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occasioned by the savage disposition of one, or at least a large male that was supposed to be one, when in the Keddah. He was at length tied and led out, but his untameable spirit could not brook restraint, and after languishing about 40 days he died.

Mr. Hodgson in his paper on the Mammalia of Nepal' (Zool. Proc. 1834) suggests that there are two varieties, or perhaps rather species of the Indian elephant, Elephas Indicus, viz., the Ceylonese, and that of the Saul Forest. The Ceylonese has a smaller, lighter head, which is carried more elevated; it has also higher fore-quarters. The elephant of the Saul Forest has sometimes nails on its hinder feet.

The height to which the Asiatic elephant will attain has been variously stated: but upon a strict examination of alleged great heights, the natural disposition among men to exaggerate has generally been detected.

A male elephant recorded by Mr. Corse was at its birth 35 inches high.

In one year he grew 11 inches, and was

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be 12 feet high. He accordingly went to Dacca. At first he sent for the mahote or driver, who without hesitation assured him that the elephant was from 10 to 12 cubits, that is from 15 to 18 feet high; but added that he could not bring the elephant for Mr. Corse's examination without the Nabob's permission. Permission was asked and granted. Mr. Corse measured the elephant exactly, and was rather surprised to find that the animal did not exceed 10 feet in height.

Variety. The white elephants so much esteemed by the Indian sovereigns are merely Albinos.

Geographical Distribution.-The Asiatic elephant inhabits the greater part of the warm countries of Asia, and the large islands of the Indian archipelago. Mr. Corse states that the elephants for the service of the East India Company are generally taken in the provinces of Chittagong and Tiperah; but from what he had heard, those to the southward of Chittagong, in the Burmah territories and kingdom of Pegu, are of a superior breed. In confirmation of this opinion, he observes that the elephants taken to the 10 high. south of the Goomty river, which divides the province of Tiperah from east to west, were generally better than those taken to the north of that river; and though elephants were taken at Pilibet as far north as lat. 29° in the vizier of Oude's territories, yet the vizier, and also the officers of his court, gave those taken in Chittagong and Tiperah a decided preference, they being much larger and stronger than the Pilibet elephant. Till the year 1790 Tiperah was a part of the Chittagong province; and so sensible was the Bengal government of the superiority of the southern eleless liable to casualties, that in the then late contracts* for phants for carrying burdens, enduring fatigue, and being supplying the army, the contractor was bound not to send any elephant to the military stations taken north of the Chittagong province. Hence Mr. Corse concludes the torrid zone to be the natural clime, and the most favourable for producing the largest, the best, and the hardiest elephant; and that when this animal migrates beyond the tropics the species degenerates. He speaks of elephants being taken on the coast of Malabar as far north as the territories of the Coorgah rajah; but adds that these were much inferior to the Ceylon elephant, and that from this circumstance the report of the superiority of the Ceylon elephant to all others probably originated. He remarks that most of the previous accounts respecting the Asiatic elephant had been given by gentlemen who resided many years ago on the coast of Malabar or Coromandel, where, at that time, they had but few opportunities of seeing the Chittagong or the Pegu elephant.

