but as Zeder's system seemed the most perfect, he has adopted it for his own; and it does not seem that we can do better than follow the arrangement of this great entozoologist in the present article. According to this classification the entozoa are divided into five orders, or families, the Nematoidea, Acanthocephala, Trematoda, Cestoidea, and Cystica. The only point in which we shall depart from this arrangement will be, that, instead of commencing with the most perfect, and descending to the most simple, we shall begin with the lowest in the scale of organization, and ascend to those possessing the most complicated structure, as this is most in accordance with the laws of the animal kingdom. agree that the acephalocyst is impassive under the application of stimuli of any kind, and manifests no contractile power, either partial or general. If an animal is characterized, on the other hand, by independent existence merely, the hydatid is one; and as such we shall regard it, for it is certainly an independent organized being, growing by intrinsic power of imbibition, and reproducing its species by gemmation: the young are developed between the layers of the parent cyst, and thrown off internally or externally, according to the species. It is a being certainly far inferior in the scale to the Cysticercus, but still not the less an independent creature. Its structure is very similiar to that of some of the lowest forms of algae in the vegetable kingdom, as the Order I. is Cystica (from cystes (Kúσriç) a bladder) hydatids: protococcus nivalis or red snow of the arctic regions, which the characters are:-body flattish, or roundish, and termi- consists of simple and minute vesicles, which propagate nating posteriorly in a transparent cyst filled with pellucid their kind by gemmules developed from the external surface fluid, which is sometimes common to many individuals; the of the parent. Acephalocysts have been found in almost head is retractile, and provided with pits two or four in every structure and cavity of the human body, but particunumber, or four suckers and a circle of hooklets, or with larly in the liver, uterus, kidneys, and cellular tissue. The four unarmed or uncinated tentacles. The organs of gene- species which resides in man is called A. endogena, the pillration and nutrition are unknown. This is not a very box hydatid of Hunter, from the gemmules being detached natural family, the species being closely allied to those of the from the internal surface of the cyst; and it is thus distinnext order in the structure of the heads and the Ecchinococ-guished from those of the ox and other ruminating animals, cus, or granular hydatid, though referred to it, is not hollow. which are exogenous, or have the gemmules excluded from Order II. Cestoidea (from cestos (KeσTòg), a band;' and the external surface. eidos (ɛidoç), ‘form),' tape-worms. Characters:-body elongated, flattened, soft, continuous, or articulated, furnished with lateral or marginal pores, and erectile papillæ passing through them, supposed to be the male organs of generation. Head generally provided with two or four pits, or suctorial orifices, and sometimes with four retractile, unarmed, or uncinated tentacles; but the head is so dissimilar in different genera, and their shape varies so much, that they do not form a very natural family. There is no trace of intestinal canal; unless the vessels proceeding from the suckers be considered as such. In some species nutrient vessels and ovaries are to be seen. They are all androgynous. 6 Order III. Trematoda (from trema (τρñμа), ‘a foramen'), fluke-worms. Characters :-body soft, rounded, or flattened. Head indistinct, with a suctorial foramen; one or more suctorial pores on the under surface of the body, which furnish the grounds for their subdivision into genera: they have no intestinal canal, and the organs of generation of the two sexes co-exist in the same individual: this is a very natural order. Order IV. Acanthocephala (from acantha (dkavoa), ‘a thorn; and céphale (epa), the head),' hooked-worms. Characters:-body elongated, round, subelastic; the anterior extremity or head has a retractile proboscis, furnished with hooks or spicula, arranged in rows. They have no intestinal canal, but distinct genital organs, and a separation of the sexes. This is a very natural group, and includes the most noxious of the internal parasites: there is only one genus, and fortunately no species is known to infect the human body. Order V. Nematoidea (from nema (vñμa), a thread,' and eidos, form'), round-worms. Characters-body cylindrical, elongated, and elastic; structure very complicated, there being a true intestinal canal, terminated by a disThe mouth, by its varieties, affords generic characters; the sexes are distinct; the females, which are longer than the males, being for the most part oviparous: they constitute a very natural order. tinct anus. Having given the above brief view of the orders into which the class Entozoa is divided, with the leading or characteristic differences in their form and organization, we will now enumerate the principal genera contained in each group, and