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confused way, most thick and numerous at the circumference, comparatively small and thinly placed at the centre; and the only regular structure that is observable with the naked eye is that the curves always present their convexity to the circumference.

When there is no limited circumference assigned by nature to an endogen, then the curved spots, which are sections of the woody arcs, are much more equally arranged, and are less crowded at the circumference. Never is there any distinct column of pith, or medullary rays, or concentric arrangement of the woody arcs; nor does the cortical integument of the surface of endogenous stems assume the character of bark, separating from the wood below it; on the contrary, as the cortical integument consists very much of the finely divided extremities of the woody arcs, they necessarily hold it fast to the wood, of which they are themselves prolongations, and the cortical integument can only be stripped off by tearing it away from the whole surface of the wood, from which it does not separate without leaving myriads of little broken threads behind.

We therefore do not understand Professor Mohl when he asserts that the young wood of an exogen is the same as that of an endogen, and that they principally differ in exogens forming new wood between the old wood and liber, while endogens produce separate cords of woody tissue. On the contrary, exogens are, from the beginning of their growth, extremely different, collecting their woody cords in a parallel manner between those horizontal prolongations of the cellular system called medullary rays; there are no arcs developed; the cortical integument is altogether separate from the woody system, without any breaking off of the woody tubes; and, finally, there is a distinct column of cellular medulla, around which the wood itself is more or less concentrically disposed. We know very well that the disposition to form woody arcs in the pith, in addition to the concentric wood, which is so very conspicuous in Zamia, is also found elsewhere, as in Piper; and that something like it, although far from being correctly understood by Schultz, occurs in the pith of certain nyctaginaceous plants, as well as in elder, where it has been noticed by Henslow; but these cases are far from showing anything like identity between endogens and exogens, as will be more particularly explained in another place. [EXOGENS.]

While however we object to Mohl's identification of exogens and endogens, as most forced and unnatural, and essentially at variance with observation, we are far from adopting the language of Link, who calls a palm stem a cauloma, as if it were not a stem at all. That there is in the stem of an endogen and an exogen the same elementary matter, that the woody bundles of the former are analogous to the woody plates of the latter, that the function of their stems, although not made out with much precision, is nevertheless essentially similar, are facts about which we cannot anticipate any dispute, and therefore the new term cauloma, as distinguished from caulis, is just as superfluous as the old name of frond as distinguished from leaf.

In many of the larger kinds of endogens the stem increases principally by the development of a single terminal bud, a circumstance unknown in exogens, properly so called. In many however, as all grasses, the ordinary growth takes place by the full development of axillary buds in abundance.

In general there is so great a uniformity in the structure of an endogenous stem that the common cane or asparagus illustrate its peculiarities sufficiently. There are however anomalous states that require explanation.

Grasses are endogens with hollow stems strengthened by transverse plates at the nodes. This is seen in the bamboo,

whose joints are used as cases to hold rolls, or in any of our indigenous species. In this case the deviation from habitual structure is owing to the circumference growing faster than the centre, the consequence of which is the tearing the latter into a fistular passage, except at the nodes, where the arcs of ligneous tissue originating in the leaves cross over from one side of the stem to the other, and by their entanglement and extensibility prevent the possibility of any rupture taking place. That this is so is proved by the fact that the stems of all grasses are solid, or nearly so, as long as they grow slowly; and that it is when the rapidity of their development is much accelerated that they assume their habitual fistular character. Independently of that circumstance their organization is quite normal.

Xanthorhea hastilis has been shown by De Candolle to have an anomalous aspect. When cut through transversely, the section exhibits an appearance of medullary rays proceeding with considerable regularity from near the centre to the very circumference. (Organographie Végétale, t. 7.) But such horizontal rays are not constructed of muriform cellular tissue like real medullary processes, but are composed of ligneous cords lying across the other woody tissue; they are in fact the upper ends of the woody arcs pulled from a vertical into a horizontal direction by the growth of the stem and the thrusting of the leaves to which they belong from the centre to the circumference. Such a case throws great light upon the real nature of the more regular forms of endogenous wood.