nor

In the 6th year
In the 7th year
A female elephant was six feet nine inches high at the
time she came to Mr. Corse's possession, and was supposed
to be 14 years old according to the hunters; but, according
to the belief of Mr. Corse, she was only 11 years of age.
During the next five years, before she was covered, she grew
only six inches, but, while pregnant, she grew five inches
in 21 months, and in the following 17 months, though
again pregnant, she grew only half an inch. Mr. Corse
then lost sight of her. She was at this time about 19 years
old and had perhaps attained her full growth. Her young
one was then not 20 months old, yet he was four feet five
inches and a half high, having grown 18 inches since his
birth. It thus appears that no certain standard of growth,
for captive elephants, at least, can be depended on:
do there seem to be any satisfactory data for defining the
age at which the animal ceases to grow. Mr. Corse con-
Jectures that elephants attain their full growth between the
ages of 18 and 24. With regard to the height, the East In-
dia Company's standard for serviceable elephants was, in
Mr. Corse's time, seven feet and upwards, measured at the
shoulder in the same manner as horses are. At the middle
of the back, they are considerably higher; and the curve or
arch, particularly in young elephants, makes a difference of
several inches. The lessening of this curve is a sign of old
age when not brought on by disease or violence. During
the war with Tippoo Sultaun, of the 150 elephants under
the management of Captain Sandys, not one was ten feet
high, and only a few males nine feet and a half. Mr. Corse
was very particular in ascertaining the height of the ele-
phants employed at Madras, and with the army under
Marquis Cornwallis, where there were both Ceylon and
Bengal elephants, and he was assured that those of Ceylon
were neither higher nor superior, in any respect, to those
of Bengal: nay, some officers asserted that they were con-
siderably inferior in point of utility.

The only elephant ever heard of by Mr. Corse as exceeding 10 feet, on good authority, was a male belonging to Asaph Ul Dowlah, formerly vizier of Oude. The following

were his dimensions:

From foot to foot over the shoulder

Mr. Hodgson, in the paper above noticed, states that Elephus Indicus and Rhinoceros unicornis are both abundant in the forests and hills of the lower region of Nepal, whence, in the rainy season, they issue into the cultivated parts of the Tarâi to feed upon the rice crops.

Habits, Utility to Man, &c.-In a state of nature the Asiatic elephant lives in great herds, which are generally said to be under the conduct of the old males, or bulls, as they are sometimes termed. From time immemorial the species has been brought under the dominion of man and trained to swell the pomp of pageants, and add to the terrors of war, burthen and draught, and the more dreadful one of exeas well as to perform the more useful offices of a beast of cuting the sentence of death on criminals. It has been long made the companion of the sports of the Orientalist in the great hunting parties; and from the same early period has been made to minister to the wanton and cruel pleasures of Eastern princes by being stimulated to combat not only with other elephants but with various wild animals. 10 Our limits will not allow us to enter into the highly interesting detail of the mode of capturing this enormous animal, &c., &c.; and we must refer the reader to the second volume of the Menageries, where he will find an abundant and amusing collection of anecdotes connected with this subject, as well as a complete history of the elephant, both in the wild state and as the servant of man.

Feet. Inches.

22

From the top of the shoulder, perpendicular height 10
From the top of the head, when set up as he ought
to march in state

From the front of the face to the insertion of the
tail . .

6

12

2

15 11 And yet the Madras elephants have been said to be from 17 to 20 feet high. Now let us see how dimensions shrink before the severity of measurement. Mr. Corse heard from several gentlemen who had been at Dacca, that the Nabob there had an elephant about 14 feet high. Mr. Corse was desirous to measure him, especially as he had seen the elephant often at a former period, and then supposed him to

Keddah is the name of the enclosure into which the wild elephants are driven and then captured.

The tusks of both species still form, as they did from the earliest periods, a valuable article of commerce. The ivory which is now sought for useful purposes and ornaments of minor importance, was in great request with the antient

Mr. Corse's paper was read before the Royal Society in 1799.
The earliest extant account in any European language of the mode of
capturing the Indian elephant is in Arrian, Indike, chap. 13.
Library of Entertaining Knowledge,' 8yo,, Loudon, 1831.

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Greeks and Romans for various domestic uses, as well as
for the Chrys-elephantine statuary rendered so famous by
Phidias. Of these rich statues the Minerva of the Par-
thenon, and especially the Olympian Jupiter, appear to
have been the master-pieces.

FOSSIL SPECIES.

