosed at their sides or ends, and having files of columns within. Beyond this portico, or first hall, is one of smaller extent, passages being cut off at its ends by exceedingly thick partition walls. This has three rows of four columns each, so disposed as to occupy the whole area, leaving merely narrow aisles in every direction between them-a mode peculiar to Egyptian architecture, occasioned by the necessity for employing such thickly-set columns to prop the massive beams and slabs of stone composing the ceiling; and hence such apartments have obtained the name

of hypostyle halls. It is hardly necessary to observe that they are altogether different from what has oddly enough acquired the title of an Egyptian hall' in this country, (for instance, the large room in the Mansion House, London; the entrance hall at Holkham, &c.), which, besides being utterly unlike Egyptian architecture as to style, has merely a peristyle of columns, or else only colonnades along its sides. To this hypostyle succeed two chambers, the farther one having smaller lateral rooms attached to it, which, it is conjectured, were appropriated to the use of the priests; and facing its entrance was that leading into the sekos or shrine containing the figure of the deity. While all the preceding vestibules and chambers are placed transversely to the longitudinal direction of the building, the last and innermost apartment is parallel to that direction, and in continuation of the line of approach; the reason for which is obvious enough, it being almost indispensably requisite that the statue of the divinity should be at one end, and directly facing the entrance. In all probability likewise the object aimed at in disposing the rest as we perceive it to be, was twofold; first, for the sake of having greater number of apartments to be crossed before the sanctuary was reached and thus rendering it more difficult of access and more mysterious; and secondly, for the sake of contrast; the other divisions of the plan being intended to be merely passed through, but this, on the contrary, being the termination of the whole. If we keep this in view, and the peculiar nature of the worship to which these temples were dedicated, the arrangement must be allowed to be judicious and appropriate, notwithstanding that under different circumstances it might be objected to as constituting a very strong anti-climax, since every portion of it successively diminishes, the last of the sacred chambers being, as the plan shows, hardly equal to the space forming the great doorway between the two moles. Yet what is thus an anticlimax, if we have regard to dimensions alone, became a perfect climax that must have made a powerful impression on those who were allowed to penetrate into the adytumthe most sacred part of the fane-the presence chamber, as it were, of the presiding divinity, where the sanctity of the whole precinct was concentrated in a focus, and to which the magnificence and colossal grandeur of all the rest served merely as preparation and prelude.

Such was the general disposition and distribution of an Egyptian temple, which, besides other very obvious distinctions, differs from those of Greece in the columns being situated chiefly within the building, for even the colonnades may be considered in some degree to be so, with respect to the entire plan. The portico, again, was neither prostyle, or advanced before the body of the temple itself, nor peristyle, that is, continued around it, but enclosed by the lateral walls, as is the case with a Greek temple in antis. Except in the particular instances already alluded to, columns are of very rare occurrence within Grecian edifices, except they were of large dimensions and hypethral (like except over the aisles between the walls and the colonnades the Parthenon), that is, open to the sky, having no roof along them. A court-like area of this latter description was altogether different in character from the hypostyle halls within Egyptian temples, which, owing to the multiplied files of columns and the narrowness of the intercolumns, presented the appearance of a grove of pillars; and had it not been for the great diameter of the columns themselves, their being set so close together would have been no small inconvenience. But the columns themselves were generally of such prodigious bulk, that the space of a diameter and a half between them would generally be equal to about eight vast hypostyle hall at Karnak, which is about 338 feet by or ten feet, and in some instances to much more. In the 170 in extent, and has 134 columns disposed in nine parallel nearly nine feet in diameter, and the larger almost eleven! rows one way, and sixteen the other, the smaller pillars are In comparison with such enormous dimensions both in this and every other respect for the whole structure extended several thousand feet-the most astonishing works of Roman and of modern architecture shrink into insignificance even the Colosseum and St. Peter's, and the largest Gothic cathedrals, cease to appear astonishing in point of magnitude.