Other appearances are owing to imperfect development, as in some of the aquatic species of this class. Lemna, for example, has its stem and leaves fused together into a small lenticular cavernous body; and in Zannichellia and others, a few tubes of lengthened cellular tissue constitute almost all the axis; but the examination of such cases is comparatively unimportant, and would lead too much into details of subordinate interest.

By far the most striking kind of anomaly in the stem of endogens is that which occurs in Barbacenia, and which has been already slightly noticed by the writer of this sketch. (Nat. Syst. of Botany, p. 334.) It is so very important that we shall describe it more particularly on this occasion. In an unpublished species of Barbacenia from

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Rio Janeiro, allied to B. purpurea, the stems appear externally like those of any other rough-barked plant, only that their surface is unusually fibrous and ragged when old,

I

and closely coated by the remains of sheathing leaves when young. Upon examining a transverse section of it, the stem is found to consist of a small firm pale central circle having the ordinary endogenous organization, and of a large number of smaller and very irregular oval spaces pressed closely together but having no organic connection; between these are traces of a chaffy ragged kind of tissue which seems as if principally absorbed and destroyed. (See fig. A.)

A vertical section of the thickest part of this stem exhibits, in addition to a pale central endogenous column, woody bundles crossing each other or lying parallel, after the manner of the ordinary ligneous tissue of a palm stem (fig. B), only the bundles do not adhere to each other, and are not embodied as usual in a cellular substance. These bundles may be readily traced to the central column, particularly in the younger branches (fig. C), and are plainly the roots of the stem, of exactly the same nature as those aerial roots which serve to stay the stem of a screw pine (Pandanus). When they reach the earth the woody bundles become more apparently roots, dividing at their points into fine segments, and entirely resembling on a small scale the roots of a palm-tree. The central column is much smaller at the base of the stem than near the upper extremity.

Nothing can well show more distinctly than this, that the woody bundles of an endogenous stem are a sort of root emitted by the leaves, plunging down through their whole length into the cellular substance of the stem in ordinary cases; but in barbacenia soon quitting the stem and continuing their course downwards on the outside. The observation of Du Petit Thouars, that when dracenas push forth branches, each of the latter produces from its base a quantity

of fibres, which are interposed between the cortical integu ment and the body of the wood, forming a sort of plaster analogous to what is found in the graft of an exogen; and that of the fibres just mentioned the lowermost have a tendency to descend, while those originating on the upper side of the branch turn downwards and finally descend also; that observation had already rendered the above-mentioned conclusion probable. The case of barbacenia can scarcely leave a doubt upon the subject, and leads to the important conclusion that the theory of the wood of exogens being also a state of roots belonging to the leaves of the stem, is well founded also.

The age of endogenous trees has been little studied. When the circumference of their stem is limited specifically, it is obvious that their lives will be limited also; and hence we find the longevity of palms inconsiderable when compared with that of exogenous trees. Two or three hundred years are estimated to form the extreme extent of life in a date palm and in many others. But where, as in Dracena, the degree to which the stem will grow in diameter is indefinite, the age seems, as in exogens, to be indefinite also thus a famous dragon tree, Dracaena Draco, of Oratava in Teneriffe, was an object of great antiquity so long ago as A. D. 1402, and is still alive.