The third and fourth divisions of the tertiary fresh-water deposits (Pliocene period of Lyell) abound in extinct species of recent genera, and among them the remains of fossil elephants are very numerous. The alluvium, the crag, the ossiferous caverns, the osseous breccias, and the subappenine formations afford the most numerous examples. Cuvier ('Règne Animal,' last edit.) observes that there are found under the earth, in almost all parts of both continents, the bones of a species of elephant approximating to the existing Asiatic species, but whose grinders have the ribands of enamel narrower and straiter, the alveoli of the tusks longer in proportion, and the lower jaw more obtuse. An individual, he adds, found in the ice on the coasts of Siberia appeared to have been covered with hair of two sorts, so that it might have been possible for this species to have lived in cold climates. The species has, he concludes, long since disappeared from the face of the globe. This species he characterizes (Ossemens Fossiles) as having an elongated skull, a concave front, very long alveoli for the tusks, the lower jaw obtuse, the grinders larger, parallel, and marked with closer set ribands of enamel, and he designates it as The fossil Elephant, Elephas primigenius of Blumenbach, Elephas Mammonteus, Fischer, The Mammoth of the Russians.

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Elephas Africanus.-The African elephant is less than the Asiatic. The head is rounded; the front convex instead of concave; the ears are much larger than those of the Asiatic species; and the general number of nails on each hind foot is only three instead of four.

Geographical Distribution.-From Senegal to the Cape of Good Hope. Cuvier says that it is not known whether the species is found up the whole oriental side of Africa, or whether it is there replaced by the preceding species.

Habits, Utility to Man, &c.-The flesh is relished by the inhabitants of many districts of Africa. Major Denham speaks of it as being esteemed by all, and even eaten in secret by the first people about the sheikh; and he says that though it looked coarse it was better flavoured than any beef he found in the country. The antient Romans considered the trunk as the most delicious part; but Le Vail.ant speaks of the foot as a dish for a king. The disposition of this species is supposed to be more ferocious than that of the Asiatic elephant; though its habits in a state of nature do not greatly differ. It is not now tamed; but

there is good ground for believing that the Carthaginians
availed themselves of the services of this species as the
Indians did of those of the Asiatic elephant. The elephants
exhibited in the Roman arena by Cæsar and Pompey
appear to have been Africans; and from them principally,
if not entirely, the ivory for ornamental purposes and the
statues above alluded to, seems to have been taken. The
tusks of this species are of great size.

Skull of Elephas Primigenius.

Mammoth's, or elephant's bones and tusks occur through. out Russia, and more particularly in Eastern Siberia and the Arctic marshes, &c. The tusks are very numerous, and in so high a state of preservation that they form an article of commerce, and are employed in the same works as what may be termed the living ivory of Asia and Africa, though the fossil tusks fetch an inferior price. Siberian fossil ivory forms the principal material on which the Russian ivory-turner works. The tusks most abound in the Laichovian Isles and on the shores of the Frozen Sea; and the best are found in the countries near the Arctic circle, and in the most eastern regions, where the soil in the very short summer is thawed only at the surface: in some years not at all. In 1799 a Tungusian, named Schumachoff, who generally went to hunt and fish at the peninsula of Tamut, after the fishing season of the Lena was over, had constructed for his wife some cabins on the banks of the lake Oncoul, and had embarked to seek along the coasts for Mammoth horns (tusks). One day he saw among the blocks of ice a shapeless mass, but did not then discover what it was. In 1800 he perceived that this object was more disengaged from the ice, and that it had two projecting parts; and towards the end of the summer of 1801 the entire side of the animal and one of his tusks were quite free from ice. The summer of 1802 was cold, but in 1803 part of the ice between the earth and the Mammoth, for such was the object, having melted more rapidly than the rest, the plane of its support became inclined, and the enormous mass fell by its own weight on a bank of sand. In March, 1804, Schumachoff came to his mammoth, and having cut off the tusks, exchanged them with a merchant for goods of the value of fifty rubles. We shall now let

Mr. Adams, from whose account these particulars are abridged, speak for himself.

