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nas recorded the following additional species, viz., P. sca- | Phytocrinus the stem is round, perhaps even inarticulate laris (Goldfuss), P. cingulatus (Münster), P. pentagonalis and flexible; that there are no accessory rays except at the (Goldfuss), P. moniliformis (Münster), P. subsulcatus (Mün- summit; and, besides, that the great rays are all otherwise ster),, P. subteres (Münster), P. dubius (Goldfuss), and P. conformed in their basilary as well as in their pinnated priscus (Goldfuss), and, with a note of interrogation, Pen- part. It may be supposed, he adds, that the membranous tacrinus? paradoxus. part of the body differs equally both in the disposition of the mouth and in that of the visceral pouch; but of this there is no assurance, that part not being known in the great living Pentacrinite. He remarks that Dr. Fleming, admitting the doubt of Mr. Gray as to the existence of the visceral pouch in this last, has also characterized the European Pentacrinus under the name of Hybernula, a name which he allows may be adopted, though he gives the preference to his own as being more analogous to those invented by Mr. Miller for the Crinoideans. M. de Blainville goes on to declare that he has already had occasion to say that Mr. Thompson's memoir has destroyed all doubt as to the place of the living and fossil Encrinites, and has clearly demonstrated the justice of the views of Rosinus, adopted by Guettard, Ellis, Parkinson, and Cuvier, in opposition to that of Linnæus followed by Lamarck. An Encrinus, so to speak,' says M. de Blainville, is no more than a Comatula reversed, (even supposing that this position is not equally natural to it, which I am strongly inclined to think,) and which, instead of hooking on by means of accessory rays, is fixed by a prolongation of the centro-dorsal part.'

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a. Pentaerians Briareus reduced (Lyme); b, rare and beantiful specimen of Briarcan Pentacrinite (nat. size), from the lias at Lyme Regis, in the collection of Mr. Johuson, of Bristol, showing the plated integument of the abdominal cavity, terminated upwards by a flexible proboscis, and gurrounded by the commencement of the arms and fingers. (Figures and description from Dr. Buckland's Bridgewater Treatise.")

(De Blainville;-Hibernula, Fleming; Pentacrinus, Thompson.)

Generic Character.-Body regular, circular, covered and surrounded above by a sort of solid cupule, composed of a centro-dorsal undivided piece, round which are articulated, first, a single row of accessory unguiculated rays, then another row of great didymous and pinnated rays on the other side of three basilary joints, of which the first only partially touch each other. Stem articulated, round, and without accessory rays. Mouth central in the midst of five scales, which are foliaceous and bordered by a row of tentacular cirrhi; a large tubular orifice a little behind the mouth. Example, Phytocrinus Europaeus, Pentacrinus Europaeus, Thompson.

a, Several individuals in different stages of development adhering by the base of an articulated column to the stem of a coralline; b, one of the iudi

viduals expanded and magnified.

M. de Blainville states that he has thus characterized this genus, which he had not seen, from the excellent description and figure of Mr. Thompson; and that it seems to M. de Blainville that there are sufficient differences to warrant the generic distinction of the animal. He observes that in

However more appropriate the name proposed by M. de Blainville may be, that of Dr. Fleming would have the right of priority according to the law of nomenclature; but if Mr. Thompson be right we are spared all consideration on this point; for in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of London' (June, 1835), he has expressed his opinion that his Pentacrinus Europaeus, discovered in the Cove of Cork, and on other parts of the coast of Ireland, is fixed by its stem to other bodies in early life only; that it is produced from the ovum of Comatula, becomes afterwards detached, and forms a perfect Comatula, capable of moving freely in the ocean, crawling sometimes among submarine plants, and at others floating or swimming like the Medusa.

Poteriocrinites.

Pelvis

Generic Character.-A crinoidal animal, with a round column, composed of numerous thin joints, having in their centre a round alimentary canal, and articulating by surfaces striated in radii. Round auxiliary side-arms proceeding at irregular distances from the column. formed of five pentagonal plate-like joints, supporting five hexagonal intercostal plate-like joints, and five plate-like scapulæ, having on one of the intercostals an interscapulary plate interposed. An arm proceeding from each of the scapula. Base probably fascicular, and permanently adhering. (Miller.)

