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The Dniester was known to Herodotus (iv. 51), Ovid (Pont. iv. 10, verse 50), and the later Greeks by the name of the Tyras; and it was subsequently called Danastris. DO, in music, the name given by the Italians and the English to the first of the syllables used in solmization, and answering to the ut of the French.

Ice-bound until April; at Kieff they are frozen from | Russian side. The Dniester abounds in fish, particularly January to March only. The river abounds in fish, the sturgeon. There particularly the sturgeon, carp, pike, and shad. are bridges across it at Smolensk and Kieff the latter, which is 1638 paces in length, and constructed with rafts, is removed about the end of October and replaced in the spring, as it would otherwise be destroyed on the breaking up of the ice. This river is the Borysthenes of the Greeks and Danapris of the middle ages. It is first mentioned by Herodotus (iv. 53), who, though professing his ignorance of its source, has shown very clearly that he was well acquainted with the river. He says that it was known for forty days' sail upwards, but no farther: the large fish which he mentions as used for salting is probably the sturgeon. With the exception of the more southerly parts, its banks have long been inhabited by races of Sclavonian origin. Towards the mouth, from the Ross on the right, and the Vorska and Soula on the left bank, the country was for a long time nothing better than a steppe, where the nomadic tribes of the Petcheneges and afterwards of the Poloftis fed their numerous flocks.

DOAB. A word signifying two waters, which is used in Hindustan to denote any tract of land included between two rivers. There are several Doabs in Hindustan, but the district to which the name is most generally applied is situated between the Ganges and the Jumna. This district has its eastern extremity at Allahabad, whence it proceeds in a northwest direction to the hilly country in northern Hindustan, the northern frontier of the district of Saharunpore in the province of Delhi forming its north-western boundary. The length of this tract is more than 500 miles, and its mean breadth about 55 miles; it comprehends the districts of Saharunpore, Merut, Alighur, Furruckabad, Kanoje, Etaweh, Korna, Currah, and Allahabad. The prevailing character of the Doab is flatness and nakedness. A few clusters of trees are occasionally seen near the more considerable villages, but in other places many miles may be passed over without meeting with a tree. The only fuel consists of a low shrubby plant called palass, which is very inferior in quality. The principal productions are millet and barley, sugar, cotton, tobacco, and indigo. The straw of the millet is very serviceable as provender for cattle. One of the chief branches of industry, especially in the northern parts of the Doab, is the manufacture of coarse cotton cloths: the indigo produced is inferior in quality to that of Bengal. The temperature of the air in this part of India is liable to sudden and violent alternations; the range of the thermometer between the morning and afternoon is frequently 30, and sometimes as much as 40 degrees. In April and May, when the hot winds prevail, the thermometer often rises higher than 120 degrees in the shade, and at other seasons the temperature at daybreak is sometimes below the freezing point.

Since the last peace with Turkey and the partition of
Poland, both banks of the Dnieper are become the pro-
perty of Russia. The principal towns on its banks are
Smolensk, Mohileff, Kieff, Ekaterinoslaf, and Cherson.
DNIESTER, DNYSTER, or DNESTR, one of the
principal rivers of European Russia, has its source in
a small lake on the Miedoborczek, one of the north-eastern
declivities of the Carpathian mountains lying in the circle
of Sambor, in the Austrian kingdom of Galicia, and in
about 49° N. lat. Within this kingdom the Dniester
receives the Tismenica, Stry, Swica, Lomnica, and Bis-
tritza, on its southern, and the Lipa, Stripa, and Sered,
on its northern bank. After passing the town of Sam-
bor, it pursues a south-easterly course to Halicz, Ma-
riampol, and Zaleszcyki. Thence it runs in an E.S.E.
direction to Chotym, at the north-western extremity of
Bessarabia, where, leaving the Austrian, it enters the
Russian territory. At Chotym it receives the Podhorze,
which separates Galicia from the government of Podolia, and
thence flows north-east, with numerous windings, to Kame-
niecz, the capital of that government. After passing Kame-
niecz, it has no tributaries of any great importance; the chief
are the Smoritza, Yaurlik, Kurtshugan, Rent, and Botna.
From Kameniecz it runs eastwards to Ushitza, and soon after-
wards flows again south-easterly; forming in its descent to
the Black Sea the boundary line first between Bessarabia
and Podolia, and afterwards between the governments of Bes-
sarabia and Cherson. From Ushitza it passes the towns of
Mohiloff, Yampol, Dubossari, Kishenoff, the once important
fortress of Bender, and Tiraspol, which is on the opposite
bank. It enters the Black Sea by a broad liman, about nine-
teen miles in length and five in breadth, but not more than
seven feet in depth, the mouth of which lies between Aker-
man and Ovidiopol. In front of the mouth is a long neck
of low sand, which the sea, by forcing a passage at several
points, has formed into islets.