*

Two years afterwards, or the seventh after the discovery of the mammoth, I fortunately traversed these distant and desert regions, and I congratulate myself in being able to prove a fact which appears so improbable. I found the mammoth still in the same place, but altogether mutilated. The prejudices being dissipated because the Tungusian chief had recovered his health, there was no obstacle to prevent approach to the carcase of the mammoth; the proprietor was content with his profit from the tusks, and the Jakutski of the neighbourhood had cut off the flesh, with which they fed their dogs during the scarcity. Wild beasts, such as white bears, wolves, wolverines, and foxes, also fed upon it, and the traces of their footsteps were seen around. The skeleton, almost entirely cleared of its flesh, remained whole, with the exception of one fore-leg. The spine from the head to the os coccygis, one scapula, the basir and the other three extremities were still held together by the ligaments and by parts of the skin. The head was covered with a dry skin; one of the ears well preserved was furnished with a tuft of hairs. All these parts have necessarily been injured in transporting them a distance of 11,000 wersts (7330 miles); yet the eyes have been preserved, and the pupil of the eye can still be distinguished. This mammoth was a male, with a long mane on the neck, but without tail or proboscis.' (The places of the insertion of the muscles of the proboscis are, it is asserted, visible on the skull, and it was probably devoured as well as the end of the tail.) The skin, of which I possess three-fourths, is of a dark grey colour, covered with a reddish wool and black hairs. The dampness of the spot, where the animal had lain so long, had in some degree destroyed the hair. The entire carcase, of which I collected the bones on the spot, is four archines (9 feet 4 inches) high, and seven archines (16 feet 4 inches) long from the point of the nose to the end of the tail, without including the tusks, which are a toise and a half (9 feet 6 inches, measuring along the curve; the distance from the base or root of the tusk to the point is 3 feet 7 inches) in length; the two together weighed 360 lbs. avoirdupois; the head alone, with the tusks, weighs 11 poods and a half (414 lbs. avoirdupois.) The principal object of my care was to separate the bones, to arrange them, and put them up safely, which was done with particular attention. I had the satisfaction to find the other scapula, which had remained not far off. I next detached the skin of the side on which the animal had lain, which was well preserved. This skin was of such extraordinary weight that ten persons found great difficulty in transporting it to the shore. After this I dug the ground in different places to ascertain whether any of its bones were buried, but principally to collect all the hairs which the white bears had trod into the ground while devouring

the flesh. Although this was difficult from the want of proper instruments, I succeeded in collecting more than a pood (36 pounds) of hair. In a few days the work was completed, and I found myself in possession of a treasure which amply recompensed me for the fatigues and dangers of the journey, and the considerable expenses of the enterprise. The place where I found the mammoth is about 60 paces distant from the shore, and nearly 100 paces from the escarpment of the ice from which it had fallen. This escarpment occupies exactly the middle between the two points of the peninsula, and is three wersts long (two miles), and in the place where the mammoth was found this rock has a perpendicular elevation of 30 or 40 toises. Its substance is a clear pure ice; it inclines towards the sea; its top is covered with a layer of moss and friable earth, half an archine (14 inches) in thickness. During the heat of the month of July, a part of this crust is melted, but the rest remains frozen. Curiosity induced me to ascend two other hills at some distance from the sea; they were of the same substance, and less covered with moss. In various places were seen enormous pieces of wood of all the kinds produced in Siberia; and also mammoths' horns (tusks) in great numbers appeared between the hollows of the rocks; they all were of astonishing freshness. How all these things could become collected there, is a question as curious as it is difficult to resolve. The inhabitants of the coast call this kind of wood Adamschina, and distinguish it from the floating pieces of wood which are brought down by the large rivers to the ocean, and collect in masses on the shores of the frozen sea. The latter are called Noachina. I have seen, when the ice melts, large lumps of earth detached from the hills mix with the water, and form thick muddy torrents which roll slowly towards the sea. This earth forms wedges which fill up the spaces between the blocks of ice. The escarpment of ice was 35 to 40 toises high; and, according to the report of the Tungusians, the animal was, when they first saw it, seven toises below the surface of the ice, &c. On arriving with the mammoth at Borchaya, our first care was to separate the remaining flesh and ligaments from the bones, which were then packed up. When I arrived at Jakutsk, I had the good fortune to repurchase the tusks, and from thence expedited the whole to St. Petersburg.' The skeleton is now in the Museum of the Academy, and the skin still remains attached to the head and feet. A part of the skin and some of the hair of this animal were sent by Mr. Adams to Sir Joseph Banks, who presented them to the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. The hair is entirely separated from the skin, excepting in one very small part, where it still remains attached. It consists of two sorts, common hair and bristles, and of each there are several varieties, differing in length and thickness. That remaining fixed on the skin is of the colour of the camel, an inch and a half long, very thick set, and curled