The author of this generic character says, 'It is with considerable hesitation that I describe these five plates as belonging to the pelvis; the analogy of their lower articulating surfaces seems perhaps rather to indicate their belonging to the first costal series. I have never yet had an opportunity of seeing the connection of these plates with the first column or joint fairly developed, and it seems possible that the true pelvis may be small and almost concealed. This doubt will be done away by the acquisition of more instructive specimens, and my thus stating the case must be considered as resulting from an anxious desire to check errors. It is not unlikely that the real joints forming the pelvis are so much abbreviated as not to be visible externally. Every one acquainted with fossils must be aware how difficult it is to trace always organic details in them correctly, and how many specimens are sometimes necessary to ascertain a single fact.'

M. de Blainville observes that this genus does not appear to differ from Apiocrinites, excepting inasmuch as that the stem is not enlarged at its superior part, and that the basilary pieces of the rays are less approximated, and without doubt less immoveable. The details given by Mr. Miller point out a form differing strongly from that of Apiocrinites, and, if his data be admitted, there can be little doubt of the generic difference which he records.

Example. Poteriocrinites tenuis. Thin, vase-like, lilyshaped animal.

Description.-A crinoidal animal, with a column formed of numerous round thin joints, surface of articulation radiating and striated. The plate-like joints forming the cup

like body, articulating by minute striæ. One arm proceeding from each scapula, supporting two fingers. Locality, the mountain-limestone of the Mendip Hills, and in the Black Rock (the fourteenth bed of Dr. Bright's series (Geol. Trans., vol. iv. p. 193), near the river Avon, Bristol, belonging to the same formation. (Miller.)

The other species recorded by Miller is Poteriocrinites crassus, from the mountain-lime in Yorkshire, and the mountain-lime at Bristol, near the river Avon, Bed 1. and 14. of Dr. Bright's paper in Trans. of Geol. Soc., vol. iv., p. 193, and in the magnesian beds of the mountain-limestone, Clevedon Bay, Somersetshire. Miller further states that the specimen mentioned in Dr. Woodward's catalogue of foreign fossils (page 19, 8. 1.) as coming from Syria, is of this species, and that he (Miller) is indebted to the Rev. A. Sedgwick, Woodwardian Professor, Cambridge, for ascertaining this fact, he having kindly furnished Mr. Miller with a drawing made from the original, now in Dr. Woodward's collection, and under his care.

Platycrinites.

Generic Character.-A crinoidal animal, with an elliptic or (in one species) pentagonal column, formed of numerous joints, having a few side-arms at irregular distances. Pelvis saucer-shaped, formed of three unequal pieces, from which five large plate-like scapulæ proceed. Base provided with numerous fibres for attachment. Miller, who thus characterizes the genus, observes that the want of costa supplied by the large plate-like scapulæ gives the superior part of these animals a pentagonal appearance, and furnishes so conspicuous a character, that they are readily distinguished from all other genera.

Example. Platycrinites lævis, smooth, broad-plated, lily-shaped animal.

Description.-A crinoidal animal, with a column formed of very muscular elliptical joints adhering by a transverse ridge. Round side-arms occasionally proceeding from the column, whose joints adhere by radiated surfaces. Pelvis saucer-shaped, with the five scapulæ adhering to it, from each of which an arm proceeds supporting two hands, having each two fingers. Pelvis and scapulæ smooth. Locality, in the mountain-limestone of the Mendip Hills, the Black Rock (14th bed of Dr. Bright's series, in Geol. Trans., vol. iv.) near Bristol; Dublin; Cork. (Miller.)

Miller remarks that he has noticed in the collection of Richard Bright, Esq., of Ham Green, near Bristol, numerous joints, probably appertaining to an animal forming a variety, or a distinct species. They came, he states, from Muir-kirk, in Dumfriesshire; and he adds that the scapulæ are shorter in proportion than those of the former species, and that the columnar joints are finely tuberculated.

The same author records the following species:-P. rugosus, from the mountain-limestone at Caldy Island, on the south coast of Wales; and at the Mendip Hills; P. tuberculatus, from the mountain-lime strata; P. granulatus, from the mountain-limestone of the Mendip Hills; P. striatus, from the Black Rock (14th bed of Dr. Bright's series); and P. pentangularis, from the mountain-lime of the Mendip Hills, at Weston-super-mare, Black Rock near Bristol, and at Mitchel-Dean; also occasionally in transition limestone of Dinevawr Park, and Dudley.