Important as the character furnished by the internal manner of growth of an endogen obviously is, it is much enhanced in value by its being found very generally accompanied by peculiarities of organization in other parts. The leaves have in almost all cases the veins placed in parallel lines, merely connected by transverse single or nearly single bars. Straight-veined foliage is therefore an external symptom of an endogenous mode of growth. When such an appearance is found in exogens it is always fallacious,

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ENDOGENOUS VEGETATION.

ialmarea. consisting of Cocos capitata (a); Manicaria saccifera (); Iriartea ventricosa (f). Pandanacea, represented by Pandanus odoratissimus (c); Muaced by Musa Sapientum (d); Graminacee, by Bambusa arundinacea (e); and arborescent Amaryllidacea, by Agave Americana (g). The fore and back grounds are composed of small palms, grasses, rashes, and liaceous plants,

and is found to be owing to the excessive size and peculiar | tolochia and the equally livid, foetid, one-sided spathe of direction of a few of the larger veins, and not to be a general araceous endogens, or, in another point of view, between character of all the venous system; as is sufficiently obvious such lenticular plants as lemna in endogens, with the in Plantago lanceolata, Gentiana lutea, and many more. leaves and stems fused, as it were, together, and similar The flowers too of endogens have in most cases their forms of stem and leaf among marchantiaceous acrogens. sepals, petals, and stamens corresponding with the number With regard to really intermediate forms of vegetation three, or clearly referrible to that type; and the pistil usu- connecting endogens with other classes, they are extremely ally participates in the same peculiarity. Where such a uncommon. One of the most striking is that which occurs proportion exists in exogens, it is usually confined to the between Ranunculaceae and Nymphæace on the part of sepals and petals by themselves, or to the pistil by itself, exogens, and Alismaces and Hydrocharacea on that of not extending to the other organs. In endogens it is endogens; if Ranunculus lingua, or better R. parnassifolius, almost universal in all the whorls of the flower, although is contrasted with Alisma plantago, or Damasonium, leaving sometimes obscured by the abortion, dislocation, or cohesion out of consideration subordinate differences, it will be found of particular parts, as happens in the whole of the extensive that there is little of a positive nature to distinguish them natural order of grasses. except the albuminous dicotyledonous seeds of the former as compared with the exalbuminous monocotyledonous seeds of the latter; and the resemblances between Hydropeltis and Hydrocharis in the other case, are so very great that Schultz and others actually refer them to the same class. Endogens probably contain more plants contributing to the food of man, and fewer poisonous species in proportion to their whole number, than exogens. Grasses, with their floury albumen, form a large portion of this class, to which have to be added Palms yielding fruit, wine, sugar, sago, Aracea, Marantaceæ, some Amaryllidaceæ, &c., producing arrow-root, the nutritious fruit of the plantains, the aroand Dioscoreaceæ, the mothers of yams. Among the deleterious species we have little worth notice beyond the poisonous mucilage in the bulbs of certain Amaryllidacea, and the acrid secretions of Araceæ.

The effect of the manner of growth in endogens is to give them a very peculiar appearance. Their trunks frequently resemble columns rising majestically with a plume of leaves upon their summit; and the leaves, often very large-the fan-shaped leaves of some palms are from 20 to 30 feet wide-have most commonly a lengthened form, resembling a sword blade if stiff, or a strap if weak and broad. A landscape consisting entirely of endogens would have such an appearance as is presented by the cut in the preceding page.

What proportion endogens bear to the whole vegetable kingdom is unknown. De Candolle computes the proportions of the three great classes into which plants used to be divided, thus:

Exogens, or Dicotyledons
Endogens, or Monocotyledons
Acrogens, or Acotyledons

These peculiarities are connected with others belonging to endogenous vegetation in its most rudimentary condition.matic secretions of Zingiberaceæ, Orchidacea forming salep, The embryo of an endogen is, in its commonest state, a small undivided cylinder, which protrudes from within its substance a radicle from one end and a plumule from a little above the radicle; in other cases its embryo has a slit on one side, in the cavity of which the plumule reposes, or, finally, the embryo is a flat plate as in grasses, with the plumule and radicle attached to its face near the base. In the latter case the flat plate is a solitary cotyledon, which, in the second instance, is folded together so as to give the embryo the appearance of being slit, and which in the first, or most habitual, condition is not only folded up, but united at its edges into a case entirely burying the płumule and cotyledon. Hence the embryo of an endogen is called monocotyledonous; a name that is really unexceptionable, notwithstanding the occasional appearance of a second rudimentary cotyledon, as occurs in common wheat. It has already been stated that the radicle is protruded in germination from within the substance of the embryo; the base of the radicle is consequently surrounded by a minute collar formed of the edges of the aperture produced by the radicle upon its egress. For this reason exogens are called endorhizal.