make a few observations on some of the most interesting species. Following the order of classification, we must commence with the most simple group, the Cystica; and here the first parasite which attracts our attention is the common hydatid, which consists of a globular bag, composed of condensed albuminous matter of a laminated texture, and contains a limpid colourless fluid. No head or appendices of any sort being attached to it, it is appropriately denominated an acephalocyst, that is, a headless cyst. This genus was established by Linnæus, who regarded as animals those productions which before his time had been considered simply as cysts. Considerable diversity of opinion still exists as to their nature, and it is impossible to determine whether an hydatid is an animal or not, till we can agree what is the definition of an animal; if an animal must have sensation and motion, this is not one, as the best observers 2. The next genus is Ecchinococcus, which, as the name implies, is a round body covered with asperities. The E hominis, or many-headed hydatid of the Germans, occurs in cysts in the liver, spleen, omentum, and mesentery: the cyst, which is externally yellow and coriaceous, is unprovided with head or mouth, and contains minute bodies, which are described as possessing the armed and suctorious head characteristic of the Conuri and Cysticerci. From observations made on another species, the E. veterinorum, found in animals, the particles adhering to the internal surface of the cyst being examined with a microscope, appeared to be minute animalcules, moving about by means of external vibratile cilia, having an orifice at each extremity of the body, and the centre occupied by large globular stomachs. From this structure these parasites ought to be classed with the Polygastric Infusoria. 3. Anthocephalus is the next genus. It occurs in fish, in the liver, mesentery, and peritoneum, and within hydatids in the viscera. Each animal exists solitarily in a double bladder, of which the outer layer is hard and elastic, the inner more thin and delicate. The body is long, flat, terminated behind by a caudal vesicle, and in front by a head with two or four fossæ, and four probosces furnished with spicular processes. 4. Cænurus. This has the terminal cyst common to many bodies and heads; the former are elongated, flattish, and wrinkled; the latter are furnished with a rostrum, on which there are hooks and suckers, adhering in greater or less number to the surface of a bladder filled with fluid. The best known species is the Canurus cerebralis, commonly developed in the brain of sheep, and giving rise to the disease called the staggers. 5. Cysticercus. Here there is a dilated cyst forming the termination of a single entozoon: the head has four suckers, and a rostrum furnished with recurved processes or hooks. Of this genus one species is known to infest the human subject, the C. cellulosa; it is developed in the interfascicular cellular tissue of the muscles, and is invariably surrounded by an adventitious capsule of condensed surrounding substance. This entozoon occurs much more rarely in this country than on the continent; it is not confined to the muscular structures, for several individuals have been detected in the anterior chamber of the eye, where they may occasion so much irritation and inflammation of the organ as to require extraction, which occurred in a recent case in the Glasgow Ophthalmic Infirmary. These parasites also occur in quadrupeds, particularly the hog, giving rise to that state of the muscles which is called 'measly pork.' Of the Cestoid order of Entozoa, Rudolphi has described eight genera, two only of which contain each a single species that infest the human body: 1. Bothriocephalus, the species of which occur frequently in fishes and birds, in the branchia, œsophagus, pyloric appendices, intestines, and abdominal cavity. The one which affects the human subject, B. latus, or Tania lata, rarely falls under the observation of the English entozoologist, but is common in the intestines of man in Switzerland, Russia, parts of France, &c. It may be distinguished from the Taenia solium by the form of the segments, which are 2. Tania. This genus has the body flat, long, articulated, The determination of the species in this genus is very difficult: they may be divided for greater convenience into three sections: The first are without a proboscis, the Tania inermes; the second have one, but unarmed, T. rostellata; the third are furnished with an uncinated proboscis, T. armatæ. resemblance in its shape to a melon-seed, being flat, and appearing lanceolate at each end, as seen with the naked eye, though, when magnified, the extremities are found to be obtuse, the tail being the broader of the two. The anterior pore, or true mouth, is round and small; the posterior cavity is imperforate, and only subservient to adhesion and locomotion; it is situated in the ventral aspect of the body, in the anterior half. Between these there is a third orifice, destined to the generative system, and from which a small cylindrical process is generally protruded. The fluke is hermaphrodite and oviparous: it lives upon the bile, which is absorbed by the mouth, and is at once so digested or modified by the vessels which go off from thence, as to become immediately fitting nourishment for the animal. 