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the middle of the eighteenth century, previous to which I a moderate slope until it acquires a very sharp point, taking time the arts had not flourished indigenously in our care that the stone be properly supplied with oil all the country, and such engravers as practised here were chiefly while. The gravers sold in the shops are commonly too foreigners. With a school of painting however has arisen hard for use, which is known by the frequent breaking of an assemblage of engravers in all the departments of their points: when this is the case they should be tempered art who may safely challenge comparison with those of by holding them on a red-hot poker, at a distance of half an any time or nation. It is true we had previously the inch from the point, until they acquire a faint straw colour; Faithornes, Payne, and the Whites; but Hollar, Simon, they should then be put into oil to cool; or they may be and Crispin de Passe, Wallerant Vaillant, Blooteling, Gribe- tempered in a candle and cooled in the tallow. But it is lin, Dorigny, and Vanderbank, were all foreigners; and the best not to be hasty in tempering; for if the graver is principal engravings of the time were their productions. only a little too hard, whetting alone will frequently bring it into good condition. An instrument called a scraper is required to scrape off the barb or burr which is formed by the action of the graver and dry point. The burnisher is used to polish the plate and to erase any scratches which it may accidentally receive, and also to make lighter any part of the work which may have been made too dark. An oil-stone is requisite for sharpening the instruments upon. Etching-points or needles are nearly similar in appearance to sewing-needles, but fixed into handles four or five inches long; some are made of an oval form, to produce broader lines with: their use will be explained when we are describing the process of etching. Dry point is, in fact, nothing more than the common etching-needle brought to a very fine point. It is used to cut or scratch the more delicate lines with, such as skies, &c. &c. It does not, like the graver, cut the copper clean out, but throws it up on each side of the line produced by its progress through the metal: this is called the burr, which is removed by a scraper. This burr was left on by Rembrandt, until it wore away in the progress of printing, which it soon does; but by his management it added greatly to the effect of the etching, and impressions from his works with the burr on are much valued. A cushion is a bag of leather filled with sand; its use is to support the plate so that it may be freely turned in any required direction; but it is not now much used by artists, being chiefly confined to engravers of writing. A rubber is a roll of cloth tied up tight, one end being kept in olive oil. It is useful to polish off more completely the burr and also to show the appearance of the work as it proceeds.

The reign of George III. was however auspicious to the arts, and since then we can boast of a numerous train of engravers whose works do honour to the country and to the painters from whose works they are engraved. One of the earliest of these was Hogarth, an artist of most original genius, whose engravings were all from his own designs, in a walk of art entirely new. Landscapes had hitherto never been engraved in a satisfactory manner, the older engravers adhering to the use of the graver only, which was inadequate to express with sufficient freedom the playful luxuriance of foliage, the ruggedness of rocks, or the dash of foaming waters. These objects were first accomplished by Francis Vivares, who was a most accomplished etcher, and may be regarded as the father of English landscape engravers, who have unquestionably surpassed all their predecessors in this department of art. Woollett followed in the same tract, carrying his landscapes very forward with the etching point, and finishing them only with the graver. His best works are unrivalled; nor was he inferior in history, as his print of the death of General Wolfe, after West, sufficiently attests.

These two artists carried landscape engraving at once to
perfection. Browne may be mentioned as a worthy fol-
lower; he produced many excellent plates after the old
masters, and sometimes worked in conjunction with Wool-
lett. In history and portrait Sir Robert Strange ably vin-
dicated the honour of the art in this country: his engraving
of flesh has perhaps never been equalled, certainly never
excelled by any master: his works are however often much
deteriorated by his defective drawing. Mezzotinto en-
graving, although not strictly born among us, has been in Etching is one of the greatest improvements in modern
no other country practised with a degree of success at all art, almost all plates of every size and description being
approaching that attained by M'Ardell, Earlom, Smith, now commenced by this process, and indeed brought by it
Valentine, Green, and others. Bartolozzi, Ryland, Sharpe, to a very considerable effect, and afterwards carried on to
Paul Sandby, Middiman, Milton, Fitler, are among the the necessary degree of finish and strength with the graver
most eminent of deceased engravers; and Mr. Wilson Lowry and dry point. Etching is the superaddition of the chemi-
is entitled to most honourable mention as a great benefactor cal process of corrosion to drawing, when performed on a
to the art, by the invention of the ruling-machine, an in- plate of copper over which a substance called etching-
strument of great value for many purposes, and the opera-ground is laid, and through which the design is traced with
tion of which is perfect. At present every department of an etching-needle, so as to expose the surface of the copper
engraving is filled with artists of great abilities, any of whom wherever it has passed. This etching-ground is a substance
it would be invidious to name to the exclusion of others: it composed of wax, asphaltum, gum mastic, resin, &c. incor
is enough to say that their talents and their numbers have porated by melting over a fire, and capable of resisting the
given the art a commercial importance in this country to action of aquafortis. The laying of the ground, as it is
which it never attained in any other.
called, is thus effected:-The plate must be heated over a
charcoal fire, so that it may not be smoked. For this pur-
pose a hand-vice is fixed to the most convenient part of the
plate, by which it may be held in the hand. A piece of
the etching-ground, rolled into the form of a ball, and tied
up in a little silk bag, is then rubbed over the surface of
the plate, the heat of which causes the ground to melt and
come through the silk on to the copper. In order to effect
a more equal distribution of the wax, a small dabber made
of cotton wool, tied up in a piece of taffety, is quickly
dabbed all over the face of the plate while yet warm, so as to
leave the wax or etching-ground of uniform thickness; the
ground is then rendered black, by being held over the smoke
of a wax candle, or, if necessary, two or three wax candles
tied together, care being taken to move the plate about, so
that it be equally smoked all over; and this operation of
smoking must be commenced before the plate has had time
to cool. The whole operation of laying the ground requires
address and dexterity. When cold, the plate is now ready
to receive the design. To transfer the design to the copper,
an outline is made with a black-lead pencil on a piece of
thinnish and even paper, and laid with the face downwards
on the etching-ground; the whole is then passed through a
rolling-press, the effect of which is to transfer an impres-
sion of the outline on to the smoked ground. After this
the design is completed with the etching needles, which
remove the ground from the copper wherever they pass,
and expose it to the action of the acid during the process of
VOL. IX.-3 L