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Mammoth found in Siberia. Reduced from the lithographic plate above mentioned.

He had fallen sick from alarm, on first hearing of the discovery, as it was considered a bad omen.
An error, as of 28 or 30 caudal vertebrae only 8 remained,

P. C., No. 575.

This is doubted; a dried substance is visible.

VOL. IX.-2 Z

in locks. It is interspersed with a few bristles about three | Brahma, the creator, occupies the centre position. This inches long, of a dark reddish colour. Among the separate face measures 5 feet in length; the width from the ear parcels of hair are some rather redder than the short hair to the middle of the nose is 3 feet 4 inches; the breadth just mentioned, about four inches long; and some bristles of the whole figure is near 20 feet. On the right is the nearly black, much thicker than horse hair, and from 12 preserver, Vishnu; and Siva, the destroyer, is on the left, to 18 inches long. The skin when first brought to the having in his hand a cobra capella, or hooded snake, and Museum was offensive; it is now quite dry and hard, and on his cap a human skull. To the left of this bust, amid a where most compact is half an inch thick. Its colour is group of uncouth figures, is one, a female figure, to which the dull black of the living elephants. (On the Mammoth, Niebuhr has given the name of Amazon, from the fact of or Fossil Elephant, found in the Ice at the Mouth of the its being without the right breast. This figure has four river Lena, in Siberia, with a lithographic Plate of the arms. The right fore-arm rests upon the head of a bull; Skeleton. From the 5th vol. of the Memoirs of the Impe- the left fore-arm hangs down, and once contained somerial Acad. of Sciences of St. Petersburg, London, 1819, 4to.) thing which is now mutilated and undistinguishable. The Fischer indicates the following species of fossil elephants hand of the hinder right arm grasps a cobra capella, and resting principally on the difference of form in the molar that of the hinder left arm holds a shield. At the west side teeth. 1. Elephas mammonteus (E. primigenius, Blumenb.) of the temple is a recess, 20 feet square, having in the 2. Elephas panicus. 3. Elephas proboletes. 4. Elephas centre an altar, upon which are placed symbols of a worship pygmæus. 5. Elephas campylotes. 6. Elephas Kamenskii. offensive to European notions of delicacy. The entrance to M. Nesti proposes a species under the name of Elephas this recess is guarded by eight naked figures, each 134 feet Meridionalis, whose remains have been found in a fresh- high, sculptured in a manner which shows that the people water formation in many places in Italy, and especially in by whom they were executed must have made considerable the Val d'Arno. M. Nesti rests principally on the dif- progress in the statuary's art. ference of the conformation of the cranium, and especially on an apophysis in form of a beak which terminates the lower jaw.

Dr. Harlan is of opinion that there are two species of fossil elephants peculiar to the United States.

The cave is not at present used as a temple, nor has it any establishment of priests connected with it, although it is frequently visited by devotees for the purpose of offering prayers and oblations.

(Captain Hamilton's Account of India, 1744; Maurice's Indian Antiquities; Niebuhr's Voyage en Arabie; Archæologia, vol. vii.; Asiatic Researches, vol. i.)

ELEPHANTI'ASIS (ἐλέφας and ελεφαντίασις), elephant and elephant disease, so called partly on account of some supposed resemblance of the diseased skin to that of the elephant, but principally from the formidable nature of the malady. It is disgusting to the sight, says Aretæus, and in all respects terrible, like the beast of similar name.

