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steatite near Convoy, on the Deele, which cuts under the knife like wood, and is used by the country people for the bowls of tobacco-pipes. Beds of greenstone and greenstone porphyry are sometimes found resting on the deposits of granular limestone, and occasionally on the mica slate and granite, and the dikes from which these originate may be seen traversing the primitive rock at Horn Head and Bloody Foreland. Among the rarer minerals occurring in this remarkable region are columnar idocrase, malacolithe, epidote, and essonite (cinnamon stone), from a bed of mica slate in the Rosses, and from the bar of the Gweebarra river; garnet in hornblende slate over the marble of Dunlewy; and cherry-red garnet from Glanties: also plumbago from the shore of Ardes; copper pyrites from Horn Head; lead earth and iron ochre from Kildrum, in Cloghanealy; pearl-grey and yellowish-white porcelain clay from Aranmore Island; potter's clay from Drumardagh, on Loch Swilly; iron pyrites from Barnesmore; lead ore from Finntown, Letterkenny, Glentogher, and various other places; and pipe-clay from Drumboe, near Stranorlar. The white marble of Dunlewy, near the mountain Erigal, is stated to be of an excellent quality, and its bed very extensive; it has heen traced over a space of half a mile square, and is so finely granular, that it may be employed in the nicest works of sculpture. 'Its texture and whiteness,' says Mr. Griffith, 'approach more to those of the Parian than of the Carrara marble. It is very well known that perfect blocks of the Carrara marble are procured with great difficulty, and I firmly believe that the marble of Dunlewy is free from mica, quartz grains, and other substances interfering with the chisel, which so frequently disappoint the artists who work upon the marble from Carrara. A large supply of fine siliceous sand was formerly drawn from the mountain of Muckish by the glass-houses of Belfast, and considerable quantities have been of late exported to Dunbarton for the manufacture of plate and crown glass: the sand is rolled down the hill in canvas bags.

The soil of the primitive district is generally cold, moory, and thin. The limestone tract from Ballyshannon to Donegal is covered with a warm friable soil, varying from a deep rich mould to a light-brown gravelly earth. The soil of the transition district, arising chiefly from the decomposition of slaty rock, is a light but manageable clay, which is very well adapted for crops of potatoes, flax, oats, and barley, and in some situations, as along the rivers Finn and Foyle, bears wheat abundantly. The ordinary rotation of crops in the limestone district is potatoes, oats, or on the sea-coast, barley, and flax on the cold lands of the western coast potatoes and barley, and among the mountains, potatoes and oats. Alternate green crops and house-feeding have been practised by some of the leading gentlemen farmers since before 1802, but the practice is not general. The loy, or one-sided spade, and old wooden plough, are still in common use in the highland districts. Donegal is not a grazing country; the good land is almost all under tillage; and the grasses of the remainder are generally too sour for feeding. Cattle grazing on the mountain districts are liable to two diseases, the cruppan or crippling, and galar or bloody urine, which are said to alternate as the cattle are removed from the higher to the lower pastures: horses are not subject to these diseases. The Raphoe and Tyrhugh farming societies originated about A. D. 1800, and have peen of some service in the encouragement of green crops and nurseries. The principal plantations are at Ardes and Tyrcallan, a fine seat near Stranorlar, where Mr. Stewart, the proprietor, has a nursery of sixteen acres. Two thousand larchtrees, each measuring at nine feet from the butt, from two

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feet to two feet ten inches in girth, are at present (April, 1837) for sale in the latter neighbourhood. This is the first home growth of timber offered for sale in Donegal. The trees have been grown on steep and poor land, and are good evidences of the capabilities of the waste lands of this county. The linen manufacture is carried on to a very considerable extent, and is still increasing in the cultivated country about Raphoe and Lifford, and also in the neighbourhood of Ballyshannon. Bleachgreens are numerous in the neighbourhood of Stranorlar, but spinning by machinery has not yet been introduced. Strabane, in the county of Tyrone, within two miles of Lifford, is the principal linen market for the southern district: the sale here averages 500 pieces weekly. Londonderry and Letterkenny are the markets for the district to the north the weekly sale in the former place is about 400, and in the latter about 120 pieces. The manufacture of stockings by hand formerly employed many females on the western coast, a pair of Boylagh knit woollen stockings selling for seven shillings, but the common wear of trousers has now taken away the demand. Burning kelp continues to be a profitable occupation along the coast. About the beginning of the present century private distillation was carried on to an immense extent all over this county, particularly in the baronies of Inishowen and Kilmacrenan: repeated baronial fines and the vigilance of the authorities have latterly checked the practice, but it still exists to some extent in the mountain districts. Considerable numbers of whales have from time to time been taken off this coast; but this, as well as the herring fishery, is now neglected. In 1802 there were but two flour mills in this county. There is an export of three to four thousand tons of corn annually from Letterkenny, and the remaining export of the county is from Londonderry. The condition of the peasantry in the south and west is not much better than that of the wretched inhabitants of northern Connaught: land is let exorbitantly high; 37. 58. per acre is paid in the neighbourhood of Donegal town, and 17. and 18s. on the declivities of the mountain district. All the butter and eggs of the poorer farmers go to market to make up the rent, and buttermilk and potatoes constitute their diet. The traveller is much struck with the improved appearance of the peasantry north of the gap of Barnesmore;