the temple at Edfu. Instead of being level, the court has Some particulars remain yet to be noticed in respect to a slight ascent towards the front of the temple; not however in one continued slope, but in a succession of low and very wide steps, each being the width of a column and

intercolumn, as indicated by the plan; and the columns | mid is altogether dissimilar in character from a Gothic spire, around the court are not so lofty as those of the portico, notwithstanding that Murphy and some other writers have whereby the temple itself acquired greater dignity. Of these considered it the prototype of the latter. The magnitude latter the capitals are bell-shaped, but not uniform as to of these singular erections, to which there is nothing corredesign; while those of the pillars in the hypostyle hall have sponding in the architecture of any other country (except quadrilateral capitals with the four Isis' faces similar to in Mexico), will be rendered more striking by observing that those at Denderah. This hall, again, is not so lofty as the the base of the great pyramid is of the same dimensions as outer one or portico, but the height is proportioned to its the area of Lincoln's Inn Fields, namely, about 700 feet other dimensions. square and 450 in height, while the corresponding admeasurements of the second and third pyramids are 650 feet and 280, and 400 and 160. Owing to these proportions, which in the latter case are much lower than those above stated, the extraordinary height is combined with imperishable stability and solidity, the whole being nearly one entire mass of the hardest materials, for the inner galleries and chambers form but mere veins and cavities compared with the entire mass.

As in Grecian, so in Egyptian architecture, doorways are conspicuous and important features, more particularly in the latter, where they occur as distinct parts of the design in the form of propyla; sometimes standing quite insulated after the manner of arches or gateways; yet more usually placed between and connecting two pyramidal moles that rise to a great elevation above the propylon itself; consequently such entrance is both lower and narrower than the parts attached to it; which is altogether contrary to what is observable in Grecian composition, where the centre is, if not uniformly more elevated than the rest, at least not depressed; whereas there is here something analogous to what we observe in the façade of a Gothic cathedral, where the portail and body of the church are similarly flanked by towers. In its general form the propylon or gateway resembled the temple itself, yet with this difference, that the proportions of the one are lofty and narrow; of the other, wide and low, and its opening filled with columns supporting the lintel or epistylium. Their similarity in all other respects is obvious enough, owing to the epistylium of the portieo being returned and carried downwards just as the lintel of the door is in order to form its jambs. The outer angles are similarly inclined in both cases, and ornamented with the same torus moulding on their edge. It should be understood, however, that the jambs of the doorway were, for the most part, not vertical next the opening, but sloped like the external angles, so that the aperture was narrower at top than at bottom, which form seems to have been copied by the Greeks in that of their doors and windows. The lintel and cornice above it were also proportionably much deeper than the opistylium and corresponding member, over columns, in order to produce sufficient mass; otherwise the effect would have been both unarchitectural and disagreeable, too much like that of the mere framing of a door, standing, although not quite insulated, yet distinct from the rest of the composition. Some idea may be given of the imposing magnitude of such doorways or propyla, by stating that the one at Edfu measures 74 feet to its summit, and 51 to that of the aperture, which gives a depth of 23 feet, or nearly one-third of the whole height, for the lintel and cornice.

In the Great Pyramid three chambers, hitherto undiscovered, have been lately (1836-7) explored and opened by Colonel Vyse. The largest, measuring 38 feet 1 inch by 17 feet 1 inch, has been denominated by him the Wellington Chamber; the second (38 feet 9 inches by 16 feet 8 inches) named 'Nelson's;' and the third (37 feet 4 inches by 16 feet 4 inches) has been named after Lady Arbuthnot, who was present at the time of the discovery. These chambers vary as to height, and the blocks of granite which form the ceiling of the one below serve as the pavement to the next above it. According to the colonel, were chiefly intended as voids in that portion of the pyramid above what is termed the King's Chamber,—the only one that appears to have had any destination-and thereby to lessen the superincumbent mass.