A modern engraving is usually the result of two processes, viz. of direct incision with the graver, or the dry point, and of etching by corrosion. These we shall proceed to explain; and first we will enumerate and point out the uses of the different implements required. The principal instrument is the graver, or burin, which differs in size and shape according to the character of the line which it is intended to produce, but the ordinary graver is of the form of a quadrangular prism, both square and lozenge-shaped, and fitted into a short handle, the whole being about five inches and a half long. The square graver is used in cutting broad lines, and the lozenge-shaped for more delicate ones. In making the incision, it is pushed forward in the direction of the line required, being held by the handle at an angle very slightly inclined to the plane of the copper. It is requisite that the graver be well tempered, and great address is necessary in whetting it for use. The angle at the meeting of the two lower sides of the graver forms what is called its belly, and the breadth of the end is called its face. The two sides which form the belly are to be laid flat upon the oil-stone, and rubbed firmly until the belly slightly rises, so that if it were laid flat upon the copper the light could be seen underneath the point; otherwise it would be impossible to use it with freedom, as it would dig unequally deep into the copper. The face is next to be whetted, which is done merely by laying the face of the graver flat upon the stone, with the belly upward, and rubbing it steadily upon P C., No. 586.

biting in, which is thus performed:-A substance called bunking wax, which when cold is quite hard, but which on immersion in warm water becomes soft, and may be moulded into any form, is first rendered soft by being so immersed in warm water, and then banked up all round the margin of the plate, so as to form a trough capable of preventing the escape of the acid, a gutter only being formed at one corner for the purpose of pouring it off when requisite. This being done, the nitrous acid, reduced with water to the proper strength, is poured on, and its action on the copper becomes visible by the rising of innumerable bubbles. The aquafortis must be allowed to continue on the plate until the fainter parts are supposed to be corroded sufficiently deep; after which it is to be poured off, the plate washed with water and left to dry. The parts which are bitten-in enough, are now to be covered with what is called stopping-ground, which is a mixture of lamp-black and Venice turpentine; this is applied with a camel-hair pencil, and allowed to dry. After this the acid is again poured on, and this process of stopping-out and biting-in, is repeated until even the darkest parts are sufficiently corroded. After this the plate is again warmed, when the border of wax may be readily taken off. It is then made warm enough to melt the ground, which is removed by being wiped with a rag and a few drops of olive oil. The work is now complete, unless it is intended to finish it still further with the graver. We might here offer rules for the strength of the acid, and state the length of time it ought to remain on the plate, but we are convinced of the inefficacy of such instructions. Nothing but experience joined to some chemical knowledge of the effect of the acid will avail the artist on this point, which requires the greatest nicety and attention.

Etching on soft ground is a mode of etching formerly much in use, by which imitations of drawings in chalk and pencil were produced. It is now superseded by lithography, which is more successful in attaining the same objects. Soft ground etching is quite a distinct process from

Engraving in stipple, as practised by Bartolozzi, Ryland, and others, in imitation of chalk drawings of the human figure. Stipple is performed with the graver, which is so managed as to produce the tints by small dots, rather than by lines, as in the ordinary method. It is very soft in its effect, but is on the whole much inferior to the more legitimate mode of engraving.