4. Tristoma has three pores, the anterior simple, and the posterior radiated: it is found in the gills of one or two species of fish. 5. Pentastoma. The mouth is here situated between two pores on each side, through which a spicular process comes out. It occurs in the frontal sinuses, lungs, and surface of the liver of the mammalia (dog, horse, wolf), and in reptiles. 6. Polystoma. This genus has six anterior pores, besides a ventral and posterior one. It mostly occurs in the throat and branchia of fishes, and the bladder of frogs; but one species, the P. pinguicola, was discovered by Treutler in the cavity of an indurated adipose tubercle, in the left ovarium of a female aged 20, who had died in child-bed. The tumour, which was apparently formed entirely of indu rated fat, was of a reddish colour and hollow within; the cavity was nearly filled by the above-named worm, which was about half-an-inch in length, and between one and two lines in width. The 4th order, Acanthocephala, contains but one genus, Echinorhyncus, to which belong numerous species occurring in all classes of vertebrate animals except man: they are generally found in the intestinal canal, fixed between its membranes, and occasionally even in the peritoneal cavity; they have also been found in the neck under the skin. We now come to the last and most highly organized 3. Caryophyllæus has the body flat, continuous; the group of the entozoa, the Nematoidea, which contains a head dilated, and divided into flattish processes; it is fur-greater number of genera, and includes more species innished with an upper and under lip; the species of this habiting the human body than any of the preceding. It has genus occur in the intestines of fishes (carp, &c.). been divided into 11 genera, viz. 4. Scolex. The body is flat and continuous; the head has four fossa on it; it occurs also in the intestines and abdomen of fishes, sepiæ, &c. 5. Gymnorhynchus. This genus has the body very long, with a globular receptacle at the neck; head with two opposite fossæ, and four naked retractile probosces; the species occur in the muscular substance of many fish. 6. Tetrarhynchus. Body flat, continuous, head with four fossæ and four retractile probosces, furnished with recurvated spicular processes; it occurs in reptiles, fishes, molluscæ, in the muscles, branchiæ, stomach and its membranes, the liver, and peritoneum. 7. Ligula. In its first stage of development the body is elongated with a longitudinal fissure, without any appearance of head, or organs of generation. In its perfect state there is a simple fossa on each side of the head, and the ovaries and processes form a single or double row along the median line. The species occur very frequently in birds and fishes, but very rarely in mammalia. 8. Trionophorus has the body elongated, flat, sub-arti- The Trematode order is divided into six genera, which 2. Amphistoma is furnished with two pores, one anterior 3. Distoma. In this genus there are two pores: an anterior and a ventral. An immense number of species are known, occurring in mammalia, birds, fishes, &c. The D. hepaticum, or fluke-worm, frequents the gall-bladder and ducts very frequently in some animals, as the ruminating, and is particularly common in the sheep in the disease called the rot. It has been discovered in the gall-bladder of the human subject, though very rarely. It bears a considerable 1. Filaria; these are of nearly equal thickness throughout their whole length; they occur in all parts of the vertebrata, though principally in the cellular membrane; they are also even found in insects and their larvæ. 2. Trichosoma. On its anterior extremity, which is very thin, is the mouth, resembling a minute point: it is found in mammalia, birds, and amphibia, between the coats of the stomach, in the intestines, and the urinary bladder. 3. Trichocephalus. This genus differs from Filaria in the capillary form of the anterior part of the body, and in its swelling out behind; it occurs principally in the cæcum of the mammalia. 4. Oxyuris is characterized by being subulate posteriorly, having the mouth orbicular, and the penis in a sheath. The Ascaris vermicularis is included in this genus by Bremser. 5. Cucullanus is attenuated posteriorly. It occurs in the intestines and abdomen of reptiles and fishes. 6. Spiroptera is attenuated at each end. It occurs under the nictitating membrane of birds, in various parts of fish, and is said to have been found in the urinary bladder of man. 7. Physaloptera is attenuated at both extremities; the tail of the male is bent downwards, winged, and furnished below with a sort of bladder. The species are found in the stomach of mammalia, birds, and reptiles. 8. Strongylus. This has both ends attenuated: the tail of the male terminates in what Rudolphi calls a bursa, and through this the penis passes out; it occurs frequently in various situations in the three first classes of vertebrate animals. 