Notwithstanding Egyptian architecture is so dissimilar in its character, in the taste and feeling manifested by it, from every modern style founded upon that of the Greeks and Romans, as to offer little that can be directly applied to any modification of the forms we are accustomed to; it is highly worthy of study by professional men, were it only on account of the beautiful and picturesque arrangements, the skilful contrasts, and varied harmony in the distribution of plan, which it exhibits. For our buildings in general it would be utterly inappropriate, but it might be adopted both with propriety and economy in such as require the expression of massive strength; namely, prisons, manufactories, propylæa entrances to railroads, and works of that description; for which purposes it has been recommended by Dr. Macculloch. Neither need it be an objection that it is quite as remarkable for the high finish and multiplicity of ornament, as for its other qualities; because, apart from all that is merely decorative, it is well calculated to produce The magnificence of these propylæa was greatly enhanced effect by its forms and masses alone. It must also be adby colossal statues or obelisks-in some instances both-mitted that, although its chief monuments are of colossal placed on either side of the entrance. Besides which there bulk and extent, such magnitude is not absolutely essential were sometimes two or even more propylæa and courts pre- to the style itself, since there are many moderate-sized ediceding the temple, which were in their turn preceded by fices still remaining; among others, the temple of Dandour, avenues of gigantic sphinxes or crio-sphinxes (that is, which does not exceed 22 feet by 44, a scale not very extrasphinxes with rams' heads). There are, likewise, instances vagant even for a mere ornamental building in a garden. of avenues of columns crossing the courts in a line from the We cannot here, as in the article on CIVIL ARCHITECTURE, entrance. The remains at Luxor furnish an example of the refer to actual examples at home: still there are two buildkind, where, after the first court (which has a double pe- ings in the metropolis which, as far as single features and ristyle), there is a second with a double range of columns details go, may be cited as specimens of Egyptian architec extending down it, that are 11 feet in diameter and 56 ture, viz. the Egyptian Hall,' Piccadilly, and a smaller high, and beyond this was a third court, flanked by colon- structure in Welbeck-street. The latter was, as originally nades, consisting of double rows of pillars. erected, the most correct in point of character, but has since been almost spoiled by very barbarous alterations. The other conforms to the style only in certain peculiarities and sepa rate parts, such as the columns, the general outline as indicated by the inclined torus-moulding at the extremities of the front, the cornice, &c., for the composition of the design itself is quite at variance with the principles of genuine Egyptian architecture, the front being divided into two floors with wide windows to both; whereas windows, wherever they do occur in Egyptian buildings, which is but rarely, are exceedingly small and narrow apertures; consequently the Piccadilly example must be looked at with some degree of mistrust. It must also be confessed that any imitation of the style is better adapted for situations where no other buildings would interfere with it, than for street architecture, where a building of such design will look small unless actually much larger than any of those around it.

Having thus far given a sketch of the leading characteristics of the Egyptian style, in respect to the principal forms and details, together with their disposition and the arrangement of the buildings themselves, we shall touch very briefly upon the subject of the pyramids, because, interesting as they are in themselves, they are structures of so very peculiar and distinct a nature, as to have but little connection with the architecture of the country in general, being, when considered with reference to it, little more than uniform and simple, although enormous masses. They are, in fact, greatly more important in an historical and archeological point of view than in one purely architectural. Their shape is so familiar to every one that it requires no description, but may be defined as square in plan and triangular in section, its four sides being as many triangles united so as to terminate in a point; and as the height is much less than the width of the base, each side constitutes nearly an equiteral triangle. Hence, to say nothing of the amazing difference in regard to bulk and dimensions, an Egyptian pyra

Hitherto the taste of the Egyptians has been called in question, as being confined to a feeling for grandeur and magnificence, yet evincing very little refinement or percep

tion of beauty. When examined with unprejudiced eyes, however, many of these forms, especially those of the bellshaped and lotus-leaved capitals, will be found to possess much of the last-mentioned quality; while recent discoveries in the palaces, tombs, and temples of Upper Egypt, communicated to the world in the splendid publications of Rossellini and others, show not only the great variety and taste manifested in decoration and embellishment of every kind, but prove that many ornamental forms we have been accustomed to consider as essentially Greek, and have imitated as such, are really Egyptian. This is rendered strikingly evident by the delineations given in Rossellini of the various pieces of furniture, musical instruments, vessels of gold and silver, and other articles, from the royal tombs and palaces; and in regard to which luxury and refinement appear to have attained the highest pitch. Not only their archetypes, but even the express forms, till now attributed to the Greeks exclusively, are thus shown not to have been of their invention, but borrowed by them from the Egyptians, in like manner as they have since been copied by ourselves, while ignorant of their real origin. In consequence of this highly curious and important discovery, it is exceedingly probable that the subject of Egyptian architecture will engage attention in a much greater degree than it has ever before done.