Goldfuss names and describes two additional species, viz. P. depressus and P. ventricosus.

Cyathocrinites.

Generic Character.-A crinoidal animal, with a round or pentagonal column, formed of numerous joints, having sidearms proceeding irregularly from it. On the summit adheres a saucer-shaped pelvis of five pieces, on which are placed in successive series five costal plates, five scapula, and an intervening plate. From each scapula proceeds one arm, having two hands. Locality, transition and mountainlimestone strata. (Miller.)

Example. Cyathocrinites planus.

Description. A crinoidal animal, with a round column formed of numerous depressed joints, articulating by radiating surfaces, and perforated by an alimentary canal, pentagonal near the pelvis, which becomes round further from it. From each of the scapula, which rest on the summit of the cup formed by the pelvis and costa, proceeds an arm supporting two hands, each being provided with two series of fingers. Locality, Clevedon, in the magnesian

beds of the mountain-limestone; at Wood-spring, Black
Rock (14th bed of Dr. Bright's series), near Bristol. (Miller.)
Miller observes, that a specimen had occurred to him
where the columnar joints were alternately smaller and
larger, but that he was not aware whether it possessed suffi-
cient character to be considered a variety of the former spe-
cies. The same author records three other species, and
Goldfuss has added three more, viz. C. pinnatus, C. geo-
metricus, and C. pentagonus.
Actinocrinites.

Generic Character.-A crinoidal animal, with a round

At the summit of the column is placed

column composed of numerous joints, perforated by a round
alimentary canal.
a pelvis formed of three plates, on which five first costals
and one irregular costal adhere, which are succeeded by
the second costals and intercostals and the scapula, from
whence five arms proceed, forming two hands with several
tentaculated fingers. Round side-arms proceed at irregular
distances from the column, which terminates at the base in
a fascicular bundle or root of fibres.

Example. Actinocrinites Triacontadactylus. Thirty

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a, Actinocrinites Triacontadactylus (reduced); b, Body of the same (nat size). (Miller and Buckland.)

fingered, radiated, lily-shaped animal. (Miller.) Rock Plant (Beaumont), Nave Encrinite (Parkinson).

M. Goldfuse describes two other species, S. scrobiculatus (Münster), and S. Juegeri (calcareous) (Goldfuss), from the Jurassic limestone, Baireuth.

Caryocrinites. (Say.)

Description. A crinoidal animal, with a round column formed of many joints, on whose summit is placed a pelvis of three plates supporting five hexagonal and one pentagoGeneric Character.-Pelvis of four plates. Costal plates nal costal plate, on which the second costals, intercostals, and scapulae, in series adhere, the latter sending off five six. Column not dilated. Alimentary canal round. Ararms, having each two hands provided with three fingers. ticulating surface of the columnar joints radiated. AuxilColumn sending off at irregular distances auxiliary side-iary side-arms cylindrical and placed irregularly. arms, and terminating at the base in a bundle of fibrous elongations resembling roots. Locality, mountain limestone at the villages Broughton and Stokes, in Craven, Yorkshire (Lister, 1674), mountain lime formation of the Mendip Hills (Beaumont), and the Black Rock near Bristol (Miller).

Miller describes another species, A. polydactylus, from the mountain limestone of the Mendip Hills and Caldy Island. De Blainville observes that among the five (seven) new species which Goldfuss refers to this genus, viz. A. granulatus, A. tesseracontadactylus, A. cingulatus, A. muricatus, A. nodulosus, A. moniliferus, and A. tesseratus, A. tesseracontadactylus appears to De Blainville to offer a new combination of the pieces of the test, and even, perhaps, of the ten rays of the root, each division being dichotomous. Melocrinites. (Goldfuss.)

Generic Character.-Column smooth, perforated by a smooth or quinquelobate canal. Auxiliary arms. Pelvis composed of four articulations or pieces. Primary and secondary costals five, hexagonal, alternately placed (sibi invicem impositi). Intercostals five, hexagonal. Scapulæ five, hexagonal, placed upon the costals. Interscapulars four, in the region of the mouth five. Arms five. Mouth at the side of the vertex.