Hence the great natural class of plants forming the subject of these remarks has five most important physiological peculiarities, by all which combined, or usually by each of which separately, the class may be characterized. 1. The wood is endogenous.

2. The leaves are straight-veined.

3. The organs of fructification are ternary 4. The embryo is monocotyledonous.

5. The germination is endorhizal.

636

144

220

1000

But these numbers can only be regarded as loose approximations to the truth.

In these, as in all other large groups, we find the extremes of development so exceedingly far apart, that one would be almost tempted to doubt the possibility of their being mere forms of each other, were it not certain that numerous traces exist in the vegetable kingdom of a frequent tendency to produce the typical structure of a natural association of whatever kind in both an exaggerated and degraded state, if such figurative terms may be employed in science. For instance, the genus Ficus contains some species creeping on the ground like diminutive herbaceous plants, and others rising into the air to the height of 150 feet, overspreading with the arms of their colossal trunks a sufficient space of ground to protect a multitude of men; the type of organization in the willow is in like manner represented on the one hand by the tiny Salix herbacea, which can hardly raise its head above the dwarf moss and saxifrages that surround it; and on the other by Salix alba, a tree sixty feet high. Then among natural orders we have the Rosaceous structure, exaggerated, on the one hand, into the arborescent Pomeæ, and degraded, on the other, into the apetalous imperfect Sanguisorbeæ; the Onagraceous type, highly developed in Fuchsia, and almost obliterated in Halorage; the Urticaceous, in excess in Artocarpus, and most imperfect in Ceratophyllum; grasses, presenting the most striking differences of perfection between the moss-like Knappia, and Bamboos a hundred feet high; and the Liliaceous occurs in equally different states of development, when asparagus is compared with the Dragon-tree, or an autumnal squill with an arborescent Yucca. So, in like manner, we find at one extreme of the organization of the class of Endogens, palms, plantains, and arborescent liliaceous plants, and at the other, such submersed plants as Potamogeton, Zannichellia, and duckweed, the latter of which has not even the distinction of leaf and stem, and bears its flowers, reduced to one carpel and two stamens, without either calyx or corolla-therefore at the minimum of reduction, if to remain flowers at all-in little chinks in its edges.

This explains why Endogens are also called Monocoty ledons and Endorhiza; they have moreover been called Cryptocotyledone by Ágardh, Acroblasta by Reichenbach, and Caulophyte by the school of Oken; but these names have been given upon mere hypothetical grounds, and are not of sufficient importance to deserve explanation in this place. It may however be readily supposed that, viewed as a large class of plants, Endogens are essentially characterized only by the combination of these five peculiarities, and that occasional deviations may occur from every one of them. Thus in Nais, Caulinia, Zannichellia, and others which constitute a part of what Professor Schultz names Homorganous floriferous plants, the whole organization of the stem is so imperfect that the endogenous character is lost; but their true nature is nevertheless sufficiently indicated by their straight veins, monocotyledonous embryo, &c. Again, in Smilax, the common reticulated leaves of exogens are found; but the endogenous stem, the ternary organs of fructification, the embryo and germination of that order, are all good evidence of its real nature; and so with other cases. Such occurrences are instances of endogenous development tending towards the exogenous, and are usually looked The classification of endogens is not a subject upon which upon as cases of transition from one form to the other there is any very great diversity of opinion among botanists; perhaps not very correctly. Of this nature are the resem-if the natural orders are sometimes not distinctly limited, blancos between the columnar Cycadaceous Gymnosperms they are, upon the whole, grouped much better than those and Palms, between the livid, foetid, one-sided calyx of Aris- of exogens; and although it may be expected, whenever

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more positive rules for classification than are yet known shall have been discovered, that great changes will be introduced into this part of systematic botany, yet we do not contemplate the probability of disturbing the limits of the natural orders themselves to any considerable

extent.