The current of the Dniester is exceedingly rapid. The
navigation commences at Halicz, but is interrupted at
Porohy, two miles below Yampol, by two considerable falls
and several whirlpools; and it does not become free again
until it reaches Bender. As far as Old Sambor it flows
through a deep broad valley, which afterwards expands on
its eastern bank into an extensive plain; while on its right
bank it is occasionally skirted by offsets from the Car-
pathian chain, varying from 180 to 250 feet in height.
These elevations accompany its course as low down as Cho-
tym, from which point it flows through an open flat country.
The bed is muddy, and its waters, which are turbid and of a
yellowish hue, and often broken by masses of rock, are fre-
quently covered with foam; they rise and fall several times
in the course of the day. The direct distance between the
source of the Dniester and its mouth, is estimated at about
420 miles, but, including its windings, its whole length is
not less than 510 miles. Its average breadth is said to be
172 paces.

The southern part of the Doab came into the possession of the English in 1801, when it was acquired from the king of Oude. In 1803 the more northern part was ceded to the English by Dowlut Rao Scindia. The population is of a very mixed character, and consists of Jhats, Rajpoots, Patans, Thugs, and various other tribes, who, previous to the acquisition of the country by the English, had been much addicted to plunder, and dacoity or gang robbery was of frequent occurrence: this has since been greatly remedied. Three other districts to which the name of Doab is applied are situated in the province of Lahore. One of these, the Doab or Doaben Barry, is included between the Ravey and Beyah rivers, and contains the cities of Lahore and Amritsir; the second, the Doabeh Jallinder, is included between the Beyah and the Sutleje, and forms the most fertile portion of the Seik terri tory; the third, the Doabeh Rechtna, comprehends the tract between the Ravey and the Chinaub; the principal towns contained in it are Bissolee, Emenabad, and Vizierabad.

DOBOKA (or Doboka-Varmegye), a large county of Transylvania, situated in the north-western part of that principality, and containing an area of about 1138 square miles. The eastern as well as the western parts are very mountainous, and the highest elevations are from 1800 to 2000 feet: the central districts are level, and form a continuation of the great Clausenburg Heide or heath, called by the natives the Mezoeseg. Doboka is traversed by the Little Szamos or Samosch, the Bisztritz, and Schayo. The climate in the higher regions is fresh and salubrious, but heavy and less healthy in the lower. The soil, though sandy and stony, is not unproductive: agriculture is confined chiefly to the midland districts. In the uplands there are excellent pastures, and the mountains are covered with forests, from which much timber is obtained. Some wine is produced, and the stock of horses, horned cattle, sheep, goats, and swine, is considerable. Honey and wax are made in large quantities. In 1778 this county contained 13,478 famiBefore the left bank was in the possession of Russia the lies, and 45,891 inhabitants; the present population is estinavigation of the Dniester was rendered very insecure by mated at about 87,000. There are gold and silver mines, the predatory habits of the Turks and Tartars, but it is now but they are not worked, nor is any advantage taken of the become a safe means of transporting wood, grain, and merresources Doboka possesses in salt. There are 163 villages chandise from the Russian provinces to Odessa. The prin- and 1 town in the county; the latter is called Széék, or cipal places at which vessels load and unload are Stria and Secken, a privileged town with a municipality, and the seat Saletchi on the Austrian, and Zranetz and Dubossari on the of the Tabula Continua, or administrative board of Doboka.