Engraving on steel and etching on steel are performed in the same manner as on copper, for which steel has of late years been often substituted on account of its yielding a greater number of perfect impressions, owing to its superior

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ENHYDRA. [OTTER.]
ENIGMA. [ENIGMA.]

844X

ENLISTMENT, an engagement to serve as a private soldier either during an unlimited period or for a certain number of years, on receipt of a sum of money. Enlistment differs from enrolment, inasmuch as it is a voluntary act, whereas the latter is, under some circumstances, rendered compulsory: as in the case of men who are selected by ballot for the militia in this country, or by the conscription, for military service generally, on the continent.

The practice of impressing men to serve as soldiers, on sudden emergencies, was formerly very common in England; and it is well known that within the last half century young men were entrapped and secretly conveyed away to recruit the armies employed in the east. The discovery of this illegal and disgraceful method of obtaining soldiers was speedily followed by its abolition; and now, the East India Company's troops, as well as those of the regular army, are obtained by voluntary engagement.

The number of young men who are induced to enlist by the ambition of entering upon a course of life which appears to hold out a prospect of distinguishing themselves by gallant achievements in the field is, however, too small for the wants of the military service; and the allurement of a bounty must necessarily be presented in order that the ranks of the army may be filled. But the profession of a soldier can never possess such advantages as might induce an industrious man who can obtain a subsistence in another way to embrace it; and it is to be regretted that too frequently those who enter the service are thoughtless youths or men of indolent habits or desperate fortunes. Medallic engraving is a species of etching lately prac- Some attention, however, to the character of a person oftised by M. Collas and Mr. Bate. By this mode very beau-fering himself for enlistment is necessary if it be desired tiful representations are obtained of medals, &c., by means of a machine of peculiar construction, the principle of which is known; but minor inventions for the purpose of counteracting certain local tendencies to inaccuracy in the machine have been hitherto kept secret.

hardness.

For account of engraving on stone, see LITHOGRAPHY; and for engraving in mezzotinto, see MEZZOTINTO.

Etching on glass is performed by laying on the glass a ground of bees' wax, and drawing the design thereon with the needle, as in etching upon copper. Sulphuric acid is then poured on, and fluor spar, or fluoric acid, sprinkled on it. After four or five hours it is taken off, and the work cleaned with oil of turpentine.

ENGROSSING; copying in a large hand; the writing a deed over fair, and in proper legible characters; from the French grossir, to make bigger. Among lawyers it more particularly means the copying of any writing fair upon parchment or stamped paper.

to render the service honourable; for it is found that idle and dissipated men are with difficulty brought to submit to the necessary restraints of discipline; their frequent desertions entail heavy losses on the government, and they often corrupt those who are compelled to associate with them. When circumstances render it necessary to enlist such men, it is obvious that they ought to be distributed in small numbers among different regiments, and quartered in places remote from those from which they were taken.

By the 34th clause of the Mutiny Act, every person who has received enlisting-money from any military man employed in the recruiting service is considered as having enlisted; but within forty-eight hours afterwards notice is to be given to the recruit, or left at his place of abode, of his having so enlisted; and again, within four days from the time of receiving the money, the recruit, attended by any person employed as above-said, is to appear before a magistrate (not being a military man), when, if he declare that he has voluntarily enlisted, the magistrate is to question him concerning his name, age, and condition, and particularly to inquire of him whether he is then serving, or whether he have ever served, in the army or navy. The magistrate is then to read to the recruit the articles of war sub-relating to mutiny and desertion, and administer to him an oath of allegiance, of which a form is given in a schedule to the act: if the recruit refuse to take the oath, he may be imprisoned till he do so.

In statute-law engrossing means the purchasing of large quantities of any commodity, in order to sell it again at a high price. (An Inquiry into the Laws, antient and modern, respecting Forestalling, Regrating, and Ingrossing together with adjudged Cases, Copies of original Records, and Proceedings in Parliament relative to that ject' by William Illingworth, 8vo., Lond., 1800.)

:

ENHARMON'IC, the third in order of the three genera of antient music. The enharmonic genus of the Greeks was distinguished by quarter tones, while the modern scale admits these small intervals theoretically only, not practically, except by a fiction. Thus c sharp and D flat are with the moderns practically the same note, at least on keyed instruments, though, strictly, the former is of the

But as the young and simple have been sometimes inveigled by illusory promises, or persuaded, while deprived of judgment by intoxication, to enlist, if a recruit, on reflection, wish to withdraw from the engagement into which he may have been surprised, it is provided by the 35th

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clause of the Mutiny Act that when taken before the magistrate as above he shall be at liberty to declare his dissent from such enlistment; on making which declaration and returning the enlisting-money, with 20s. in addition for the charges which may have been incurred on his account, he shall be forthwith discharged. But if he omit within twenty-four hours after so declaring his dissent to ray such money, he is to be considered as enlisted, as if he had given his assent before the magistrate.