According to the views of the writer of this article (Nat. Syst. of Botany, ed. 2, p. 320, &c.), there are six principal groups into which endogens may be divided. Of these, four have the organization of the flowers perfect, there being in all cases a distinct calyx and corolla, and a regular consolidated cotyledon; and two are imperfect, the calyx and corolla being either altogether absent or in an incomplete condition, as in Araceae, where scale-like bodies are all that represent the floral envelopes, or grasses, in which for calyx and corolla are substituted imbricated scales, and the cotyledon is very commonly rolled up without consolidation or actually flat.

The perfect groups consist, firstly, of plants whose leaves are those of exogens, having reticulated veins, a taper footstalk disarticulating from the stem, and the habit of Menispermacea or Aristolochiacea: these form the Retose group; secondly, of straight-veined plants, some of which have a superior and others an inferior ovary: all those with a superior ovary form the Hypogynous group. Those with an inferior ovary separate into two series, of which one has a distinct style and stamens (Epigynosæ), and the other those parts consolidated into a central column (Gynandrosa). The two groups of imperfect endogens are the Spadicose, in which a coloured spatha is usually present, and the flowers either altogether naked or provided only with rudimentary scales: in these plants the cotyledon is rolled up, but its edges are not united, so that it appears to have a slit on one side; and the Glumose, where the flowers have imbricated scales representing the calyx, and frequently minute scales in lieu of a corolla; in these the cotyledon is very usually flat, with the double cone, formed by the plumule and the radicle, adhering to its face at the lower end. The following table presents this arrangement in one view, and shows under which of the groups the different natural orders are stationed. Of all the more important of the latter, some account will be found in this Cyclopædia at the proper places.

ENDOGENS.

* Perfect. Flowers complete. (Cotyledon usually rolled up and consolidated over the plumule and radicle. Group 1. EPIGYNOUS. Zingiberaceæ, Marantace, Musacea, Amaryllidace, Hæmodorace, Burmanniaceae, Taccaceæ, Iridaceæ, Bromeliaceae, Hydrocharaceæ. Group 2. GYNANDROUS. Orchidaceae, Vanillace, Apos

tasiaceæ.

Group 3. HYPOGYNOUS. Palmaceæ, Pontederacea, Melanthacea, Gilliesiaceae, Liliacea, Commelinacea, Butomacea, Alismaceæ, Juncaceae, Philydraceæ. Group 4. RETOSE. Smilaceæ, Dioscoreace, Roxburgh

iaceæ.

**

(Cotyledon not

Imperfect. Flowers incomplete. consolidated, frequently quite flat and open.) Group 5. SPADICOSE. Pandanacea, Cyclanthaceae, Araceae, Acorace, Typhacea, Naiadaceæ, Juncaginaceæ, Pistiaceæ.

Group 6. GLUMOSE. Graminaceæ, Cyperaceæ, Desvauxiacea, Restiaceae (Eriocauleæ), Xyridaceæ. ENDORHIZE. [ENDOGENS.]

ENDORSEMENT. [BILL OF EXCHANGE.] ENDOSMOSE is the attraction through an animal or vegetable membrane of thin fluid by a denser fluid. Mons. Dutrochet found that if he filled the swimming bladder of a carp with thin mucilage and placed it in water, the bladder gained weight by attracting water through its sides: to this phenomenon he gave the name of Endosmose. He also found that if he filled the same bladder with water and placed it in thin mucilage, it lost weight, its contents being partially attracted through its sides into the surrounding mucilage; this counter phenomenon he named Exosmose. The same circumstances were seen to occur in the transmission of fluids through the tissue of plants; it was found possible to gorge parts of vegetables with fluid by merely placing them in water, and to empty them again by rendering the fluid in which they were placed more dense than that which they contained. It was also ascertained that this phenomenon took place with considerable force: Dutrochet says that water thickened with sugar in the pro

portion of 1 sugar to 2 water, was productive of a power of endosmose capable of sustaining a column of mercury of 127 inches, or the weight of 44 atmospheres.