G 2

It lies about twelve miles to the north-east of Clausenburg. The inhabitants derive their subsis ence from their corn-lands and vineyards, but the extensive salt mines in its vicinity are no longer turned to account. Doboka, a Wallachian village to the west of Széék, which gives its name to the whole county, is encircled by mountains. Another spot of much note among the Transylvanians is Apafalva, the original seat of the Apasian princes, who governed all Transylvania from 1661 to 1713.

DOBREE, PETER PAUL, was born in the island of Guernsey in the year 1782. At an early age he was sent to Dr. Valpy's school at Reading, and stayed there till he became an undergraduate of Trinity College in the year 1800. He took his B. A. degree in 1804. He was a candidate for the chancellor's medals, but did not obtain either, having been, it is said, prevented by ill health from doing himself justice in the examination. After being elected a fellow of his college, he continued to reside at Cambridge, devoting himself to classical studies, and enjoying the inti-ingly profitable in proportion to the money expended on macy of Porson, to whom he was devotedly attached, and from whom he derived all the spirit of his scholarship. After Porson's death, the books and MSS. of that great critic were purchased by Trinity College, and the task of editing part of Porson's notes was intrusted to Dobree: he was prevented, however, by illness, a subsequent journey to Spain, and other causes, from publishing the portion of these remains assigned to him till 1820, when he brought out an edition of the Plutus and of all that Porson had left upon Aristophanes, along with some learned notes of his own. In 1822 he published Porson's transcript of the lexicon of Photius. In the following year he was elected Regius professor of Greek. He died on the 24th September, 1825. He was engaged on an edition of Demosthenes at the time of his death: his notes on this and other Greek and Latin authors were collected and published by his successor in 1831. Some of his remarks are very acute, and some of his conjectures most ingenious, but it may be doubted if his friends have consulted his reputation in publishing a number of crude observations, the greater part of which were certainly never intended for the press. As a scholar, Dobree was accurate and fastidious he had some taste, and much common sense, which preserved him from committing blunders. His unwearying industry supplied him with a vast induction of particular observations; but he was unwilling, perhaps unable, to generalise; and on the whole, it must be allowed that he has neither done nor shown a power of doing any thing to justify the extravagant encomiums of some of his friends.

The first wet-dock for commercial purposes made in this kingdom was formed in the year 1708 at Liverpool, then a place of no importance. It has been usual to ascribe to the amount of accommodation for shipping which has since been provided at this port a great part of the prosperity which it exhibits at the present day. That the docks at Liverpool have been and are of immense importance to the trade of the town, and extremely profitable to the corporation to which they belong, cannot be disputed, and that the progress of the trade of Liverpool has been accelerated by their means is highly probable; but that progress seems necessarily to have followed from the extraordinary growth of the manufactures in Lancashire; and as Liverpool is the natural outlet for the export trade of that part of the kingdom, we may suppose that the improvements in question have arisen out of the demands and necessities of commerce rather than that they have been the cause in any considerable degree of the trade itself. The Liverpool docks have been exceedtheir construction. This expense has been much less than such works in general require, the labour of excavating having been in a great measure saved in consequence of their area having been inclosed from the river. For the same reason, the corporation of the town, to whom the docks belong, never had to make any outlay for the purchase of the land; and another great cause of expenditure which has occurred at other places has been avoided at Liverpool, where the docks are simply such, and are not provided with warehouses for storing goods. The dock first constructed, and which went by the name of "The Old Dock," was filled up a few years ago, and the site is now occupied by a very handsome custom-house, which is on the point of being completed (May 1837). Since the Old Dock was first made others have been added at different periods, and at present the margin of the Mersey along the whole extent of the town is occupied by a series of eleven docks, without reckoning one constructed by the late Duke of Bridgewater as an auxiliary to his operations in internal navigation: this work, which is called " The Duke's Dock," is now in possession of the Duke of Bridgewater's executors. The aggregate area of those docks which are the property of the corporation exceeds 100 acres.