If a recruit, after receiving the enlistment-money, and, after notice of having enlisted has been left at his place of abode, shall abscond, he may be apprehended and punished as a deserter, or for being absent without leave; and if it be discovered that he is unfit for active service, in consequence of any infirmity which he had not declared before the magistrate, he may be transferred to any garrison, or veteran or invalid battalion, though he may have enlisted for some particular regiment. If it be proved that the recruit concealed the fact of his being a discharged soldier, he may be sentenced to suffer punishment as a rogue or vagabond; and if, at the time of enlisting, he falsely denied being in the militia, he may be committed to the house of correction for a period not exceeding six months; and, from the day in which his engagement to serve in the militia ends, he is to be deemed a soldier in the regular forces.

An apprentice who shall enlist denying himself to be such is deemed guilty of obtaining money under false pretences; and, after the expiration of his apprenticeship, he is liable to serve in her Majesty's forces; but a master is not entitled to claim an apprentice who may have enlisted unless the claim be made within one month after the apprentice shall have left his service.

In the third clause of the Mutiny Act it is stated that no man enlisted as a soldier is liable to be arrested on account of any process for leaving a wife or child chargeable to a parish, or on account of any engagement to work for an employer (except that of an apprenticeship), or on account of any debt under 301. And in the 39th clause it is declared that Negroes, purchased on account of the crown and serving in any of the regular forces, are deemed to be free, and are considered as soldiers having voluntarily enlisted. Every military officer acting contrary to the provisions of the Mutiny Act, in what regards enlisting recruits, is liable to be cashiered.

During the reign of Queen Anne it was the custom to enlist recruits for three years; but this period seems too short, considering the time unavoidably spent in training the men, to afford the government an advantage adequate to the expense of maintaining them; and the present practice is to enlist either for an unlimited period, as during the continuance of a war, or for certain defined numbers of years which vary in the different classes of troops. For the infantry the period is seven years; for the cavalry ten years, and for the artillery twelve years; but if the person enlisting be under eighteen years of age, the difference between his age and eighteen years is added to each period. The enlistments for the Honourable East India Company's service are also for unlimited periods, or for twelve years, provided the recruit be not less than eighteen years of

age.

The advantages of a limited period of service are, that a greater number of recruits are obtained under that condition, probably because men are more willing to engage themselves for a certain number of years than for life; and that, during the period, opportunities are afforded of discovering the character of a man. Should this be such as to render it not advisable to retain him, he may be discharged at the end of his time of service; while an additional bounty, strengthened by the unwillingness of most men to leave the comrades with whom they have been long accustomed to associate, will probably induce a good soldier to re-enlist should the continuance of his services be desired.

By an act passed in 1835 a man is allowed to enlist in the navy for a period not exceeding five years, after which he is entitled to his discharge and to be sent home, if abroad, unless the commanding officer should conceive his departure to be detrimental to the service; such officer is then empowered to detain the man six months longer, or until the emergency shall cease, in which case the man is entitled, during such extra service, to receive an increase of pay amounting to one-fourth of that which he receives according to his rating. At the end of his time of service a seaman may re-enlist for a like period, and he will then be allowed the same bounty

as at first. Seamen entering as volunteers within six days after a royal proclamation calling for the services of such men receive double bounty. In the year 1819 was passed that which is called the Foreign Enlistment Act, by which British subjects are forbidden to engage in foreign service without license from the crown: this is that act which is yearly suspended in favour of the troops now (1837) employed in the service of the queen of Spain. Lastly, a bill has recently passed, confirming the act of 55 Geo. III., by which her majesty is empowered to grant the rank of field and general officers to foreigners; and to allow foreigners to enlist and serve as non-commissioned officers and soldiers in the British service in the proportion of one foreigner for every fifty natural born subjects.

ENNIS, the assize town of the county of Clare in Ireland; situated in the barony of Islands on the west bank of the river Fergus, about three miles above the small town of Clare, at which place this river is navigable. [CLARE.] The direct distance from Dublin is 136 English miles. The borough, as settled under the Boundary Act, embraces 469 statute acres, and comprises 1390 tenements, of which 564 only are slated houses. It is incorporated by charter of the 10th January, and returns one member to the Imperial Parliament. The corporation, consisting of provost and free burgesses, is virtually extinct.

The name of the place was originally Ennis Cluainruadha, so called from Clonroad, a favourite dwelling-place here of the O'Briens, Lords of Thomond. In 1240 Donogh Carbrac O'Brien built a monastery at Ennis for Franciscan friars, the erection of which probably gave origin to the town. It was repaired in 1305 by Turlogh Mac Tiege, and destroyed in 1306 by Dermot Mac Donogh, both of the same family. The ruins are still standing.