ragged, rather than a whole coat,' says Mr. Inglis, vol. ii., p. 109, was now a rarity, and the clean and tidy appearance of the women and girls was equally a novel as it was an agreeable sight. The farm-houses too were of a superior order: most of the houses had inclosures and clumps of sheltering trees.' The majority of the population in this district is Protestant.

Donegal is divided into six baronies; Tyrhugh on the south, Bannagh and Boylagh on the west, Kilmacrenan on the north-west, Inishowen on the north-east, and Raphoe on the east and centre. Ballyshannon (pop. 3775), Killybeggs (pop. 724), and Donegal (pop. 830), were erected into corporations in the reign of James I.: these corporations are now extinct. Lifford, which is the assize town of the county, is governed by a charter of the 27th February, 10th James I. This corporation still possesses some property, and has a court of record with jurisdiction to the amount of five marks, but no criminal jurisdiction. The vicinity of Strabane has prevented Lifford from increasing · the court-house and county gaol constitute the greater part of the town: pop. 1096. The other towns are Letterkenny, pop. 2168; Rathmelton, pop. 1783; Buncrana, pop. 1059; Ballybofey, pop. 874; and Stranorlar, pop. 641. Donegal is represented in the imperial parliament by two county members.

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1831

Estimated by Dr. Beaufort.
Under Act 55 Geo. III. c. 120.
Under Act 1 Wm. IV. c. 19.

23,521

44,800 48,030
50,171 52,739 38,178

7,204

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been in the possession of the Mac Loughlins, a family of the
Kinel Owen or O'Neills. The most distinguished of the chief
tains of Tyrconnell was Hugh O'Donnell, surnamed the
Red, whose entrapment by Sir John Perrot, and subsequent
imprisonment at Dublin as a hostage for the good conduct
of his clan, caused much hostility against the government
of Queen Elizabeth in this part of Ulster. O'Donnell, after
more than three years' confinement, escaped, and with much
risk made his way through the English pale and reached
Dungannon, the residence of the disaffected earl of Tyrone.
Here, it is supposed, the plan of the great rebellion, com-
mencing with the attack on the fort of the Blackwater
[BLACKWATER], was originally formed. From Dungannon
he proceeded to Ballyshannon, the residence of his father,
who immediately resigned the chieftainship into his hands.
A council of the tribe was then held on Barnesmore moun-
tain, the result of which was a sanguinary irruption into
Connaught, which they wasted as far as Galway and
Limerick. O'Donnell next turned his arms to the assistance
of Tyrone, who had risen in rebellion, and was present at
the battle of the Blackwater. His confederates, Maguire
and O'Rourke, soon after obtained an equally signal victory
over Sir Conyers Clifford, the governor of Connaught, whom
they met in a pass of the Carlow mountains on his way to
lay siege to Belleek.

to Sir George Marburie, and Rathmelton to Sir Willam Stewart. At the time of the plantation the old Irish were in a very uncivilized state: in many of the precincts those who were permitted to remain, still practised their barbarous method of ploughing by the tail at the time of Pyunar's survey. During the wars that succeeded the rebellion of 1641, the British of the district along the Foyle, called the Laggan forces, did excellent service in this and the adjoining counties. There were some few forfeitures among the proprietors of Irish descent at the time of the Act of Settlement. The forfeitures consequent on the war of the revolution of 1688 did not extend into Donegal. The last historical event connected with this county was the capture of the French fleet off Tory Island by Sir John B. Warren in 1798.