EGYPTIAN BEAN, a name sometimes given to the bean-like fruits of Nelumbium speciosum, from the notion that they were the beans which the disciples of Pythagoras were forbidden to eat.

EHRENBREITSTEIN, a township on the right bank of the Rhine, in the circle of Coblenz, and in the Prussian province of the Lower Rhine. It contains one town and eight villages, with about 6400 inhabitants; an increase of 568 since the year 1817. The town is called Thal Ehrenbreitstein (Vale Ehrenbreitstein), and is situated at the foot of a precipitous height 772 ft. in elevation, opposite to Coblenz, in 50° 23' N. lat. and 7° 36' E. long. It occurs in records of the year 1210 under the name of Mulne or Mullenheim; but in 1533 the name appears to have been changed into Mühlheim and Müllenthal, probably from the number of mills in the valleys of two rivulets close to it. It contains 2 Roman Catholic churches, a synagogue, 11 public buildings, 9 mills, about 270 dwelling-houses, and 2400 inhabitants. The electoral palace is in a state of great decay. The town has a tobacco manufactory; the acidulous spring in the town is of some repute; and it has a brisk trade in wine, corn, iron, clay for tobacco-pipes, &c. Above the town stands the fortress, which has been entirely reconstructed since the year 1817, with the addition of three forts on adjacent heights, which command the mouth of the Moselle and the access to it from the Lower Rhine. These are, Fort Alexander, on a height in front of Coblenz; Fort Francis, on St. Peter's Hill, on the left bank of the Moselle; and the Pfaffendorf redoubt, opposite the flying bridge across the Rhine. The road up to it from the town is about 1200 paces long; it is fortified, and rests almost entirely upon arches built over the chasms in the rock of which the height consists. TheCavalier,' or highest point of this formidable stronghold, is not accessible to strangers, as it affords a full view of the detail and interior of the defences; but the prospects from other points are extensive and beautiful. According to Professor Klein, the Romans had a watch-tower on this height in the times of the Emperor Julian; subsequently the Franks built a burg or castle on the site; and in 1153 it was restored, enlarged, and fortified by the then archbishop of Treves. In 1632 it fell into the hands of the French, whom the Imperialists drove out by famine in 1637. In 1795, 1796, and 1797 it was blockaded by Generals Marceau, Jourdan, and Goullus successively; and in 1799 it surrendered to the French, who the next year razed all its fortifications.

EHRETIA CEAE, a small natural order of exogenous plants consisting of shrubs or trees inhabiting the warmer countries of the world, and having rough leaves, monopetalous regular flowers, a definite number of stamens, a superior ovary, a two-lobed style whose divisions are capitate, and a nucamentaceous undivided fruit. The flowers are more or less gyrate, and the order itself, which contains no species of economical value, is so near Boraginaceae as to render it doubtful whether it ought to be separated. The common heliotrope is the most generally known representation of Ehretiaceae, forming however the type of a sectional division, characterized by the fruit being dry, not succulent.

amination of the works enumerated, and partly on the The following statements are made, partly from an exauthority of several German bibliographical publications, and the last edition of the Conversations Lexicon (3rd vol., 1833). While at Jena, Eichhorn first displayed his knowledge of Oriental literature in a history of East Indian Ostind. handels vor Mohammed), Gotha, 1775. This was commerce prior to the time of Mohammed (Geschichte des followed by a survey of the most antient monuments of the

1804-14.