This phænomenon is by its discoverer considered sufficient to explain many of the movements of the fluids both of plants and animals; his first book upon the subject is entitled L'Agent immédiat du Mouvement Vital, dévoilé dans sa nature et dans son mode d'action chez les Végétaux et chez les Animaux, Paris, 1826, and in his numerous more recent writings he sustains the same opinion. To the effects of endosmose he refers the motion of sap; the sleep of leaves; the various directions taken by plants under the influence of external agents, such as turning to the light or away from it; many kinds of irritability; the attraction of fluids to particular points, and the like. That Mons. Dutrochet's arguments are extremely ingenious, and his observations highly curious, no one will deny; but we quite agree with De Candolle, that, supposing this celebrated physiologist's views to be correct, we must still have recoure to vital force as the great and inexplicable cause of all such phænomena. When organic tissue dies, it does not lose its mere hygrometrical powers, nor do its tubes cease their capillarity, but no more vital movement of fluids takes place; yet mere endosmose will take effect through dead membranes, as is proved by the instrument called an endosmometer. We can only then allow endosmose to be one of the powers which, in combination with vital force, assists in producing some of the phenomena of life.

Dutrochet considers endosmose to be owing to what he calls intercapillary electricity, grounding his opinion partly upon the experiment of Porret, who found that when two liquids of different levels are separated by a membrane, they may be brought to a level by establishing an electrical current between the two, thus rendering the membrane permeable; and partly upon experiments of his own. But M. Poisson, on the contrary, has demonstrated that endos mose may be the result of capillary attraction joined to differences in the affinity of heterogeneous substances. (Ann. de Chim., 1827, v. 35, p. 98.)

ENEMATA. [CLYSTERS]

ENFEOFFMENT. [FEOFFMENT.]

ENFIELD, WILLIAM, was born at Sudbury, in Suffolk, on March 29, 1741, of humble but truly respectable parents. The disadvantages of his early education, arising from the condition of life in which he was born, were made amends för, in a great degree, by a fondness for reading and incessant labour towards improving his mind. This disposition to literary application introduced him to the notice of Mr. Hextall, the dissenting minister of the place, who kindly and judiciously directed him in his studies. Mr. Hextall's encouragement and advice led to his devoting himself to the Christian ministry. In his seventeenth year he was admitted to the Academy or Dissenting College at Daventry, then conducted by the Rev. Dr. Ashworth. Here he passed through the usual course of study of five years, and was distinguished for his habitual diligence and for an unusual facility and elegance of composition. It was here also that he, with some others of his fellow-students, were among the first of the dissenting ministry who formed the design of making Christian morality the principal object of their discourses, rather than points of faith or the dogmas of sectarianism.

Immediately on leaving the Academy, he was invited to the office of minister to the congregation of Benn's Garden, in Liverpool. In 1767 he married Mary, the only daughter of Mr. Holland, draper in Liverpool; a connexion which constituted his principal happiness for the rest of his life. In 1768 and 1770 he published two volumes of sermons, which were very favourably received. One of these volumes, now scarce, is rather remarkable for being embellished with vignette sketches illustrative of the subject of each discourse, from the pencil of Fuseli.

He took his leave of Liverpool on being invited to the office of tutor in the belles lettres and resident conductor of the discipline at the academy of Warrington. These offices he accepted in conjunction with that of minister to the dissenting congregation of Warrington. Of Dr. Enfield's qualifications for the office of tutor in the belles lettres there could be no doubt; but if, as was supposed, his mild disposition and amiable manners disqualified him for a disciplinarian, it must in justice be acknowledged that sterner deportment and stricter discipline have also failed in preserving dissenting academical institutions from the

fate that has so frequently attended them. The degree of doctor of laws was obtained from Edinburgh for him and others of the tutors by the trustees of the academy.