9. Ascaris. This genus, which is the most numerous of the intestinal worms, 80 species having been already described, has the extremities attenuated, the mouth furnished with three valves or tubercles, and the penis double. The species occur in almost every part of the bodies of vertebrate animals. 10. Ophiostoma is attenuated at the extremities, and has the mouth furnished with two lips. It is found in the intestines of mammalia and fishes. . 11. Lirhynchus nas the mouth at the end of a sort of erectile and polished tube. It occurs in the stomach and intestines of some of the mammalia and of many fishes. In the above list of the genera of the cavitary, intestinal, or round worms, we have not made any particular mention of the species parasitic in man, and as several of them possess considerable interest, we need no apology for giving a short description of them. We may begin with the genus Filaria, three species of which are enumerated as human inhabitants, though two of them have been only once detected. The Guinea Worm (Filaria Medinensis) frequently occurs in hot climates, but the countries where it most abounds are Arabia, Upper Egypt, Abyssinia, and Guinea. Its general habitation is the subcutaneous cellular tissue, particularly of the lower extremities; but it is also found in the scrotum, and very rarely beneath the tunica conjunctiva of the eye. The length of this worm varies from six inches to twelve feet: it is about as thick as the string of a violin. | Its colour is generally white, but occasionally brown; it is round, and of nearly equal dimensions in its whole length, but becomes a little attenuated towards the anterior extremity. The tail of the male is obtuse, and armed with a spiculum; in the female it is acute and bent. The mode of development of this entozoon is unknown. It seems that it may exist for many months without being detected, cases occurring where it has not been discovered till more than a twelvemonth after leaving the country where it was contracted. After a time it produces irritation; in some point of the skin a vesicle, pustule, or small abscess forms, breaks, and then the end of the worm makes its appearance, which may be taken hold of, and cautiously and gradually extracted. If the filaria is broken, the portion remaining beneath the skin dies, and produces inflammation, sinuous abscesses, and often great constitutional disturbance, requiring amputation of the limb. It seems to be capable of slowly shifting its situation in the cellular membrane. According to Rudolphi, its coming out through the skin is not to be attributed to perforation of that membrane, which it is not at all capable of effecting, but only to the irritation which it excites in approaching the integuments. It seems sometimes to affect people within the tropics in an endemic or even epidemic form, nearly half the men in a regiment having been attacked at the same time by it. This species has been mentioned as having been found occasionally beneath the conjunctiva of the eye; but another, and much smaller kind, has been detected within the eyeball itself, viz. the Filaria oculi humani, which Nordman met with in the liquor Morgagnii of the capsule of the crystalline lens of a man who had had the operation of extraction for cataract performed. Two minute worms were discovered coiled up together. This species differs from the large Filaria found in the eye of the horse. The third species is the F. bronchialis, which was once detected in the enlarged bronchial glands of a man by Treutler; its length was about an inch. The Trichocephalus dispar, or long thread-worm, is about an inch and a half or two inches in length, the male being smaller than the female. The capillary portion makes about two-thirds of the whole length of this species. This worm is very common in the cæcum and large intestines, but does not seem to occasion any inconvenience, though inflammation of the intestinal follicles and fever has been erroneously ascribed to it. The existence and history of the following entozoon are involved in a good deal of mystery. Spiroptera hominis is the name given to some small intestinal worms which were sent to Rudolphi, together with some other vermiform bodies of an elongated form and solid homogeneous texture, which were passed from the bladder of a poor woman stili living in St. Sepulchre's work-house, London. There were also discharged, together with these substances, numerous small granular bodies, considered by Rudolphi as mere morbid concretions, but which subsequent examinations have caused to be regarded as ova. The small nematoid worms, which were six in number, and of different sexes, are supposed to have been expelled from the woman at the same time; they were from eight to ten lines in length, slender, white, and elastic; the other elongated bodies varied in length from four to eight inches. Some of the latter substances and ova are preserved in the Museum of the College of Surgeons; but none of the former entozoa, denominated Spiroptera hominis, are to be found among them. The Strongylus gigas also inhabits the urinary apparatus. Before Rudolphi's time it was generally confounded