Arabs (Monumenta antiquissimæ Historia Arabum, post | he employs for the development of doctrines often the Schultensium collecta atque edita, cum animadversionibus), reverse of those which are generally regarded as orthodox. Gotha, 1775: and a treatise on the antient numismatical As a divine, his character, with reference to one of his prinhistory of Arabia, Gotha, 1775. He next published a large cipal works, is thus described in Orme's Bibliotheca Biblica collection of learned and valuable treatises, entitled a Re- (p. 166): 'Professor Eichhorn is the Geddes of Modern Gerpertorium of biblical and oriental literature (Repertorium many, and has performed for the Old Testament what für biblische und morgenländische Litteratur), 18 vols. Leip- Michaelis, whom he succeeded, did for the New. Possesszig, 1777-86. After removing to Göttingen he devoted his ing the erudition, the diligence, and all the bold free-thinkattention almost exclusively to the archæology of biblical ing of his celebrated predecessor, he introduces the Old literature, and the results of his studies appeared in a gene- Testament by demolishing its authority, by denying its inral repository of biblical literature (Allgemeine Bibliotek der spiration, and by calling in question the antiquity of its biblischen Litteratur) 10 vols. 1788-1801; and in a disquisi- chief historical documents.' It is added, that many of the tion on primitive history (Urgeschichte) 2 vols., Altdorf and author's opinions can meet with few supporters in England, Nurnberg, 1790-93, with an introduction and notes by the except among those who arrogate the title of rational learned Gabler. This work contains a searching and bold | divines; and that the work is noticed only on account of criticism of the Mosaic Pentateuch. The two next are among its celebrity in Germany; a statement strangely inconsisthe most important of the author's productions, namely, tent with the fact of its being in the hands of every learned the introduction to the Old Testament (Einleitung in das student of divinity in Europe and America. Eichhorn Alte Test.) of which a 4th and improved edition, in 5 vols., applies to the Hebrew Scriptures the principles on which appeared at Gotha in 1824: and the introduction to the Heyne explained the mythology of the Greeks, and his New Testament (Einleitung in das Neue Test.) new edition name is conspicuous in the theological school commenced in 2 vols. 1827. These were accompanied with an intro- by Michaelis and Semler, and extended by Rosenmüller, duction to the apocryphal writings of the Old Testament Kuhnoel, Döderlein, Rohr, Teller, Schmidt, Henke, Ammon, (Einleitung in die apokryphischen Schriften des Alten Steinbart, Wegscheider, &c., as an ultra rationalist, and a Test.) Leipzig, 1795, Götting. 1798; and a revised and uni- promoter of the system of logical religion and morality, form edition of the three, with the title of Critical Writings founded on the Kantian transcendental theory of ideology, (Kritische Schriften) was published at Leipzig in 7 vols. so generally prevalent in the universities of Germany, and which in truth is a system of mere moral philosophy and philosophical theism, exhibited under the ostensible profession of Christianity; since all traditionary doctrines and statements are made to give way to the operation of 'abstract, universal, and eternal principles of reason.' By his superior knowledge of Oriental antiquities, and by his bold mode of thinking, Eichhorn established a new system of scriptural explication, in which he displays a degree of learned and philosophical scepticism much beyond that of his predecessor Michaelis. He denies all supernatural revelation to the Hebrew prophets, believing them to have been clever and experienced persons, who, from their peculiar abilities, were likely to foresee political and other events. He examines, questions, and rejects the authenticity of several books of the Old Testament, and of some of the epistles in the New, and asserts generally that miraculous appearances, visions, voices, &c., are explainable by the laws of nature and the principles of human physiology and psychology, and that supernatural communications are chiefly referable to the mysterious traditions and superstitious notions common to all people in a state of ignorance and barbarism. His theory of the origin of the canonical gospels which regards them as compilations from anterior documents has been adopted by many subsequent critics. (See Dr. Schleiermacher's work on the Gospels.) Many of the sceptical positions of Eichhorn have been attacked in Germany by the anti-rationalist class of divines. On this point see 'The Present State of Protestantism in Germany,' by the Rev. Hugh Rose, 2nd edition, 1829, and the controversial publications which it elicited.

The other works of Eichhorn on biblical criticism and philology are a commentary on Revelations (Commentarius in Apocalypsin Joannis) 2 vols., Gotting. 1791. A revised and enlarged edition of Professor Simon's Hebrew and Chaldaic Lexicon, Halle, 1793. A critical translation and exposition of the writings of the Hebrew prophets (Die Hebraischen Propheten), 3 vols. Götting. 1816-20. Commentaries on the prophetic poetry of the Hebrews (Commentationes de Prophetica Poesi Hebræorum), 4to., Götting., 1823. Preface to the Nova Bibliotheca Hebraica' by Koecherus; and numerous critical treatises in a learned periodical work entitled Mines of the East (Fundgruben des Orients); and in the Commentaries of the Göttingen Royal Society of Sciences' (Commentarii Societat. Reg. Scientiarium Gottingensis).