Captain Cautley mentions the remains of elephants among those of mammalia found by him in the Sewalik mountains, at the southern foot of the Himalayas, between the Sutluj and the Ganges, partly lying on the slopes among the ruins of fallen cliffs, and partly in situ in the sandstone. ELEPHANTA, a small island about seven miles in circumference, situated between the island of Bombay and the Maharatta shore, distant five miles from the latter and seven miles from the castle of Bombay. Its name among The term is now commonly applied to two different disthe natives is Gorapori; tuat by which it is known to eases; first to a peculiar disease of the skin, one of the Europeans was derived from the figure of an elephant cut most formidable of the dreadful cutaneous affections which out of the solid black rock on the acclivity of a hill about occur in hot climates, and more particularly where agricul250 yards from the landing-place, and which is a conspi- ture and the arts of civilization are imperfectly advanced; cuous object in approaching the island. This figure has and secondly to a peculiar disease of the leg, which becombeen split in two, apparently by means of gunpowder, ing enormously tumid, is conceived to bear some resemwhich injury is attributed to the religious zeal of the Por-blance to the leg of an elephant. tuguese invaders of Hindustan, which prompted them to destroy whatever they considered to be objects of pagan worship. In 1814 the head and neck of the elephant dropped off, and the figure is otherwise in such a state of decay as to threaten its speedy fall. At a short distance from the elephant stands the figure of a horse, also cut out of the rock. Mr. Dalrymple, in a description inserted in the Archæologia (vol. vii., page 324), says that this figure is still called the horse of Alexander, in memory of Alexander the Great, to whom has been attributed, without the least foundation, the excavation to which this island owes its celebrity. The construction of this cave has also been attributed, with no greater probability, to Semiramis; its origin is, in fact, involved in the greatest obscurity, although the rapidity with which its decay is seen to go forward seems to preclude the idea of its being the work of any very remote age. The entrance to this cave, or temple, occurs about half way up the steep ascent of the mountain or rock out of which it is excavated.

The length of this temple, measuring from the entrance, which is on the north side, is 130 feet, and its breadth 123 feet; the floor not being level the height varies from 15 feet to 17 feet. The roof was supported by 26 pillars and 8 pilasters, disposed in four rows; but several of the pillars are broken. Each column stands upon a square pedestal, and is fluted, but instead of being cylindrical is gradually enlarged towards the middle. Above the tops of the columns a kind of ridge has been cut to resemble a beam about 12 inches square, and this is richly carved. Along the sides of the temple are cut between forty and fifty colossal figures varying in height from 12 to 15 feet; none of them are entirely detached from the wall. Some of these figures have on their heads a kind of helmet; others wear crowns with rich devices, and others again are without any other covering than curled or flowing hair. Some of them have four and others six hands, holding sceptres, shields, symbols of justice, ensigns of religion, weapons of war, and trophies of peace. On the south side, facing the main entrance, is an enormous bust with three faces, representing the triple deity, Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva.

The first distemper, elephantiasis properly so called, is a tubercular disease of the skin. The tubercles present a shining appearance; they are of different sizes, and are of a dusky red or livid colour on the face, ears, and extremities. The tubercles are accompanied with a thickened and rugous state of the skin, a diminution or total loss of its sensibility, and a falling off of all the hair excepting that of the scalp.

The disease is wholly unknown in this country. It is described as slow in its progress, sometimes continuing several years without materially deranging the functions, but gradually producing an extraordinary degree of deformity. The following is the description commonly given of this formidable malady; but there is reason to believe that the picture is much exaggerated.