Example. Melocrinites hieroglyphicus. (Goldfuss). Description.-Melocrinites with the articulations or pieces of the cup or calyx nodulous. Locality, mountain lime, calcareum montanum Eifliæ.) Goldfuss records a second species, viz. Melocrinites lævis.

Rhodocrinites. (Miller.)

Generic Character.-A crinoidal animal, with a round and sometimes slightly pentagonal column, formed of numerous joints perforated by a pentapetalous alimentary canal. The pelvis formed of three pieces supporting five square plates, in the spaces of whose lateral bevelled angles five heptagonal first costals are inserted. From the scapula proceeds an arm supporting two hands. (Miller.) Example. Rhodocrinites verus, true rose-like lily-shaped animal. Locality, upper bed, No. 1, and one of the lower beds, No. 15, of Dr. Bright's series, distinguishing the mountain limestone formation along the river Avon near Bristol, the Mendip Hills, Mitchel-Dean, the transition limestone at Dudley. (Miller.)

Goldfuss adds four species, viz. R. gyratus, R. quinquepartitus, R. canaliculatus, and R. echinatus, the last being Encrinus echinatus of Schlotheim.

Eugeniacrinites. (Miller.)

Generic Character.-Superior columnar joint subpentangular, enlarging above, having the five plates of the pelvis adhering to it by a solid anchylosis. Base, column, joints resting on the pelvis, and fingers unknown. (Miller.) Example, Eugeniacrinites quinquangularis (Miller), Clove Encrinite of Parkinson, Caryophyllus lapideus, Caryophyllite of Knorr. Locality, Switzerland, at Mount Randen (Knorr); also in the canton Zurich and Schaffhausen. (Miller.) Goldfuss records the following additional species, viz. Eu. caryophyllatus, Eu. nutans, Eu. compressus, Eu. pyriformis, Eu. moniliformis, and Eu. Hoferi. (Münster).

Solanocrinites. (Goldfuss.)

Generic Character.-Column very short, pentagonal, perforated by a pentagonal canal, radiato-rugose at the base, depressed or hollowed out at the sides by the glenoid cavities of the auxiliary arms, articulated with the pelvis by slightly prominent rays which are trochitic and coadunate. Pelvis with five articulations. Scapula, arms? Auxiliary arms of the column thick and close-set. (Goldfuss.)

Example. Solanocrinites costatus. (Goldfuss.) Description.-S. with a turbinated column, 10 or 15ribbed longitudinally; articulations of the pelvis linear. Silicified. Locality, Wirtemberg Jurassic limestone. (Goldfuss.)

P. C., No. 580.

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Example. Caryocrinites ornatus.

Description.-Costals, four pentagonal and two hexagonal. Column inserted into a cavity at the base of the pelvis: pelvis rather large; two of the plates quadrangular, attenuated to the base, where they are truncated and a little recurved at the junction with the column; disks, particularly towards the base, granulated, with a distinct lar, attenuated to the base, where they are truncated and a elevated interrupted line; two remaining plates pentangulittle recurved at the junction with the column; disk with elevated granules, and with two elevated interrupted lines extending to the terminal angles: costals, four pentagonal and two hexagonal, all with elevated interrupted lines, radiating from the centre to the angles, with a series of truncated granules on each side, and a few granules in the intervening spaces; interscapulars, two hexagonal, situated immediately above the hexagonal costals; scapulars six pentagonal, the upper sides of which are more or less irregular by projecting a little between the scapulæ, all with prominent lines granulated, similar to those of the preceding: arms six: capital plates with a heptagonal one in the middle, surrounded by five heptagonal plates and two irregular ones at the mouth: mouth not prominent, situated on one side of the middle, a little within the line of the arms, closed by small valvular pieces, its inferior side resting on the superior angle of one of the scapulars. Longitudinal diameter from three quarters to one inch and a half; transverse diameter from seven tenths to one inch and two fifths. Mr. Say, who gives this description, records and describes another species with one of the costals hexagonal, viz. C. loricatus. Locality: Found by Dr. Bigsby loose n brown clay at the foot of the ravine at Lockport, in which the New York canal mounts the parallel ridge of Lake Ontario.