DOCK, the common name of many perennial tap-rooted species of the genus Rumex. They do not multiply by division of the root, but their seeds are dispersed in such abundance that they become a serious nuisance in cultivated land if they are not extirpated. The only two methods of doing this, are either by tearing or digging them up, which is so slow as scarcely to be adopted in practical husbandry, or by constantly hoeing up their young shoots; by the latter means they usually may be destroyed in a single summer. DOCK, a place artificially formed for the reception of ships, the entrance of which is generally closed by gates. There are two kinds of docks, dry-docks and wet-docks. The former are used for receiving ships in order to their being inspected and repaired. For this purpose the dock must be so contrived that the water may be admitted or excluded at pleasure, so that a vessel can be floated in when the tide is high, and that the water may run out with the fall of the tide, or be pumped out, the closing of the gates preventing its return. Wet-docks are formed for the purpose of keeping vessels always afloat. The name of dock has sometimes been applied to an excavation from which the water, or a considerable part of it, runs in and out with the tide; but such an excavation is more properly an artificial basin or harbour than a dock. One of the chief uses of a dock is to keep a uniform level of water, so that the business of loading and unloading ships can be carried on without any interruption. Dock-yards belonging to the government usually consist of dry-docks for repairing ships, and of slips on which new vessels are built; besides which they comprize storehouses, in which various kinds of naval stores are kept, and workshops in which different processes subsidiary to ship-building are carried on. For some account of the great Dock-yards of this kingdom the articles CHATHAM, DEVONPORT, PORTSMOUTH, and PLYMOUTH may

be referred to.

The great advantage which the trade of Liverpool has progressively gained from the existence of these docks may be gathered from the following statement of the number of vessels by which they have been frequented in different years, taken at intervals, and by the amount of dues collected upon these vessels and the goods loaded and unloaded in and from the same.

....

Amount of
Dock Dues.

Years. Vessels.
1757....1,371.... £2,336
1760.... .1,245....
1765. .1,930....
1770....2,073....
1775....2,291..
1780....
.2,261.
.3,429.
1785....
1790. ..4,223...
1795....3,948.... 9,368

...

2,330

3,455

1,142

5,384

3,528

8,411

10,037

Years.

Vessels.

Amount of
Dock Dues.

1800....4,746.... £23,379

1805....

.4,618.... 33,364 1810. .6,729... 65,782

...

An act of Parliament was passed in 1825 vesting the
management of the Docks in a committee of 21 members,
of whom 13 are nominated by the corporation of Liverpool,
and 8 are elected out of their own body by the merchants
who pay each at least 10l. a year in rates.

The first commercial wet-dock constructed in the port of
London was for the accommodation of vessels employed in
the Greenland whale-fishery, and was provided with the ne-
cessary apparatus for boiling the blubber. This branch of
trade having almost entirely left the port of London, the
dock was, about 30 years ago, opened for the reception of
vessels employed in the European timber and corn trades;
and with a view to the latter, a range of granaries was built.
This dock, which is now known as the 'Commercial Dock,'
is situated at Rotherhithe; it occupies altogether 49 acres,
about four-fifths of which are water. The warehouses are
not built so as to entitle them to be considered 'places of
special security,' as described in the warehousing act, and
many descriptions of goods are consequently not permitted
to be deposited in them under bond.

Up to the end of the last century all ships arriving in
London, with the exception already mentioned of the Green-
land whale-ships, discharged their cargoes into lighters in

ade in this pool, then a

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water, the remainder being occupied by quays and warehouses. There are two docks, each capable of receiving vessels of 800 tons burthen, and which are frequented by ships in the East India, the North American and South American trades. The warehouses are very commodious, and so contrived that goods are taken into them at once from the ship.

The wet-dock at Bristol, which is of a character different from those of Liverpool and London, has already been described. [BRISTOL.]

At Hull there are three docks, occupying together an area of 26 acres, and capable of affording accommodation to more than 300 ships; but this amount is found to be insufficient for the increasing trade of the port, and a public meeting was lately held in the town to consider of the steps necessary to be taken for providing more dock room. The new port of Goole, situated near the junction of the Ouse with the Humber has two wet-docks, one of which is calculated for the reception of sea-going vessels of considerable burthen, and the other is used for the accommodation of small craft which navigate the rivers and canals.