In 1796 he published the plan of a comprehensive history of arts and sciences from their revival in Europe to the end of the 18th century, and wrote, as a part of the work, a general history of civilization and literature in modern Europe (Allgemeine Geschichte der Cultur und Litteratur des neuern Europa), 2 vols., Götting., 1796-99. The History of modern Poetry and Eloquence, by Bouterwek, and the History of Military Science, by Hoyer, constituted other parts of the undertaking, which was left unfinished. The first three parts and the fifth part, of a similarly extensive and uncompleted work were written by Eichhorn, namely the History of Literature, antient and modern, from its commencement to the present time (Geschichte der Litteratur von ihrem Ursprunge bis auf die neuesten Zeiten), 6 vols., Götting., 1805-11. He also wrote Literary History EICHSTÄTT, a bailiwick in the circle of the Regen, (Literargeschichte), 2 vols., Gotting., 2nd edition, 1813-14. and in the west part of Bavaria. It gives the title of Prince A History of all parts of the world during the last three to the duke of Leuchtenberg, and forms a portion of his centuries (Geschichte der drey letzten Jahrhunderte, &c.), mediatised possessions in the Bavarian dominions. The 6 vols., Gotting., 3rd edition, 1818. An Historical Survey country, which is mountainous and well wooded, is traof the French Revolution (Uebersicht der franz. Revolu-versed by the Altmühl: it produces grain, flax and hemp, tion), 2 vols., Götting., 1797. And a Universal History hops, timber, iron, potters' clay, slate, &c. (Weltgeschichte) on the plan of Gatterer's universal statistics (Weltstatistik) 4 vols., Gotting. 3rd edition, 1818-20. EICHSTÄTT or EICHSTÄDT, is a handsome town siThe two following laborious and judicious compilations have tuated in a narrow but productive valley on the left bank obtained a high repute in the schools of Germany, namely, of the Altmühl, across which four bridges have been built. a History of antient Rome, composed entirely of connected It is the residence of the duke of Leuchtenberg, as well passages from the antient Roman writers (Antiqua Historia as of a bishop. It lies in 48° 53' N. lat., and 11° 10' E. long. ex ipsis veterum script. Roman. narrationibus contexta), The town is walled round, has four suburbs, about 900 2 vols., Gotting., 1811; and a History of antient Greece, con- houses, and a population of about 7800, distributed in three structed on the same plan, from the antient Greek historians parishes. It has an ecclesiastical seminary, a Latin or (Antiqua Historia, &c.), 4 vols., Leipzig, 1812. His last grammar-school, a capuchin monastery, a nunnery, an hoshistorical work was a curious research on the early history pital, an orphan asylum, and other charitable institutions, of the illustrious house of the Guelphs, in which the ances- a cathedral church and chapter, and four other churches. tors of the present royal family of England are traced up to Among the buildings of note are the ducal palace, with the the middle of the 5th century. (Urgeschichte des erlauch- celebrated Brazilian cabinet, a library and museum of anten Hauses der Welfen, von 449-1055), 4to., Hanover, 1817. tiquities, the fine arts, &c.; the cathedral church; and the From the year 1813 to his death in 1827, Professor Eichburg or stronghold of St. Willibald, which overlooks the horn was the editor of the Göttingen Literary Gazette (Göt- town from the summit of the mount of that name, and has tingische gelehrte Anzeigen.) His critical writings display a well 1200 feet deep. This burg is said to be on the site extensive and exact learning, which in his biblical treatises of Aureatum, a Roman castle, and was the abode of the

EIDER. [DENMARK.]