Marsupites (Mantell), Marsupiocrinites (De Blainville). Generic Character. - Body regular, oval, bursiform, rounded at the dorsal extremity, truncated and flattened at the other, enveloped in a sort of shell or test composed of great polygonal plates, articulated to each other, one centrodorsal, and three rows superposed, of which the terminal one supports ten simple rays. Mouth in the midst of four squamiform pieces. Stem none. This is De Blainville's character; the following is Miller's:-An unattached animal with a subglobose body containing the viscera protected by calcareous plates, of which that in the centre at the base is angular, having a series of costal plates resting on it, admitting intercostals at their superior angles, these giving insertion to the scapulæ from which the arms proceed. Space between the scapulae covered by an integument, protected by numerous small plates.

Example. Marsupites ornatus, ornamented purse-like animal (Miller), Tortoise Encrinite (Parkinson).

Description.-A purse-like* animal, having the central plate at the base of its subglobose body containing the viscera; pentagonal, supporting at its edge five similar costals, which admit at their superior angles five hexagonal intercostals, into the angles of which five scapulae are inserted sending off the arms. All the plates ornamented by ridges proceeding from the centre, and forming angular markings near the corners. Locality, Offham Chalk-pits near Lewes; Clayton Chalk-pits, Hurstpoint, Sussex; Preston Chalk-pits, near Brighton (Mantell); Chalk-pits of Kent, and Chalk-pits, near Warminster. (Miller.)

noidea, but considers it as the immediate link between that Mr. Miller does not admit Marsupites among the Cri family and Euryale.

Pentremites. (Say.)

Generic Character. - Column cylindrical, perforated; segments articulating by radiated surfaces, with cylindrical side-arms at irregular intervals; pelvis of three unequal pieces, two pentagonal and one tetragonal; scapulæ large, very profoundly emarginate for the reception of the lips of

Miller's expressiou is a Marsupial animal: this is objectionable when considered in reference to the Vertebrated Marsupialia.

VOL. IX.-3 E

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the radiating ambulacra, obliquely truncated at the extre- separate what Say calls the pelvic scapular and interscamities on each side, for the reception of one side of a sub-pular plates or pieces.' The examination of the new species rhomboidal plate or interscapular; ambulacræ five, radi- however suggested to Mr. Sowerby the probability that ating from the summit, and terminating at the tips of the part of the three unequal pieces which Say calls the pelvis, emarginations of the scapula: each with a longitudinal, in- may in fact prove to be costals, thus evidencing one more dented line, and numerous transverse striæ which termi-relation to the Crinoidea. Mr. Sowerby records and denate in a marginal series of pores, for the transmission of scribes two species, premising that the circumstance of Say's respiratory tubes; summit with five rounded openings (ova- first species, P. Globosa, having been brought from Engries) and an angulated central one (mouth and anus). (Say.) land, led Mr. Sowerby at first to suppose that Say might This singular genus,' observes Mr. Say, is so remotely refer to one of those species that had come into Mr. Sowallied to any hitherto discovered, that I do not think it can, erby's hands. Say's description however in Mr. Sowerby's with propriety, be referred to any family yet instituted. By opinion is so incomplete, and the terms he has used are so its columnar support it is related to the family Crinoidea; vague, that Mr. Sowerby had not been able to ascertain the but the total absence of arms and hands excludes it from fact, but thinks, nevertheless, that Pelvis deep saucerthat very natural group. The superior termination, in shaped convex' may serve to distinguish it from both. Mr. which the ambulacræ, the rounded openings, and the cen- Sowerby's two species are Pentremites Derbiensis from tral angulated one, are situated, has some affinity to the Derbyshire (limestone) and Pentremites elliptica from near family Echinidea (Echinidae), but the columnar support Preston in Lancashire. shows that it cannot be arranged there. Having thus on its inferior portion a resemblance to the Crinoidea, and on its superior surface a decided analogy to the Echinidea, I think it may with propriety form an intermediate family under the following name and characters: Family, Blastoidea. Column composed of numerous articulating seg-last volume of the Zoological Journal,' he describes three ments, supporting at its summit a number of plates, so united as to form a calyciform body containing the viscera; arms none; branchia arranged in ambulacræ. In a natural series their bodies constitute the link between the Crinoidea and the Echinidea, on the one hand; whilst, on the other, the former is unquestionably, but not more obviously M. de Blainville places this genus at the end of the Criconnected with the Stelleridiea (Stellirideans) by the un-noideans. It appears to be the connecting link between equivocal intervention of Comatula and Marsupites. Of all the Crinoidea and the Echinidæ, but to have a much the genera of Crinoidea, it is to Platycrinites that Pentre- stronger relationship to the former than to the latter. Marmite seems most closely related.' supites we consider with Miller, Say, and others, to be the connexion between the true Crinoideans and the Comatulæ. N.B. Goldfuss's Glenotremites paradoxus appears to approximate somewhat to Pentremites.