The most remarkable piece of antiquity in Donegal is the Grianan of Aileach, the palace of the northern Irish kings from the most remote antiquity down to the twelfth century. It stands on a small mountain 802 feet in height, near the head of Loch Swilly. The summit of the mountain, which commands a noble prospect, is surrounded by three concentric ramparts of earth intermixed with uncemented stones. The approach by an antient paved road leads through these by a hollow way to a dun or stone fortress in the centre. This part of the work consists of a circular wall of Cyclopean architecture varying in breadth from 15 feet to 11 feet 6 inches, and at present about 6 feet high, enclosing an area of 77 feet 6 inches in diameter. The thickness of this wall is diminished at about 5 feet from the base by a terrace extending round the interior, from which there are flights of steps somewhat similar to those at Steague Fort, another remarkable Cyclopean erection in the county of Kerry. There was probably a succession of several such terraces before the upper part of the wall was demolished. Within the thickness of this wall, opening off the interior, are two galleries, 2 feet 2 inches wide at bottom and 1 foot 11 inches at top by 5 feet in height, which extend round one-half of the circumference on each side of the entrance doorway, with which however they do not communicate: their use has not been determined. The remains of a small oblong building of more recent date but of uncertain origin, occupy the centre. The space contained within the outer enclosure is about 5 acres, within the the second, about 4; within the third, about 1; and within the central building, or cashel, . The stones of the wall are generally of about 2 feet in length, polygonal, not laid in courses, nor chiselled, and without cement of any kind.

O'Donnell next invaded Thomond, which he laid waste; but he soon after returned to oppose Sir Henry Dockwra, governor of Loch Foyle [LONDONDERRY], who had seized on his castle of Donegal in his absence, and had set up his cousin Neal Garv O'Donnell, who was in the queen's interest, as chieftain in his place. But the Spanish troops who had been sent by Philip II. to the assistance of the rebels, having landed at Kinsale [KINSALE] in the mean time (23rd of September, 1601), he was obliged to raise the siege of Donegal and march into Munster. Here having formed a junction with Tyrone (23rd of December), they attempted the relief of Kinsale, in which the Spanish auxiliaries were besieged by the lord deputy, but owing, it is said, to a dispute about precedence, their armies did not act in concert, and a total defeat was the consequence. O'Donnell then sailed for Spain, to solicit in person new succours from Philip. After spending a year and a half in fruitless negotiation, he was seized with fever and died at Valladolid, where he was interred with royal honours in the church of St. Francis. On the death of Hugh, Neal Gary having proved refractory, his cousin Rory O'Donnell was promoted to the chieftainship, and afterwards to the earldom of Tyrconnell, which produced an The description is thus minute, as, from an antient Irish ineffectual rebellion on the part of Neal and his allies the poem published in the first part of the Memoir of the Mac Swines; but on the 7th of May, 1607, a letter accusing Ordnance Survey of Ireland,' and which bears conclusive Rory of having entered into a conspiracy with Tyrone, internal evidence of having been written before A. D. 1101, Maguire, O'Cahan, and other Irish lords, was dropped in the building of Aileach ('the stone fortress') is attributed, the council-chamber at Dublin Castle, in consequence of with every appearance of accuracy, to Eochy Ollahir, whose which it was judged expedient for him to accompany the reign is one of the very earliest historical epochs in Irish flight of his alleged associates, who immediately went history. In this poem are preserved the names of the arbeyond seas. In the mean time a town had been walled chitects, the number of the ramparts, and the occasion of in at Derry by Sir Henry Dockwra, who had also built a the undertaking. Until the publication of the Memoir, the castle at Lifford for the control of Tyrconnell. The vicinity uses and history of this remarkable edifice were totally of an English garrison proved so unsatisfactory to the pro- unknown. It was reduced to its present state of ruin A. D. prietor of Inishowen, Sir Cahir O'Dogherty, that on some 1101, by Murtagh O'Brien, king of Munster, who, in revague assurances of aid from Spain, communicated by the venge of the destruction of Kincora [CLARE] by Donnell exiled earls, he broke into open revolt May 1st, 1608, and Mac Loughlin, king of Ulster, A. D. 1088, invaded this dishaving surprised Culmore and put the garrison to the sword, trict and caused a stone of the demolished fortress of advanced on Derry next day, which he carried with little | Aileach to be brought to Limerick for every sack of plunder resistance and burned to the ground. He then fell back carried home by his soldiery. This event was remembered on Kilmacrenan, and took up a strong position on the rock as late as 1599, when the plunder of Thomond by Hugh of Doune, where he held out for five months until he was O'Donnell was looked on as a just retaliation. Ŏn Tory killed by a Scotch settler, who shot him as he leaned over the Island also are some Cyclopean remains, not improbably edge of the rock. O'Dogherty being thus slain in rebellion connected with the very antient tradition of the glass tower and the exiled earls attainted of high treason, Donegal, along mentioned by Nennius. Tory signifies the island of the with five other counties of Ulster, escheated to the crown. On tower. On the same island are also a round tower and the the plantation, the district about Lifford was allotted to Eng- remains of seven churches and two stone crosses. Throughlish undertakers, of whom the chief were Sir Ralph Bingley out the county are numerous memorials of St. Columba, or and Sir John Kingsmill; the whole of Boylagh and Bannagh as he is more usually known in Ireland, St. Columbkille. was allotted to John Murray, Esq., and his sub-patentees; This distinguished saint, the apostle of the Picts and founder the district of Portlough to Scottish undertakers, of whom of the church of Iona, was born at Gartan, a small village the chief were Sir John Stewart and Sir James Cunning-south of Kilmacrenan, where he founded an abbey which ham; the district of Kilmacrenan to servitors and natives, was afterwards richly endowed by the O'Donnells. Near of whom the chief were Sir William Stewart, Sir John Kilmacrenan is the rock of Doune, on which the O'Donnell Kingsmill, Sir George Marburie, Captain Henry Hart, Sir was always inaugurated. The remains of the abbey of Mulmory Mac Swine, Mac Swine Banagh, Mac Swine Donegal still possess interest for the antiquarian, ains of Fanad, and Tirlagh Roe O'Boyle. In Inishowen Muff was the north of Glen Veagh are some very antient remains of