the river. The continually increasing inconvenience thus |
caused by the growing trade of the port was much aggra-
vated during a time of war, by the circumstance of the West
India ships arriving together in great numbers under con-
voy. To remedy this inconvenience, a plan was projected
in 1793 for constructing wet-docks for the reception of ships
employed in the West India trade; but it was not until 1799
that the scheme was sanctioned by Parliament, and that
an act was passed incorporating a company for the purpose,
with a capital or joint-stock of 1,380,000l. The docks con-
structed under this act of incorporation are known as the
West India Docks, and extend across the piece of land called
the Isle of Dogs, which lies in a bend of the Thames between
Blackwall and Limehouse, at both of which places there are
entrances to the docks. Their construction was begun in
February 1800, and was prosecuted so vigorously that in two
years and a half from that time the works were sufficiently
advanced to admit vessels for unloading. These docks con-
sisted at first of two separate basins, one of which was used
for discharging, and the other for loading ships. The im-
port dock, which is situated to the north, is 870 yards long
and 166 yards wide; the export dock is of the same length
and 135 yards wide, so that the area of the two is equal to
54 acres; there are besides two basins, one at each entrance,
that at Blackwall being 5 acres, and that at Limehouse
2 acres in extent. These two docks are together capable of
accommodating more than 500 sail of merchant vessels of
large size, and during the war, when ships arrived from the
Colonies in large fleets, the accommodation was at times
found to be not greater than was required. The import
dock is surrounded by ranges of commodious warehouses.
The city canal, which was cut parallel with the West India
Docks on the south, was intended to form a short cut for
ships, to enable them to avoid the circuit of the Isle of
Dogs, but being very little used, was purchased about
four years ago by the West India Dock Company, and a
communication was made between it and the other basins

The London Docks, which are situated at Wapping, were
begun in the year 1801, and opened for business in 1805;
they consist of the western dock of 20 acres, the eastern
dock of 7 acres, and the tobacco dock, between the other
two, of more than one acre. The space included within the
dock walls exceeds 71 acres. The warehouses are spacious,
and very substantially built. The tobacco warehouse, which
is on the south side of the tobacco-dock, covers nearly five
acres. The vaults beneath the warehouses contain space
enough for stowing 66,000 pipes and puncheons of wine and
spirits. One of the vaults has an area of 7 acres. A great
part of the expense attending upon the construction of
these docks was owing to the value of the houses and other
property by which the site was previously occupied. and by
the compensation which the Dock Company was bound by
its act of incorporation to pay to lightermen, owners of
warehouses in the City of London, and others whose busi-
ness would probably suffer from the establishing of the
docks. The joint-stock of the company is 3,238,000l., in ad-
dition to which 700,000l. have been borrowed and expended.
The amount of business carried on has been very great from
the first opening of these docks, but the proprietors do not
receive more than 2 per cent. per annum on their stock.
The East India Docks, intended for the reception of ships
employed by the East India Company, are situated at Black-
wall, below the entrance to the West India Docks. There
are two docks, one for unloading, the other for loading ships,
of the area of 18 and 9 acres respectively; the entrance
basin, which is common to both docks, is about 3 acres in ex-
tent: the cost of this undertaking was about 500,000l.: it
has not hitherto proved profitable to the undertakers.

The East Country Dock adjoins the Commercial Dock
to the south. It is frequented by vessels employed in the
European timber trade. This dock, which was con-
structed in 1807, has an area of about 63 acres. The basin
at the entrance of the Surrey canal at Rotherhithe is also
used as a dock.

The projecting of the St. Katherine's Docks arose out of
an alleged want of sufficient accommodation in the London
Docks. The act incorporating the St. Katherine's Dock
Company was passed in 1826, and the Docks, which are

situated between the London Docks and the Tower, were

partially opened for business in October 1828. The joint
stock of the company amounts to 1,352,0007., besides which
800,000%. of borrowed money have been spent. The outer
wall incloses an area of 24 acres, of which 11 acres are

Leith has two wet-docks, extending together over 10 acres, and capable of accommodating 150 vessels of the size which at the time of the works being performed usually frequented the port. Since then, the introduction of steam navigation has made an entire change in the wants and uses of Leith as a harbour. The entrance to the docks is not sufficiently wide to admit the large steam vessels trading between London and Edinburgh, which must consequently discharge and load in the harbour, where they take the ground every tide, which is very objectionable, or they must lie at anchor in the Frith of Forth, and load and unload by means of boats, which is expensive and sometimes difficult, and even dangerous. The deficient state of accommodation here described was investigated by a committee of the House of Commons in 1835, but the insolvent condition of the corporation of Edinburgh, in which body is vested the property of the harbour and shore of Leith and its neighbourhood, has hitherto prevented the commencement of any improvement.