first bishop, Willibald, who was the builder of the cathedral | sequently not very favourable to cultivation. It is watered church and the adjacent dwellings for his clergy, in the by the Werra, with its tributaries, the Nesse and Hörmiddle of the eighth century. For this purpose he cleared sel, Ulster, Fulda, Sulz, Suhl, and Vach. The climate an area covered with oaks, whence the town derives its is pure and healthy, though, from the proximity of the name of Eichstädt, or town of oaks. In the romantic grounds Thüringian heights, it is variable and not so mild as in called Aumühlwald, near this place, is a tablet of cast-iron, Franconia and on the Rhine. The products consist of set in a block of marble, 198 feet square, and laid into a grain, which is not adequate to the consumption, timber, mass of rock: it was erected by the citizens in memory of potashes, and tar, rape-seed, flax, hemp, hops, fruit, &c. Eugene Beauharnois, step-son of Napoleon, and viceroy of Horned cattle and sheep are reared in great numbers, as Italy. This prince was afterwards duke of Leuchtenberg, well as swine. Mining has been much neglected; copper, and prince of Eichstädt. The town manufactures woollens, iron, vitriol, alum, and coals, in small quantities, are obearthenware, beer, iron ware, &c., and has quarries in the tained; and there are quarries of stone and marble, as well neighbourhood. as salt-springs near Kreutzburg, from which about 500 tons of salt are annually extracted. Potters' clay and fullers' earth are found. There is more mechanical industry in Eisenach than in Saxe-Weimar: its principal manufactures are linens, woollens, cottons, iron and copper ware, yarn, potashes, leather, earthenware, and articles of wood. Eisenach is divided into eleven bailiwics, and contains eight municipal towns, twelve market-towns, or villages with markets, and 130 villages and hamlets. The chief towns are Eisenach, Ruhla (3000 inhabitants, of whom 1800 are subjects of Saxe-Gotha), Dermbach (800), Geisa (1700), Berka (1000), Gerstungen (1300), Kaltennordheim (1200), Kreutzburg (1700), Lengsfeld (2100), Ostheim (2600), Vacha (1600), and Völkershausen (1000). The principality fell to the grand-dukes of Saxe-Weimar upon the decease of the last duke of Saxe-Eisenach, who left no issue, in the year 1741.

EIDER-DUCK. [FULIGULINE.]

EIGHTH (in music), the octave or eighth note of the diatonic scale. It is a perfect concord [CONCORD], and in harmony is accompanied by the 5th and 3rd; but being almost identical with the base note, it may form a part of any chord, or be omitted at discretion.

EIKON BASI'LIKE. [CHARLES I. OF ENGLAND.] EILENBURG, a town in the county or administrative eircle of Merseburg, and in the minor circle of Delitsch, which, before its transfer to the Prussian crown, formed part of the circle of Leipzig in Saxony. It is situated on an island of the Mulde, in 51° 28′ N. lat., and 12° 37′ E. long. The town is surrounded by walls and ditches, and has two gates and a bridge over each arm of the river, four suburbs, an old castle, two churches, an hospital, and infirmary, a civic school, about 640 houses, and 6300 inhabitants. The manufactures consist of cottons, bleached wax, starch, vinegar, brandy, woollen-yarn, crucibles, &c.

EIMBECK or EINBECK, the chief town of the former principality of Grubenhagen, which is now incorporated with the principality of Göttingen, a portion of the Landrostei or bailiwick of Hildesheim in Hanover. It is encircled by two arms of the Ilm, and lies in 51° 48′ N. lat., and 9° 51' E. long. The walls which enclose it have five gates; the streets are crooked and ill-paved; and the houses, about 780 in number, are old and originally built in the middle ages. The number of inhabitants was 4995 in 1812, and is at present about 5150. It has three churches (one of which, St. Alexander's, contains the sarcophagi of the princes of Grubenhagen, and has a chapter attached to it), an orphan asylum, where woollen yarns are spun, two hospitals, a refuge for the indigent, a gymnasium or high school, and six elementary schools. The church of the Blessed Virgin has likewise a chapter attached to it. Eimbeck, besides a considerable traffic in agricultural products, possesses manufactories of woollens, cottons, tobacco, linens, leather, beer, &c., and there are large bleaching grounds outside the walls.