Ennis consists of two chief streets, one parallel to the Fergus, over which are three bridges, and one diverging towards Kilrush. Near the latter are the county gaol and court-house, the only buildings of consequence in the town. The suburbs consist of wretched cabins. There is no police, neither is Ennis watched, lighted, or regularly cleansed. There are no manufactures; but there is a moderate trade in grain and cattle. In 1821 the population of Ennis was 6701; and in 1831 it was 7711; the total population within the boundary of the borough in the latter year was 9727. In the parish of Drumcliffe, in which Ennis is situated, there were, in 1834, 21 schools educating 772 males and 428 females. Of these schools, four were Sunday-schools, seven were hedge-schools, and one was in connection with the National Board of Education. (Statistical Survey of Clare; Parliamentary Reports and Papers.)

ENNİSCORTHY, a borough town in the baronies of Scarewalsh and Ballaghkeen in the county of Wexford in Ireland; situated about 12 English miles above Wexford on both banks of the river Slaney, which is here navigable for sloops. The direct distance from Dublin is about 57 English miles.

Enniscorthy was incorporated by charter of the 11th James I. The corporation consists of a portreeve and 11 burgesses. The portreeve holds a court once a week with jurisdiction to the amount of 31. 68. 8d. late Irish currency. The corporation has no revenue. The boundary is very irregular and extends in some directions two and three miles from the town.

Enniscorthy took its origin as a town from the erection of a castle here by Raymond le Gros, one of the early Anglo-Norman conquerors, about the end of the twelfth century. Gerald de Prendergast, another Anglo-Norman noble, founded a monastery here for Augustinian friars about 1230; and Donnell Cavanagh, an Irish potentate, founded a Franciscan convent for friars of the strict observance in 1460. On the dissolution of religious houses, the possessions of the Augustinians were granted to Edmund Spenser, the poet, and those of the Franciscans to Lord Henry Wallop. Some ruins of both edifices still remain. The castle also is still standing and in good preservation. It consists of a square keep flanked by round towers, and stands at the west end of the bridge, on the bank of the Slaney, opposite the remains of the Franciscan convent. Enniscorthy was taken by Cromwell in 1649, and was stormed and burned by the Irish rebels in 1798. On the latter occasion it is said that 478 dwelling-houses were destroyed. In the immediate neighbourhood is Vinegar-hill, the scene of a sanguinary engagement in the latter year. [[WEXFORD.]

The antient borough comprises the island of Enniskillen, the site of the castle excepted: under the Boundary Act the_borough now includes the two suburbs which are situated north-east and south-west of the island, in the parishes of Enniskillen and Rossory respectively.