DOCLEA. [MAIADE.]

DOCTOR, one that has taken the highest degree in the faculties of Divinity, Law, Physic, or Music. In its original import it means a person so skilled in his particular art or science as to be qualified to teach it.

There is much difference of opinion as to the time when the title of Doctor was first created. It seems to have been established for the professors of the Roman law in the University of Bologna, about the middle of the twelfth century. Antony à Wood says, that the title of Doctor in Divinity began at Paris, after Peter Lombard had compiled his Sen tences, about the year 1151. (Hist. and Antiq. Univ. of Ox ford, 4to. Oxf. 1792, vol. i. p. 62.) Previously, those who had proceeded in the faculties had been termed Masters only. The title of Doctor was not adopted in the English Universities earlier than the time of John or Henry the Third.

Wood cites several instances of the expense and magnificence which attended the early granting of the higher degrees in England in the reigns of Henry III. and Edward I. About the year1268, he says, when Alphonsus de Senis, or Siena, an Italian, studied at Oxford, one Bonifacius de Saluciis pro ceeded in the civil law, at whose inception there were such ceremonies and feasting, that the like for that faculty was scarce before known here. The abbot and convent of Ose ney gave him the free use of their monastery on that occa sion. He adds, that a still greater solemnity was performed some years after, at Gloucester College, by the Benedictines, for one William de Brooke, a monk of St. Peter's Monastery at Gloucester, who took the degree of D.D. in 1298, being the first of his Order who had attained that dignity. He was accompanied by the abbot and whole convent of his own monastery, the abbots of Westminster, Reading, Abing don, Evesham, and Malmesbury, numerous other priors and monks, and by a hundred noblemen and esquires on horses richly caparisoned. (Wood, ut supr. pp. 65, 66.)

In Oxford the time requisite for the Doctor of Divinity's degree, subsequent to that of M.A., is eleven years: for a Doctor's of Civil Law, five years from the time at which the Bachelor of Laws' degree was conferred. Those who take this degree professionally, in order to practise in permitted Commons, are indulged with a shorter period, and permitted to obtain it at four instead of five years, upon making oath in convocation of their intentions so to practise. For the de

In Cambridge a Doctor of Divinity must be a Bachelor of Divinity of five, or a M.A. of twelve years' standing. The requisite exercises are one act, two opponencies, a Latin sermon, and an English sermon. A Doctor of Laws must be a Bachelor of Laws of five years' standing. His exercises are one act and one opponency. Doctors of Physic proceed in the same manner as Doctors of Laws. For a Doctor's degree in music, in both Universities, the exercise required is the composition and performance of a solemn piece of music, to be approved by the Professor of the Faculty. (See the Orf. and Camb. Calendars for 1837.)

Coloured engravings of the dresses worn by the doctors of the several faculties of Oxford and Cambridge will be found in Ackermann's History of the Univ. of Oxford, 4to., 1814, vol. ii. p. 259, et seq.; and in his History of the Univ. of Cambridge, 4to., 1815, vol. ii. p. 312, et seq.

DOCTORS' COMMONS, the College of Civilians in London, near St. Paul's Churchyard, founded by Dr. Harvey, Dean of the Arches, for the professors of the civil law. The official residences of the judges of the Arches' Court of Canterbury, of the judge of the Admiralty, and the judge of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, are situated there. It is also the residence of the doctors of the civil law practising in London, who live there (for diet and lodging) in a collegiate manner, and common together, and hence the place is known by the name of Doctors' Commons. It was burnt down in the fire of London, and rebuilt at the charge of the profession. (Chambral Mag. Brit. Notitia.) To this college belong a certain number of proctors, who manage causes for their clients, &c.

In the Common Hall are held all the principal spiritual courts, and the High Court of Admiralty.