The alæ of the nose become swelled and scabrous; the nostrils are dilated; the lips are tumid; the external ears, particularly the lobes, are enlarged and thickened, and beset with tubercles; the skin of the forehead and cheeks grows thick and tumid, and forms large and prominent rugæ, especially over the eyes; the hair of the eye-brows, the beard, the pubes, axillæ, &c., falls off; the voice becomes hoarse and obscure; and the sensibility of the parts affected is obtuse or totally abolished, so that pinching or puncturing them gives no uneasiness. This disfiguration of the countenance suggested the idea of the features of a satyr or a wild beast; whence the disease was by some called Šatyriasis, and partly also on account of the excessive libidinous disposition said to be connected with it; and by others Leontiasis, from the laxity and wrinkles of the skin of the forehead, which resembles the prominent and flexible front of the lion.

As the malady proceeds, the tubercles begin to crack, and at length to ulcerate; ulcerations also appear in the throat and in the nose, which sometimes destroy the palate and the cartilaginous septum; the nose falls; and the breath is intolerably offensive; the thickened and tuberculated skin of the extremities becomes divided by fissures, and ulcerates, or is corroded under dry sordid scabs, so that the fingers and toes gangrene and separate joint after joint

The large misshapen leg, which is also often termed elephantiasis, arises from a repeated effusion and collection of a lymphatic and gelatinous matter in the cellular membrane under the skin, in consequence of inflammation of the lymphatic glands and vessels. The skin itself is much thickened in the protracted stages of the disease, and its vessels become greatly enlarged; its surface grows dark, rough, and sometimes scaly. As the effusion first takes place after a febrile paroxysm, in which the inguinal glands of the side about to be affected are inflamed, and the limb is subsequently augmented in bulk by a repetition of those attacks, Dr. Hendy termed the malady the glandular disease of Barbadoes, in which island it is endemial. In England it is often called the Barbadoes leg. Except when these paroxysms occur, the functions and constitution of the patients are not mainly injured, and they often live many years, incommoded only by carrying about such a troublesome load of leg.'

In this country the disease is only seen in its inveterate stage, after repeated attacks of the fever and effusion have completely altered the organization of the integuments of the limb, and rendered it altogether incurable. In this state the swelling is hard and firm, does not pit on pressure, and is entirely free from pain. The skin is thickened and much hardened; its blood vessels are enlarged, particularly the external veins, and the lymphatics distended; and the cellular substance is flaccid and sometimes thickened, and its cells much loaded with a gelatinous fluid. The muscles, tendons, ligaments, and bones are generally in a sound

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ELEUSIS, a celebrated town of Attica, on the borders of Megaris. In very antient times it is said to have been an independent state of some importance, and carried on a war with Athens, by the result of which it became subject to that city. (Thucyd. ii., 15.) Eleusis owed its celebrity in the historical age to its being the principal seat of the mystical worship of Demeter, who, in search of her daughter, was said to have rested by the well Callichorus, at Eleusis, and to have taught Triptolemus the use of corn on the Rharian plain, near the city. This worship subsisted at Eleusis from the earliest period of history to the time of Alaric. Eleusis stood near the northern shore of the Gulf of Salamis. Its port was small and circular, and formed by two piers running out into the sea. Traces of a theatre have been found on a hill about half a mile from the sea. The temple of Demeter was commenced by Ictinus, in the administration of Pericles, and finished by Philo under the auspices of Demetrius Phalereus. It was originally a Doric building in antis, but was afterwards changed In this advanced stage the disease is altogether irreme-into a decastyle temple, with fluted columns. The upper diable. Little success indeed seems to have attended the part of an admirably executed colossal statue of Ceres, or practice employed in the earlier stages, which has chiefly Proserpine, brought from Eleusis by Dr. E. D. Clarke, is been directed to alleviate the febrile paroxysms by laxatives now in the vestibule of the public library at Cambridge. A and diaphoretics, and subsequently to strengthen the system modern village on the site is called Lefsina. by cinchona. Local bleeding has not been employed; but after the fever and inflammation have subsided, the practice of binding the limb in a strong bandage is strongly recommended as the best means of exciting absorption, and of reducing the swelling. (Dr. Bateman's Practical Synopsis of Cutaneous Diseases.)

state.