Mr. Say describes three species, viz. P. globosa, brought from England, and said to have been found in the vicinity of Bath; and P.yriformis and P. florealis, from Kentucky. He gives, as the synonyms of the latter, Kentucky Asterial Fossil (Parkinson), and Encrinites florealis (Schlotheim), as quoted by Miller, and thus proceeds: This is extremely abundant in many parts of Kentucky, and on the margins of the Mississippi in a few places. Near Huntsville they are very numerous; and on the surface of a fragment of rock, three inches long by two and a quarter wide, sent to the Academy by Mr. Hazard of that place, I have enumerated eighteen specimens of this species more or less entire, and two specimens of the preceding species (P. pyriformis). On another still smaller piece of rock are twenty-one specimens, all in alto relievo, two of which are of the preceding species. On a third fragment of rock thirty may be counted, and on a fourth upwards of fifty. That these animals were pedunculated and fixed, there cannot be any doubt. We see at the base of the pelvis a small rounded surface, perforated in the centre for the passage of the alimentary canal, and on the outer margin are very short but distinct radii of elevated lines, evidently intended for articulation with the first joint of the column. The column itself is always found in fragments accompanying the body of the animal, but never attached to it. I think it highly probable that the branchial apparatus communicated with the surrounding fluid through the pores of the ambulacræ by means of filamentous processes: these may also have performed the office of tentacula in conveying the food to the mouth, which was perhaps provided with an exsertile proboscis; or may we not rather suppose that the animal fed on the minute beings that abounded in the sea water, and that it obtained them in the manner of Ascidia, by taking them in with the water. The residuum of digestion appears to have been rejected through the mouth."

Mr. G. B. Sowerby, in a Note on the foregoing paper, together with a description of a new species of Pentremites,' observes, that all the specimens received in this country from Kentucky were changed into a sort of calcedony or chert, a circumstance which has perhaps not only prevented British naturalists from forming a correct judgment of their natural affinities as a family, but appears also to have had the effect of preventing them from recognising the generic resemblance to the species that occur here, which, bearing so much greater a similarity to some of the Echinidæ, has caused some of our naturalists to class them together: for it is observable, he remarks, that of perhaps twenty specimens of the Kentucky Asterial Fossil that he had examined, only one individual showed the sutures that

In a second paper (Zool. Journ., vol. iv.) Mr. Sowerby changes the name to Pentatrematites, and records three more species, viz. P. angulata, P. inflata, and P. oblonga; all from the calamine mines belonging to the duke of Buccleuch, on the Lancashire side of the Hodder; and in the in addition, viz. P. orbicularis, P. acuta, and P. pentangu laris; the last he considers to be the Platycrinites pentangularis of Miller, the arms being imaginary in his figure. Goldfuss describes a species from the transition limestone near Dusseldorf

ENCYCLOPÆDIA. [DICTIONARY.]