Enniscorthy is at present a thriving and handsome town. | one member. (Cox's History of Ireland; Leland's do., It has a very considerable trade in grain with Wexford. The Inglis's Ireland in 1834; Reports, &c.) population of that part of the town which lies in the barony E'NNIUS, QUINTUS, the old epic poet of Rome, was of Scarewalsh, in 1821, was 3557; and in 1831 was 4375. born at Rudia, now Ruge, in Calabría, in the year 239 B.C., The population of the entire town as situated in the baronies two years after the termination of the first Punic war. He of Scarewalsh and Ballaghkeen was in the latter year 5955. was a Greek by birth, and is one among many instances In 1834 there were in the parishes of St. Mary's, Enniscorthy, how much Roman literature was indebted even directly and Templeshannon, in which the town is situated, 13 to foreign talent. History does not inform us what his schools educating 499 males and 469 females. Of these original Greek name was, for that of Ennius is evidently schools that attached to the nunnery of Enniscorthy edu- of Latin form, and was probably adopted by him when he cates 230 females. (Brewer's Beauties of Ireland; Inglis's was admitted to the privileges of a Roman citizen. Of his Ireland in 1834; Parliamentary Reports, &c.) early life little is positively known. He entered the military ENNISKILLEN, the assize town of the county of Fer-service of the Romans, and in the year 204 was serving as managh in Ireland; situated in the baronies of Tyrkennedy a centurion in the island of Sardinia, where his abilities and Magheraboy, on an island in the narrow channel which attracted the notice of Cato, who was then acting as quæstor connects the upper and lower lakes of Loch Erne. The under the first Scipio Africanus. When Cato left the island, direct distance from Dublin is about 87 English miles. the poet accompanied him to Rome, and fixed his residence on the Aventine hill. The introduction of Cato, his military character, and his poetical abilities, won for him the friendship and intimacy of the first men of Rome, and he was largely instrumental in introducing letters among a nobility who had hitherto gloried as much in their ignorance as their courage. Cato himself learned Greek from him. Scipio Africanus found in him a companion in peace and the herald of his glories in war. Scipio Nasica, the son of Africanus, delighted in his society; and M. Fulvius Nobilior, the consul, 189 B.C., himself possessing a high literary character, prevailed on the soldier-poet to accompany him in the war against the Etolians. It was to the son of this Fulvius that he was indebted for his admission to the citizenship of Rome. His great social qualities unfortunately led him into intemperance, for which he paid the penalty in great sufferings from gout. Still a hardy constitution enabled him to complete his seventieth year, and to the very last to devote himself to his favourite muses. He died in the year 169, and was buried in the Cornelian sepulchre, one mile out of Rome, on the Appian road, where his statue still appeared with those of Publius and Lucius Scipio, even in the age of Livy, a lasting monument of his intimacy with those great men. He lived, as we have already said, in the splendid dawn of Roman literature. Nævius, the first poet of Rome, and Livius Andronicus were his predecessors by not many years. The tragic poet Pacuvius was his sister's son. Plautus was his contemporary, and the comic writer Cæcilius his companion in arms. The writings of Ennius were numerous and various. His great work called, somewhat unpoetically, by the name of Annals was an histoThe corporation consists of a portreeve and 14 free bur-rical epic in eighteen books, written in hexameter verse, a gesses, but does not exercise any civil or criminal jurisdic- form of metre which he is said to have been the first to introtion. The annual revenue is 5967. 10s. 9d., arising chiefly duce into Roman literature. This work traced the history from tolls: the expenditure 5957. 28. Enniskillen is not of Rome from the mythical age of Eneas down to his own watched or lighted. The principal road through the town time. His labours in tragedy were extensive. He gave is repaired at the expense of the county. the Romans a translation, but evidently a very free one, of the Eumenides of Eschylus, the Medea, Iphigenia in Aulis, and Hecuba of Euripides, the Ajax Flagellifer of Sophocles, besides as many as nineteen from other Greek poets. He also wrote comedies. His other works were Phagetica, a poem on gastronomy, especially on the merits of fishes; an epic, or panegyric, entitled Scipio; a metrical translation from a philosophic work of Epicharmus, partly in dactylic hexameters, partly in trochaic tetrameters; poems entitled Asotus, Sotadicus, Protreptica, and Præcepta; also satires, epigrams, and acrostics; and a prose translation of the sacred history of Euemerus. Of all these works there is only an unconnected mass of fragments collected from quotations in Cicero and other writers. The work entitled Annals was for a long time the national epic of Roman literature, and Virgil has not scrupled to borrow freely from it. The best edition of Ennius is that by Hesselius, 4to., Amsterdam, 1707.

Prior to the plantation of Ulster, the only building on the island of Enniskillen was a small fortalice of the Maguires, which came into the hands of the English during the last rebellion of Tyrone in 1602. The town was altogether the work of the Protestant settlers introduced by the new patentees. [FERMANAGH.] It was erected into a corporation while still in its infancy in 1612; but had increased so far as to cover the greater part of the island in 1641, when, through the exertion of Sir William Cole, it proved a most important asylum for the Protestants on that border of Ulster. In the subsequent war of the Revolution the inhabitants of Enniskillen were among the first to take decided measures against the government of James II., having refused admission to two companies of the Roman Catholic army sent thither by Tyrconnell, and immediately chose Sir Gustavus Hamilton their governor, and proclaimed William and Mary. Throughout the contest which ensued, the local levies of Enniskillen and its neighbourhood did excellent service; particularly in their defeat of Lord Galmoy, before Crom Castle, and in the battle of Newtown-Butler or Lismaskea, where, under the command of Wolsey, they routed the army of Macarthy advancing to the siege of the town with a slaughter of nearly 3000 Irish. Their exploits have been recorded in Hamilton's • Actions of the Enniskilleners.'

Enniskillen is well built and beautifully situated. Two bridges connect the island, which is covered to the water's edge with the buildings of the town and its defences, with the suburbs on each side. The country around swells into highly cultivated eminences; and numerous seats of gentry occupy the shores of the lake above and below. There is a brisk retail trade in the supply of those comforts required by the superior order of farmers who occupy the neighbouring districts, and everything wears a prosperous and decent appearance, which contrasts very strongly with the wretchedness of other towns lying but a short distance farther south. Three newspapers are published in Enniskillen, which in 1835 used 26,600 stamps. From its position, commanding the only pass into Ulster within a distance of 50 Irish miles, Enniskillen is a place of considerable military importance.

In 1821 the population of Enniskillen was about 4399; and in 1831 the entire town contained 6056 inhabitants, and the borough 6116. In 1834 there were in the parishes of Enniskillen and Rossory 50 schools, educating 1186 males and 728 females. Of these schools three were in connection with the National Board of Education, nine were Sunday-schools, and fifteen were hedge-schools. The royal school of Enniskillen is supported by the estates of the foundation. The head master receives 5001. yearly, a house, and 33 acres of land; the assistants receive 3507. yearly; and 4007. is annually divided among ten scholars of the house; 41 males were receiving instruction here in

7834.