ELEPHANTINE. [EGYPT.]

ELETTA'RIA, a genus established by the late Dr. Maton of the plant yielding the lesser cardamoms. The name is that (elettari) under which it was first figured by Rheede, Hort. Mal. xi. t. 4, 5, and is softened into elachee (Sanskrit ela), the common appellation of this substance over all India. The genus belongs to the natural family of Scitamineæ, or Zingiberaces of some authors; besides this it includes three other species, of which one E. cardamomum medium, is a native of the hilly countries in the vicinity of Silhet. Dr. Roxburgh concludes, from the form of the capsule and its acrid, aromatic taste, that it is the plant which produces the Cardamomum medium of the writers on materia medica. The whole of the species, differing chiefly in their radical inflorescence, are however by Dr. Roxburgh and some other botanists, referred to the genus Alpinia.

Elettaria Cardamomum is a native of the mountainous districts of the coast of Malabar, especially above Calicut, in the Wynaad district, between 11° and 12° of N. lat. where the best are produced. It is therefore well placed; for cardamoms formed a portion of the early commerce, which subsisted between this part of India and Arabia, whence they must have been made known to the Greeks, as they are described by Dioscorides and mentioned as early as the time of Hippocrates.

BAEYZ

Coin of Eleusis.

British Museum. Actual Size. Copper. Weight, 59 grains. ELEUSI'NIA, the great mystic festival of Demeter celebrated at Eleusis in the month Böedromion. The lesser mysteries were celebrated in Elaphebolion at Agræ, on the Ilissus, and were a sort of preparation for the Eleusinia. The great festival began on the 15th Boedromion, and lasted nine days. The first day was called the assembling (áyvpμóc); on it all who had been initiated in Elaphebolion were invited to complete their sacred duty. The second day was named alade pora, 'to the sea ye initiated! from the words of the proclamation by which they were admonished to purify themselves. This purification took place in the peroi, two streamlets of salt water running into the gulf of Salamis, and which separated the territory of Eleusis from the rest of Attica. The third day was called siç Xxn púorai, from some ceremonies imitative of the marriage of Proserpine, which took place on that day. What was the name or employment of the fourth day is unknown. The fifth was called the day of the torches,' λaμráčov pipa, on account of a lampadeplioria, or torch-procession, in which the initiated marched two and two round the temple. The initiation took place on the sixth and seventh days of the feast. The sixth day, which was called Iacchus, was the chief day of the Eleusinia. On this day the statue of Iacchus was carried in procession from the Cerameicus to Eleusis, and back again on the following day, which was named the return of the fully-initiated (voorovov oi iñónтai). The seventh day was called Epidauria, in honour of Esculapius, who did not arrive from Epidaurus to be initiated until after the return of the Epopiæ. The ninth day was called

The cardamom plant delights in moist and shady places on the declivities of the hills. It is cultivated from partings of the root in the district of Soonda Balaghat, but the fruit is very inferior; but the best grows in a wild state, at least where no other measures are adopted, than clearing away the weeds from under the largest trees, which are felled close to the roots. The earth being loosened by the force of the fallen tree, young cardamom plants shoot forth in Anuoxón. The ceremony of this day consisted in the syma month's time, and are sheltered by the shade of the bolical overturning of two vessels filled with wine. Those branches. The tree-like herbaceous plants attain a height initiated at the lesser mysteries were called porai, from of from 9 to 12 feet. The root is as tortuous and tuberous asuv to close up,' because they were bound to strict silence; that of the ginger, and the leaves, with long sheathing foot- those who had passed through the Eleusinian ceremonies stalks, are from one to two feet in length, placed in two were called επόπται οι έφοροι, contemplators, because they rows, and lanceolate in shape, like those of the Indian shot had been admitted to see the sacred objects; they were (Canna. indica) common in English gardens. The scapes, also hailed as happy and fortunate (daipovec, 601). The or flower- and fruit-bearing stalks, make their appearance in initiation consisted in a set of rites not very different, it is

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