Of Dr. Enfield's industry some idea may be formed from the following list of the works which he published during his residence at Warrington and in the midst of his other various and important occupations

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The Preacher's Directory,' 4to., 1771. The English Preacher; a Collection of Sermons abridged and selected from various Authors,' 9 vols. 12mo., 1773. An Essay towards the History of Liverpool, principally from the Papers of Mr. George Perry,' fol., 1774. Observations on Literary Property,' 4to., 1774. The Speaker; or Miscellaneous Pieces selected from the best English Writers, for the purposes of Reading and Speaking,' 8vo. 1774. Biographical Sermons on the Principal Characters of the Old and New Testament,' 12mo., 1777. Exercises in Elocution, being a Sequel to the Speaker,' 8vo., 1781. A Translation of Rosignol's Elements of Geometry,' 8vo. 'Institutes of Natural Philosophy, Theoretical and Experimental,' 4to., 1783. And besides these, various occasional sermons. 'Several of the above,' as Dr. Aikin observes, belong to the humble but useful class of compilations; yet in them he found occasion to display the elegance of his taste and the soundness of his judgment.' The Speaker' was one of the first, and is still, perhaps, one of the best selections from our English classical writers.

After the dissolution of the academy, Dr. Enfield remained two years at Warrington, occupied in the education of private pupils, and in his duties as minister of the congregation. In 1785 he accepted an invitation from the Octagon dissenting congregation at Norwich. He first settled at the village of Thorpe, where he received private pupils, and afterwards removed to Norwich, where, at length, he devoted his whole time to literary occupations and his official duties. It was during his residence at Norwich, that besides being engaged as a writer in the Monthly and Analytical Reviews, he undertook an abridgment of Brucker's History of Philosophy,' in 2 vols., 4to. In this task he was kindly encouraged by Dr. Bagot, at that time bishop of Norwich, and accommodated by him with books from Cambridge and from his own library.

Dr. Enfield published also while at Warrington another small volume of sermons on the principal characters of the Old and New Testament; and Dr. Aikin says, that while there he drew up a series of discourses on the principal incidents and moral precepts of the gospel, in which he displayed both his talents as a commentator and his skill in expanding into general lessons of conduct those hints and particular observations which occur in the sacred narratives. This work was not published, but a selection of twenty sermons from it forms the last of three volumes of discourses which were published after his decease by subscription for the benefit of his widow: and these productions of his maturer years will be found much superior to those sermons which were given to the world at an early period of his life. The series of discourses on the gospels was written chiefly, if not altogether, at Norwich.

Dr. Enfield was also a frequent contributor to the Monthly Magazine at its commencement, in which the papers under the title of the Enquirer' are mostly from his pen. His last literary undertaking was that of a General Biographical Dictionary, in conjunction with one of his oldest and most valued friends, Dr. John Aikin. He resided at Norwich till his death, which, after a short but painful illness, took place on November 3rd, 1797, in the fifty-seventh year of his age.

As a sermon-writer, Dr. Enfield obtained so great a reputation as not only to be applied to for assistance by his less industrious dissenting brethren, but also, through the agency of a London bookseller, by several of the clergy of the Establishment, for sermons on particular occasions, for which he was liberally remunerated.

As a preacher, his manner of delivery was, as Dr. Aikin characterizes it, grave and impressive, affecting rather a uniform dignity than a variety of expression. It was entirely free from what is called tone, and though not highly animated, was by no means dull, and never careless or indifferent.