EISENACH, the chief town and seat of government of the principality of Eisenach, is situated at the confluence of the Hörsel and Nessel, which unite immediately north of the town, and then flow through it in one channel: the village of Fischbach touches it on the east; and the celebrated Wartburg, a mountain fastness, commands it on the south. Eisenach lies in 50° 58′ N. lat. and 10° 18′ E. long. It is surrounded by walls, has five gates, is well built, and has broad, clean, well-paved streets. It contains about 1450 houses, and has about 9300 inhabitants; an increase of about 1042 since the year 1818, when the number was 8258 independently of the military. The grand-ducal palace, or house of princes (Fürstenhaus), a structure of the last century, is a large and handsome edifice. Among other public buildings there are five churches; a gymnasium, founded in 1233, with an extensive library; a handsome civic school which ornaments the spacious market-place, and was erected in 1825; a seminary for the education of schoolmasters; and an academy for young men designed for the profession of superintendents of woods and forests, an important branch of study in those countries where wood supplies the place of coals. Eisenach has also an agricultural institute for the instruction of youth intended EIRE'NE. (Zoology.) [MEDUSA.] for husbandry, a school of design, a free-school, as well as EISENACH, a principality in the centre of Germany, six elementary schools, a house of correction and orphan forming the western portion of the grand duchy of Saxe- asylum, two hospitals, an infirmary, a school of industry for Weimar-Eisenach, from which it is disjoined by the inter- indigent girls, a bible society, and several philanthropic vention of part of the Prussian province of Erfurt, and the associations. The chief manufactures are woollens, cottons, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha territory. It is bounded on the north linens, soap, white-lead, meerschaum heads of pipes, leather, by Prussian Saxony, on the north-east by the principality and carpets. The original name of the town was Ysenaha of Gotha, on the south-east by Saxe-Meiningen, on the or Ysenacha: it was the abode of Hilten, who preceded south and south-west by Bavaria, and on the north-west by Luther as a reformer of the church, and of Amsdorf (a the electorate of Hesse-Cassel. The detached district of first bishop of Naumburg, and afterwards Luther's bosom Ostheim, also part of Eisenach, lies to the south within the friend and fellow-labourer), who died here in 1565. A Bavarian confines, and there are likewise other small and steep ascent through a fine park leads to the well-known detached portions of the Eisenach territory within the boun- stronghold called the Wartburg, which is about a mile and daries of Gotha and Saxe-Meiningen. The principality is a quarter from Eisenach, and at an elevation of 1318 feet of greater extent than it formerly was, since it now com- above the level of the sea. The original burg was built by prehends the bailiwics of Lichtenberg, Kaltennordheim, Lewis the Jumper in 1140, and was the residence of the Geiss, Dermbach, Vach, Frauensee, Völkershausen, and landgraves of Thüringia until the year 1406: a large some minor tracts, which have been acquired by cession or portion of it was rebuilt in the beginning of the present exchange from the territories of Fulda, Henneberg, and century. On this spot, in the early part of the thirHesse-Cassel. Its area is about 440 square miles, rather teenth century, the minnesänger, or minstrels of Gerless than a third part of the grand duchy of Saxe-Weimar-many, used to contend; and it is still better known as Eisenach; and it has a population of about 78,500 souls; the place of refuge or Patmos, as Luther styled it, to in 1818, the numbers were 65,349, and in 1835, 77,729. which that great reformer was conveyed in 1521, on his The greater part of this principality belongs to Thüringia, way back from attending the Diet of Worms: here he and a considerable portion of it is traversed by the Thürin- found an aslyum for the ten succeeding months, which he gian Forest mountains (Thüringer-Wald-Gebirge); be- devoted principally to his translation of the Scriptures. tween which and the Rhön mountains the principality The little chapel in which he frequently preached, with its comprehends a tract about forty-two miles in length, altar-piece, a fine carving in wood representing the Enand from nine to fourteen in width. The country pre- tombment of Christ, and the cell which Luther inhabited, sents a succession of hills and mountain-heights, un- have been carefully preserved in the same state as when interrupted by any extensive levels, and the soil is con- he used them. In the antient portion of the Wartburg are