Enniskillen is represented in the Imperial Parliament by

ENNUI, a French word adopted of late into the English language, signifies mental lassitude or languor, produced either by depression of spirits or satiety of enjoyment, or over excitement, and which leaves no relish for any mental pursuits or pleasures. 'Mourir d'ennui' is a French phrase, which means that the mind sinks under this kind of depression, without any apparent cause of either misfortune or grief. Persons in the upper ranks of society who have pursued a life of dissipation, or who have lived much in what is called the fashionable world, are often subject to this complaint. Madame du Deffand used to complain bitterly of ennui. Ennui in French means care, or disappointment in general; and a tiresome person is often

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called ennuyeux or ennuyant. The word 'noja' in Italian | tian æra. (Scaliger and Lawrence.) The subject matter
answers to the French ennui.
consists chiefly of relations of Enoch's prophetical and
ENOCH, the Book of, is one of the Hebrew Scrip- celestial visions, in the most remarkable of which the angel
tures which, with the book of Wisdom, of Tobit, Judith, Uriel (lxx. et seq.) shows to the prophet all the mysterious
Maccabees, and several others, were designated Apocry- scenes in heaven, including a survey and explanation of the
phal, that is, hidden books (Bißλoι 'Añóкρvpoi,) from the solar and lunar revolutions according to the antient astrolo-
fact that, after the destruction of the temple at Jerusalem gical theory. A view is also exhibited of the interior of hell.
by the Romans, the Jews having established at Tiberias Occasionally religious and moral precepts are enjoined, but
their sacred archives, called by the Greek Fathers Gazo- all sense of propriety is continually shocked with such prepos-
phylakia (Tazopvλária), they there concealed in a cell, under terous combinations that Scaliger, judging merely from the
the seal of their patriarch, such books as it was considered fragments then possessed, scrupled not to designate the book
expedient to withdraw from public inspection. (Epiphanius, as a tissue of disgusting lies and nonsense. (Scaligeriana.)
Hæres, 30, § 6 and 4.) The Scriptures deemed canonical It commences with some historical statements of which the
were here deposited in a new ark, called the Aron ('Apwv), following, from chap. 7, is a specimen:-To the sons of
or ark of the Covenant (diaýens kißwròs), but the holy men were born elegant and beautiful daughters, and when
books (ȧyıóypaça), which were not included in this chest, and the angels, the sons of heaven, beheld them, they became
which, about the close of the first century, were suppressed enamoured of them, saying to each other, Come, let us select
by the Jews, and thus concealed, were thence called the wives for ourselves and beget children.' Accordingly a
Apocrypha ('Anóкpupo). It is stated that the use which band of 200 angels having descended on Mount Arnon, and
was made of some of these scriptures by the zealous ad- sworn to accomplish this project, they then took wives, each
vocates of Christianity occasioned an anxiety among the choosing for himself; with whom they cohabited, teaching
Jews to hide them, and that the predictions of the Messiah them sorcery and incantations; and the women conceiving,
in the book of Enoch were considered to be so obvious brought forth giants whose stature was each three hundred
that it was on this account concealed. (See on this point cubits (550 feet): these, when they had devoured all the pro-
Pezron, L'Antiquité des Teins défendue,' 4to, p. 430.) duce of man's labour, began to devour men, birds, beasts,
During the apostolic age the book of Enoch was com- and fishes, eating their flesh and drinking their blood.' In
monly read by Jews and Christians. St. Jude, in his representing persons and events by animals and inanimate
catholic epistle, cites it as the work of a divine prophet objects of nature, combinations are introduced of such a
(Enoch the seventh from Adam prophesied, saying,' &c., monstrous nature, that, in comparison, the metamorphoses of
v. 14, 15,) so Tertullian (De Idolatria) refers it to the in- the Pagan mythologies appear to be rational. The history of
spiration of the Holy Spirit: however, in another treatise the prophet to whom this book is attributed, or rather whose
(De Cultu Fœminarum) he states that by some it was not visions it relates, is briefly recounted as follows, in Genesis
received. Irenæus, Jerome, and other Fathers, respectfully v. 18-24:-Jared at the age of 162 begat Enoch, who at
notice it, though not as canonical; and Origen (contra the age of 65 begat Methuselah, and afterwards walked
Celsum, lib. v.) observes that, in his time, it was not of with God 300 years, and begat sons and daughters. All
great authority in the churches, which Pezron attributes the days of Enoch were 365 years; he walked with God,
to the fact mentioned by Syncellus (Chronographia), and was not, for God took him. (Compare Ecclesiasticus
that it was maliciously corrupted by the Jews and Chris-xliv. 16; Heb. xii. 5.) From the fact of his being the
tian heretics. Whiston published in 1727 a learned Dis- seventh from Adam, from the number of the years of his
sertation to prove it to be quite as canonical as any book to age being precisely the number of days in the year, and
which that epithet is applied. In the Testament of the from several other points of curious coincidence, the scepti-
Twelve Patriarchs, translated by Robert Grotshead, bishop cal Boulanger asserts, in a learned treatise on the subject
of Lincoln, the sons of Jacob speak often of reading in the (Enoch, in Euvres Diverses), that the name is but a varia-
book of Enoch. It was extant among Christian writers tion of the Phrygian Annac, a symbolical personification in
until the eighth century, when it appears to have been lost. Sabism, representing the solar period; and identical with
Several fragments however remained, which, with a few the Oriental Anusch, the Phoenician Anac or Enac, the
citations collected from the Fathers and succeeding writers, Etruscan Anus, and the Latin Janus. The names of the
supplied the only data for the critical discussions of learned seven patriarchs, Adam, Seth, Enos, Cainan, Mahalaleel,
divines during several centuries. All these relics, amount- Jared, and Enoch, are etymologically resolved into my-
ing to about 20, are inserted in the 'Codex Pseudopigraphus thical symbols of the seven planets, that is, the Sun, Moon,
Vet. Test. of Fabricius, tom. i. p. 160-224.
Mars, Mercury, Jove, Venus, and Saturn. The translation
of Enoch has also been compared with the antient mys-
terious burial at sunrise of noble and comely youths who
prematurely died. (Eustathius, Comment. in Odyss., tom. iii,
p. 1527, § 51, ed. Rom., 1549.) They were said to have
been not really dead, but carried up alive to the region of
light in consequence of their being loved by the Supreme
Being. The story of Ganymede is an instance. (See the
learned disquisition on the subject in Montfaucon's Re-
ligion des Gaulois, tom. ii. p. 305, &c., and in his Explicu-
tion des Textes difficiles, tom. i. p. 332.) Hence the well-
known axiom, He whom the Gods love dies young.'
(Plutarch, De Consolatione Philosoph.)