ENCYCLOPE'DIE is the name of several general dictionaries of the arts and sciences in the French language. [DICTIONARY.] The first work published under this name was edited by Diderot and D'Alembert, is written in alphabetical order, and is styled 'Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des Sciences, des Arts, et des Métiers,' 17 vols. fol. and 11 vols. plates, Paris, 1751-72, to which are added a Supplement in 4 vols. fol. of text and 1 vol. plates, Paris, 1776-77, and a Table des Matières, or General Index, 2 vols. fol., Paris, 1780, in all 35 vols. folio. For a brief sketch of the history of this work and the judgment which the plan and arrangement, see the preface to the work itself, editor himself passed upon it, see DIDEROT; and for its written by Diderot and D'Alembert. The Encyclopédie exercised a considerable influence on the political as well as religious opinions of the French reading public of the last century. But the incorrectness of many of its articles, and the rashness and dogmatism of many of its propositions becoming notorious, a new Cyclopædia was planned by a society of men of letters, upon a scale of greater magnitude, and on a different arrangement, every branch of learning being treated separately, and the whole being written in general with considerable impartiality, and being more free than the former Encyclopédie from party purposes and prejudices: the title of it is Encyclopédie Méthodique, ou par ordre de Matières.' It is the largest work of the kind ever published, consisting of 201 volumes 4to., including 47 volumes of copper-plates. It began to appear in 1782, and was completed only in 1832, the publication having thus lasted half a century. Each science makes a dictionary of itself in two, three, or more volumes, arranged in alphabetical order, and the whole work is therefore a collection of dictionaries. The principal sciences contained in it are: geography antient and modern, physical geography, mathematics, logic and metaphysics, philosophy, history, theology, jurisprudence, political economy and diplomacy, grammar and literature, commercial science, naval art, military art, antiquities, financial science, chemistry, pharmacy, and metallurgy, natural history, ornithology, history of mammalia, anatomy, physics, botany, medicine, surgery, agriculture, fine arts, architecture, music, &c. Other but inferior works have appeared since in France under the name of Encyclopédie, but the Ency clopédie Méthodique remains the standard work of its kind in the French language.

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ENDEAVOUR STRAIT. [TORRES STRAIT.] ENDE'CAGON, a figure of eleven sides. ENDECA'NDRIA, the ninth class of the Linnæan system of botany, distinguished by having nine stamens separate from each other.

ENDEMIC (ivônμos, endémus, from iv, in or among; and dog, people, that which is among a people). By this word are expressed those peculiar forms of disease which arise spontaneously, as it is termed, in a country or in particular localities, and which are ordinarily produced by the peculiar climate, soil, air, water, &c. Thus, ague is the endemic disease of marshy countries or localities; the swelled throat or bronchocele is endemic in the Alps, and the plica in Poland. The word bears pretty much the same signification in relation to the diseases of a country that the term indigenous does to its plants. It is used in contradistinction to epidemic. [EPIDEMIC.]

ENDIVE, or CICHO'RIUM ENDI'VIA, the parent of all the varieties of garden endive, was introduced to Britain about the beginning of the seventeenth century from the northern provinces of China. It is a species belonging to the narcotic lactescent division of Compositæ, to which it gives the name Cichoraceæ.

There are now many varieties in cultivation, which are divided, by those who have classed them, into two principal groups, Batavian and Curled-leaved; arranging under the former all those with broad ragged leaves, and under the latter those in which the leaves are narrower and curled. The French call the first of these Scaroles and the last Chicorées.

such matters will be able to separate the views that are new from such as have previously been promulgated: others would be little interested in the matter.

Mohl is of opinion that the first year's wood of an exogen is analogous in arrangement to that of an endogen, the woody bundles of each leaf curving upwards and outwards to the base of the leaf, and downwards and outwards towards the bark, crossing through those which have been previously developed.