As a companion, he was universally esteemed in every situation, and at every period of his life. That influential intercourse with a congregation, formerly considered a more essential part of the duty of a dissenting minister than it now is, in the case of Dr. Enfield, who never assumed the

priest, had uniformly a beneficial tendency. He was one whose entrance into any society of those who knew him instantly diffused pleasure. In small parties he frequently exhibited the rare talent of good reading, and with equal effect in the humorous and the pathetic. Both at Warrington and at Norwich he was instrumental in forming societies for the free discussion of the most interesting topics, without limitation or exclusion. He thus did much towards delighting, elevating, and refining the circle in which he moved; and the mildness and amiability of his disposition and manners aided the gentle and unobtrusive influence of his benevolent heart.

ENFIELD. [MIDDLESEX.]

ENFILADE is the denomination applied to a fire of artillery or musketry when made in the direction of an enemy's line of troops, or to that which is made from any battery to the interior of an enemy's rampart or trench, and in the direction of its length. When an artillery fire is so employed by the besiegers of a fortress, the intention is to dismount the guns of the defenders; and this end it accomplishes with more certainty than if the fire were directed from the front towards the mouths of the embrasures, both because the side of a gun-carriage presents a larger surface than the muzzle of the piece to the action of the shot, and because the same shot may take effect against two or more guns placed upon the same line of rampart. An enfilading fire of artillery is also used by the besiegers to destroy the palisades or other obstacles behind a glacis, and to prevent the defenders from remaining at their parapets. When employed by the defenders of a fortress, it is intended to sweep any of the besiegers' trenches which may from necessity, or through the fault of the engineer, lie in a direction tending towards some part of the ramparts of the fortress. The destructive effects of an enfilading fire, when directed against the guns on a rampart, are diminished by constructing traverses across the rampart at intervals, or by placing the guns in blindages. And, to avoid such fire in the trenches of the besiegers, the practice is to form those trenches in zig-zag directions, tending alternately to the right and left of the general line of the approaches, so that, if produced, they may fall on the exterior of all the ramparts from whence a fire might be directed towards the ap proaches: when this is not possible it becomes necessary to raise traverses in such trenches as are thus exposed to the fire.

In Sir John T. Jones's Journals of the Sieges in Spain, there is given an account of the ingenious attempt made by a French corporal to cause one of the trenches of the besiegers before Badajos to be enfiladed by the guns of the fortress: the man contrived secretly in the evening to displace on the ground the tracing cord which the British engineer had stretched in order to indicate the intended direction of the trench; and the attempt only failed because the officer who came on duty for the night accidentally discovered, before darkness came on, the error in the position of the line. [RICOCHET.]

ENFRANCHISEMENT. [COPYHOLD.]

ENGADIN, the valley of the Upper Inn in the canton of the Grisons, in Eastern Switzerland, runs from southwest to north-east, from the sources of the Inn at the foot of Mount Maloya to the defile of Finstermünz, where the Inn enters the Tyrol, a length of about 50 miles. It is the largest valley in Switzerland next to the Valais, and one of the finest; it lies between two massive and lofty ridges of the Rhætian Alps, both of which branch off from Mount Maloya. The northern ridge, which contains the summits known by the names of Julier (6800 feet), Albula (7200), Scaletta (8000), Fluela, Piz Linnard, Selvretta, &c., divides the waters of the Inn from those of the Albula, the Lanquart, and the Iller, which flow into the Rhine. The southern range consists of the Monte dell' Oro (8000 feet), the Bernina (6200), the Casanna, the Fraele, the Piz Pisogg, Sursas, Pizlat, &c., and divides the valley of the Inn from that of the Adda, called also Valtelina, and from the valley of the Upper Etsch or Adige in the Tyrol. More than twenty transverse valleys open into the longitudinal valley of Engadin. The width of the plain which forms the bottom of the valley of Engadin is from one to two miles in its widest parts, but it is much narrower in many places.

The slopes of the mountains are covered with forests or pastures. The cultivated grounds produce some barley, rye, and oats, potatoes, turnips, peas, and other vegetables. The Upper Engadin being more elevated than the lower part of the valley, has a keener air and sharper winters,

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