with the The Ascaris lumbricoïdes, the common round worm so out interfering with the enjoyment of robust health, as hasĮ Portugal: they are industrious, civil to strangers, and or been shown in a case lately met with. derly. The province is divided into two administrative divisions, Braga and Oporto, called also Alto Minho and Baixo Minho, each having its military and civil governors and its courts of justice. The division of Alto Minho includes Braga and Viana, and all the northern part of the country from Braga to the Minho; that of Baixo Minho, which is by far the larger, includes Oporto, Guimaraes, Penafiel, Amarante, and all the country southwards as far as the Douro. All the known parasites residing within the human body | have now been mentioned, and we have given a general outline of the groups and genera of the class Entozoa. It would far exceed our limits to attempt to enumerate all the species which have been discovered, and described by authors; which would even then probably include but a small number of those which exist. In fact, if we assent to the theory of their being the product of some irregular process of nutrition or secretion within animal bodies, or, as it is called, spontaneous or equivocal generation (which is perhaps more probable than that they are introduced from without), new and dissimilar species may be formed every day, by some unknown modification of the nutritive process which gives birth to them. The laws which, according to this hypothesis, regulate the difference of structure in these beings, from the simple acephalocyst to the complicated ascaris, are as much involved in obscurity as those which cause the varieties of organization in morbid productions connected with and participating in the life of the rest of the body; for instance, the various classes of tumours. ENTRE DOURO E MINHO, a province of Portugal, bounded on the north by the river Minho, which separates it from Gallicia in Spain, and on the south by the Douro, which divides it from the province of Beira. From its posi-square, or a little more or less than a square. tion between these two rivers the province has derived its name, although it is sometimes also called the province of the Minho, for brevity's sake. To the east it is bounded by the province of Tras Os Montes, and to the west by the Atlantic Ocean. Its length is about 60 miles from north to south, and its breadth is about 40 miles. Its area is, according to Miñano, 240 square leagues, of 20 to 1 degree of latitude, or about 2880 English square miles. Its population, by the same authority, as well as that of Antillon, is about 900,000, which is nearly one-fourth of the whole population of Portugal, it being by far the most thickly inhabited province of that kingdom. It is divided into five comarcas, or districts, namely, Braga, Viana, Penafiel, Guimaraes, and Oporto. The principal towns are, Braga, the capital of the northern division of the province [BRAGA]; Porto or Oporto, the capital of the southern division, by far the most important town in it [OPORTO]; Guimaraes, on the river Ave, an antient town, once the cradle and the capital of the monarchy, at present an industrious busy place, with manufactures of linen, leather, and cutlery, and 6000 inhabitants; Viana, with 8000 inhabitants, and a harbour at the mouth of the Lima, carrying on a considerable trade; Villa do Conde, with a small harbour, and 3000 inhabitants; Barcelos, with 3900; Valença, on the Minho, a frontier town and fortress, with about 1600 inhabitants; Penafiel, with 2300; Caminha, at the mouth of the Minho, with a harbour, and about 1000 inhabitants; S. João da Foz, at the mouth of the Douro, below Oporto, with 3300 inhabitants; Amarante, on the Tamega, with about 1000 inhabitants. The surface of the province is hilly, but there are some plains near the sea-coast. One ridge of mountains, the Serra de Marão, runs from north to south through the east part of the province, near the borders of Tras Ŏs Montes; the rivers Cavado, Ave, and Neiva have their sources in these mountains. The river Lima, which, next to the Douro and the Minho, is the largest in the country, has its source in the mountains of Gallicia; it enters the province of Entre Douro e Minho at its north-east extremity near Lindoso, runs through the north part of the province, passes by Ponte de Lima, and enters the sea near Viana. The river Tamega, which has its source in Tras Os Montes, flows through the province of Entre Douro e Minho in a southern direction, passes by Amarante and Canavezes, and then enters the Douro. ENTRESOL, a French term used to signify a floor between other floors. The entresol consists of a low apartment or apartments, usually placed above the first floor. In street architecture it is desirable to form the basement story on a scale of grandeur, and in so doing a greater space than necessary would be given to the first floor, if it were not for the entresol. There is a very good example of an entresol under the colonnade of the Quadrant in London. In continental cities the entresol is frequently employed, especially in Paris. The term Mezzaninro (or little middle