For convenience we will take the phænomena of growth in a palm-tree as typical of the endogenous structure. In the beginning the embryo of a palm consists of a cellular basis, in which a certain number of cords of ligneous fibre are arranged circularly (fig. A, p. 396), down the radicle, deriving their origin from the plumule. Immediately subsequent to germination, and as soon as the rudimentary leaves of the plumule begin to lengthen, spiral vessels appear in their tissue in connection with the ligneous cords; the latter increase in quantity as the plant advances in growth, shooting downwards though the cellular tissue, and keeping parallel with the outside of the root. At the same time the cellular tissue increases in diameter to make room for the descending ligneous cords (or woody bundles, as they are also called). At last a young leaf is developed with a considerable number of such cords proceeding from its base downwards, and, as its base passes all round the plumule, consequently passing downwards alike on all sides of the centre that it surrounds. Within this a second leaf gradually unfolds, the cellular tissue increasing horizontally at the same time; the ligneous cords, however, soon cease to As it is the leaves of this plant, and not its flowers or maintain any thing like a parallel direction, but curve outseed, which are used in culinary operations, it is necessary wards as they pass downwards, losing their extremities in to be particular as to the time of sowing; for if sown early the roots, or in the cellular integument on the outside of in spring, it will, instead of forming fine leaves, produce the first circle of cords (fig. A); at the same time the second flowers and seed, and so frustrate the object of the culti-leaf pushes the first leaf a little from the centre towards vator. A little seed may be sown in the beginning of May the circumference of the plane or cone of growth; the confor early use; but for a general crop, throughout the sequence of which is that the ligneous cords next the base months of June, July, to the middle of August, will be of the first leaf are drawn a little outwards, and form defound to be the proper time for sowing. The soil upon scending axes which henceforwards are found at first to which the endive is sown or planted should be light and curve inwards towards the centre of the young stem, and ch. After the plants are strong enough to be removed afterwards outwards towards its circumference. In this from the seed-bed and planted out where they are intended manner leaf after leaf is developed, the horizontal cellular to remain, various methods are practised in order to blanch system enlarging all the time, and every successive leaf, as the leaves. Some gardeners plant in drills two or three it forms at the growing point, emitting more woody bundles inches deep, and earth up the plants as they grow; others, curving downwards and outwards, and consequently interafter they are fully grown, cover them with flower-pots or secting the older arcs at some place or other; the result of something of that description, and so exclude the light; this is that the first formed leaf will have the upper end of while others again simply tie the leaves close together with the arcs which belong to it longest and much stretched a piece of matting, when the same result is obtained. The outwardly, while the youngest will have the arcs the effect of thus blanching the plants is not merely to render straightest; and the appearance produced in the stem will the endive colourless when employed as salad, but to be that of a confused entanglement of woody bundles in the diminish its natural bitterness, which in its concentrated midst of a quantity of cellular tissue. As the stem extends state would render it unfit for food. its cellular tissue longitudinally while this is going on, the woody arcs are consequently in proportion long, and in fact usually appear to the eye as if almost parallel, excepting here and there, where two arcs abruptly intersect each other. As in all cases the greater number of arcs curve outwards as they descend, and eventually break up their ends into a multitude of fine divisions next the circum ference, where they form a cortical integument, it will follow that the greater part of the woody matter of the stem will be collected near the cumference, while the centre is kept comparatively open, and will consist chiefly of cellular tissue; and when, as in many palms, the stem has a limited circumference, beyond which it is its specific nature not to distend, the density of the circumference must, it is obvious, be proportionably augmented. It is however a mistake to suppose that the great hardness of the circumference of old palm wood is owing merely to the presence of augBut that this peculiarity is also extended to a consider-menting matter upon a fixed circumference; this will able part of the vegetable kingdom is a modern fact, the account but little for the phenomena. We find that the discovery of which we owe to the French naturalists Dau- woody bundles next the circumference are larger and benton and Desfontaines. The path being thus opened, harder than they originally were, and consequently we must the inquiry has subsequently, and more particularly of late suppose that they have the power of increasing their own years, been much extended, especially by Professor Mohl, diameter subsequent to their first formation, and that they in an elaborate essay upon the anatomy of palms. In also act as reservoirs of secretions of a hard and solid the following observations we shall be found to differ in nature, after the manner of the heartwood of exogens. some respects from all the previous writers upon this subject, but at the same time a considerable part of our statements will necessarily be in accordance with those of one observer or another. We do not think it advisable, except here and there, to interrupt the thread of our argument by any references to these discrepancies; the reader learned in

Endive-plants are impatient of wet in cold weather, being apt to rot in open situations. Care, therefore, should be taken to protect them by mats or boards upon the approach of winter.

In this country the cut-leaved or curled' endive is preferred for table; but the dwarf white Batavian endive is much more delicate and agreeable to the palate.

E'NDOGENS. One of the large primary classes into which the vegetable kingdom is divided bears this name in consequence of its new woody matter being constantly developed in the first instance towards the interior of the trunk, only curving outwards in its subsequent course downwards. That palm-trees grow in this way was known so long since as the time of Theophrastus, who distinctly speaks of the differences between endogenous and exogenous wood.

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When the growth of the stem of an endogen goes on in this regular manner, with no power of extending horizontally beyond a specifically limited diameter, a stem is formed, the transverse section of which presents the appearance shown in the following cut.

There is a number of curved spots crowded together in a 3 E 2

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