At the end of the 18th century Bruce brought from Abys-
sinia three complete and beautiful copies of the book of
Enoch, in the Ethiopic language, one of which he pre-
sented to the Bibliotheque du Roi at Paris, and another to
the Bodleian Library at Oxford. Transcriptions and partial
translations into Latin were made by Dr. Woide of Oxford
and Dr. Gesenius of Halle; but the Ethiopic MS., which at
first excited much curiosity, lay undisturbed during more
than a quarter of a century, until the professor of Hebrew
at Oxford, Dr. Lawrence, broke in, as he informs us, upon
its repose, and published in 1826 an English version of the
whole, entitled The Book of Enoch the Prophet, supposed
for ages to be lost; translated from an Ethiopic MS. by the ENROLMENT, in law, is the registering, recording,
Rev. Richard Lawrence, LL.D., archbishop of Cashel. A or entering a deed, judgment, recognizance, acknowledg-
second and revised edition appeared in 1833. That this ment, &c., in the Chancery, or any other of the superior or
book is identical with that which, in the primitive ages of inferior courts being a court of record. But the enrolling of
Christianity, was cited by Jude and the Fathers, is con- a deed does not make it a record, though it thereby becomes
sidered by Dr. Lawrence to be completely evident. His a deed recorded; for there is a difference between a matter
critical prolegomena and notes are incorporated in a more of record and a thing recorded to be kept in memory; a
recent translation into German, which is accompanied record being the entry of judicial proceedings in a court of
with a much larger mass of learned researches, form- record; whereas an enrolment of a deed is the private act
ing two thick volumes 8vo. (Das Buch Henoch, in of the parties concerned, of which the court takes no
vollständiger übersetzung mit fortläufenden Commentar, judicial notice. Various statutes have directed instruments
ausführlicher einleitung und erläuternden excursen, von to be enrolled, as the 27th Henry VIII. c. 16, relating to
Andreas Gottlieb Hoffmann, Doct. Philos. Profess. Theol. deeds of bargain and sale of freehold lands; and the 33rd
an der Univers. zu Jena,' 1833.) As the allegorical state- George III. c. 141, relating to memorials of annuities, &c.
ments of the book, as far as any meaning is clearly assign- All deeds also relating to property in the counties of York
able, appear to relate to historical events which extend to and Middlesex are registered in the register-offices there
the time of Herod the Great, it is supposed by those who established by statute. Wills affecting lands should, by
reject the supposition of its being the antediluvian pro- the direction of the statutes, be registered both in Middle-
duction of Enoch himself that it was anonymously written sex and Yorkshire, and also at Kingston-upon-Hull. A
in Hebrew, shortly before the commencement of the Chris-bill to establish a general register has several times within

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