floor) is used in Italy to indicate the same arrangement of floor, as well as the attic story of a house. The windows of the entresol, or mezzaninro, are usually, from the lowness of the floor, either ENTRY, from the French entrée, and Latin intrare, to enter, in law, is a taking possession by the legal owner of lands and tenements when another person is wrongfully in possession of them. At the common law this might be effected by force; but as it was the cause of great abuses, forcible entries were made punishable by fine and imprisonment by two statutes of Richard II., enlarged by a statute of 8 Henry VI. c. 9. (See 1 Ad. and E. 627, and 3 Ad. and E. 817.) This province is the most fertile in Portugal, the climate is healthy, and the soil is irrigated by numerous streams. The principal productions are wine, oil, flax, Indian corn, some wheat and oats, and vegetables and fruits of all sorts. Pastures are rather scarce, yet a considerable quantity of cattle, both large and small, are reared. The principal article of exportation is wine, which is made chiefly from the vineyards which are planted all along the valley of the Douro, and which is shipped at Oporto under the name of port-wine. There are fisheries along the coast, which occupy a great number of hands. The natives of Entre Douro e Minho are considered, together with their neighbours of Tras Os Montes, as the finest race of men in A party availing himself of this summary process against an aggressor must enter upon some part of the property claimed, and the safer course is formally to declare that thereby he takes possession of the whole. The entry must be repeated in each county in which the lands lie. This remedy, however, can only be adopted in certain cases, namely, where the original entry of the holder of the land was by unlawful means. In other cases, where the original entry is lawful, and possession held by an apparent right, the owner of the estate must proceed by an action, as an apparent right cannot be legally overthrown by the mere act of a claimant. The Statute of Limitations, 21 James I., c. 16, and the statute 4 and 5 Anne, c. 16, and the more recent enactment 3 and 4 William IV., c. 7, regulate the law on this subject, and also the periods within which entries may be made. Entry, forcible, is an entry made with a strong hand, with unusual weapons, an unusual number of servants, or with menace of life; if effected with violence, and the entry only amounts in law to a trespass, it is not within the meaning of the statutes of Richard II. above referred to. The remedy for parties aggrieved, and the mode of obtaining restitution, is either by an action at law, by indictment, or by justices of the peace upon the view. If'made by more than three persons, they may be proceeded against as in a case of a riot. (Bacon's Abridgment; Burn's Justice.) year of Entry, writ of, was another method of gaining possession of disputed property by trying the title of the occupant. The earliest mention of this writ occurs in the third the reign of Edward III. This writ was directed to the sheriff, requiring him to command the tenant that he render to the demandant the premises in question which he claims to be his right and inheritance, &c. The tenant thereupon was either compelled to deliver up the possession of the land, or to show cause why he refused to do so. This might be done by justifying his own title or that of others under whom he claimed. The claims of the respective parties were then tried before a jury, and the possession of the land was awarded to him who produced the clearest evidence of his right. There were several writs of entry both at the common law and by statute; but they appear to have long fallen into disuse, and but few instances have occurred in modern times of their being resorted to in practice. The learning respecting them, which is somewhat curious, may be found in Reeve's History of the English Law. Under the provisions of the 3rd and 4th William IV., e. 27, all writs of entry as well as writs of right were abolished, from the 31st December, 1834. ENVOY, a diplomatic minister or agent, inferior in dignity to an ambassador, but generally invested with equal powers. [AMBASSADOR, DIPLOMACY.] ENYED, NAGY-ENYED, ENIED, or STRASZBURG, a town in the county of Carlsburg or Unteralben, in Transylvania. It is situated in 46° 18′ N. lat., and 23° 42′ E. long., in a valley on the right bank of the Marosh : it is built in the old-fashioned style, is the seat of the district government, and is governed by its own magistracy, the head of whom is styled Doctor Nobilium.' Enyed contains a Roman Catholic, a Lutheran, and a Reformed Lutheran church; but is most celebrated for its richly endowed college (founded in 1622) for Protestant students, the number of whom is above 1000, and they are accommodated in 84 halls and chambers. The college has a library, and collections of coins and in natural history and experimental philosophy. On the market-place are the remains of the antient burg or castle, with its towers and loopholes, in which the Saxons, who built the town, were accustomed to defend themselves against their Transylvanian assailants in former days. It now contains the parish minister's residence and two places of worship. The streets still retain their Saxon names, although the town is now inhabited principally by Magyars or Hungarians. The population is about 6100, among whom are some Saxons, Armenians, Greeks, and Walachians. There are a paper-mill and some manufactures in the town, and extensive vineyards in the neighbourhood. The Magyar language is said to be spoken here with remarkable purity. EOLI'DIA, Cuvier's name for a genus of Nudibranchiata (the second order of his Gastropods) [NUDIBRANCHIATA]. In De Blainville's arrangement Eolidia is placed next to Cavolina, under his family Polybranchiata, with the name of Eolidia, and it forms, under the appellation of Eolis, the second genus of Lamarck's Tritonians, the first section of his Gastropods, with external branchiæ placed above the mantle, either on the back or on the sides, and not being in a particular cavity. Cuvier describes his Eolidice as having the form of small snails or slugs (Limaces) with four tentacula above, and two at the sides of the mouth. Their branchiæ, he observes, are laminæ, or foliations disposed like scales, more or less close set on each side of the back. Rang, who includes under Eolidia two subgenera, viz., the Eolidia, properly so called, and Bruguière's Cavolina, gives the following generic character. Animal pelagian, limaciform, gelatinous; head distinct, furnished with two or three pairs of tentacula; foot entire, and occupying nearly the whole length of the animal; branchia formed of flattened or conical cirrhi, disposed in rows on the superior part of the body; organs of generation united in the same tubercle on the right side anteriorly; vent a little more backwards. Geographical Distribution.-Cuvier, speaking of his Eolidia, says, that there are some of them in all seas. Rang observes, that the genus is composed of a great quantity of small pelagic and littoral animals. The masses of fucus natans, which are so often met with between the tropics, always present, he states, a great number of them, and it is easy to recognize them from their elongated and creeping form, as well as from the tentaculiform branchia with which they are beset. They do not swim, according to the last-named author, but they suspend themselves at the surface of the water, with the foot uppermost, and move well by means of sudden undulations. Eolidia properly so called. Branchiæ disposed in transverse rings distant from each other. Eolidia. Example.-Eolidia Cuvieri. Locality.-European seas. seas, remarks, that this closely approaches the preceding. Cavolina peregrina. De Blainville states that he has examined a very small of the Uranie). species brought home by MM. Quoy and Gaimard (Voyage EOLIPILE. [OLIPILE.] EOPSA'LTRIA (Zoology). [PACHYCEPHALINE.] EPACRIDA'CEAE, a natural order of monopetalous exogens, very closely allied to Ericaceae, with the small-leaved genera of which they entirely agree in habit, and from which they are scarcely distinguishable by any character beyond their anthers being in all cases one-celled. Dr. Brown, in founding the order in the year 1810, explained his motives for doing so as follows:-The family of Erice is now so vast that it seems to constitute a class rather than an order, of which one part, although not a very natural one, has been already separated by Jussieu under the separate name of Rhododendra, on account of some diversity in the structure of the fruit. I therefore may be allowed to propose another order (Epacride) which is truly natural, although it depends upon the single character of the unusual simplicity of the anthers; a character, however, which is of the greater value as opposed to the two-celled anthers of Erices, which are generally divided and furnished with appendages; the propriety of the measure is moreover confirmed not only by the number of Epacrideæ, large as it is, but also by their geographical disposition; for all, as far as we at present know them, are inhabitants of Australasia or Polynesia, countries in which not more than one or two species of Erices are found.' (Prodr. p. 536.) 1. A flower with a calyx as long as the 5-parted corolla, and several bracts imbricating the base. 2. An anther. 3 The stamens and ovary. The species consists of shrubs with alternate or occasionally opposite leaves, which are either articulated with the stem, like those of Erices or broad at the base and half-surrounding the stem in a kind of hood or sheath. Their flowers are usually monopetalous, but as in the order Ericaceae, it is not unfrequent to find them with their corolla divided or divisible into several pieces, and therefore truly polypetalous. The size and colour of the corolla are often striking, and the species then become exceedingly showy, and are favourites with gardeners. None of them are of any particular use, unless those are considered an exception whose succulent fruit is eatable, like Lissanthe sapida and De Blanville, who says that Cavolina is to be found in all others, which constitute the Australian cranberries. P. C., No. 589. Eolidia Cuvieri, magnified. VOL. IX.-3 O |