granted to the Grocers' Hall. Letterkenny owes its origin churches. But by much the most celebrated ecclesiastical

M 2

locality in this county is the Purgatory of St. Patrick, situ- | in 19° 9' N. lat., which was in great measure built by the ated on an island in Loch Derg. The antient purgatory was Mamelukes during their possession of the country from in high repute during the middle ages: the penitent was 1812 to 1820, when they were driven away by Ismail, son supposed to pass through ordeals and undergo temptations of the pasha of Egypt. (Caillaud's Travels.) Further south similar to those ascribed to the Egyptian mysteries. (See and on the right bank of the Nile, is Dongola Agous or O'Sullivan, Hist. Cathol. Hib.) In Rymer's Fœdera,' are Old Dongola, formerly a considerable town, but now reextant several safe conducts granted by the kings of Eng-duced to about 300 inhabitants. At one end of it is a large land to foreigners desirous of visiting Loch Derg during the square building, two stories high, which was formerly a fourteenth century. On Patrick's day, A. D. 1497, the cave convent of Coptic monks, and the chapel of which has been and buildings on the island were demolished by order of Pope turned into a mosque. There are also other remains of Alexander VI., but were soon after repaired: they were Christian monuments, for Dongola was a Christian country again razed by Sir James Balfour and Sir William Stewart, till the fourteenth century, and Ibn Batuta speaks of it as who were commissioned for that purpose by the Irish such. Makrizi in the fifteenth century describes Dongola as government A. D. 1632. At this time the establishment a fertile and rich country with many towns; and Poncet, who consisted of an abbot and forty friars, and the daily resort in 1698 visited Old Dongola and its king and court, speaks of pilgrims averaged four hundred and fifty. The cave of it as a considerable place. The king was hereditary, and was again opened in the time of James II., and again closed paid tribute to the king of Sennaar. After Poncet's time, in 1780. At present the Purgatory, which has been a fourth however, the Sheygia Arabs desolated Dongola, and reduced time set up, but on an island at a greater distance from the it to subjection during a great part of the last century, a shore than the two former, draws an immense concourse of cireumstance which accounts for the present depopulated the lower orders of Roman Catholics from all parts of Ire- and poor state of the country. When the Mamelukes who land, and many from Great Britain and America every had escaped from Egypt came to Dongola in 1812, the counyear. The establishment consists, during the time of the try was under several Meleks or petty native chiefs, substation from the 1st of June to the 15th of August, of ject however to the Sheygia Arabs. It is now a Beylik twenty-four priests: the pilgrims remain there six or nine dependent on the pasha of Egypt; and the bey of Dongola, days; the penances consist of prayer, maceration, fasting, who resides at Maragga, extends his jurisdiction also over and a vigil of twenty-four hours in a sort of vault called the the country of the Sheygia Arabs. The natives of Dongola prison. The fces are 1s. 44d. each, of which 64d. is paid resemble those of Lower Nubia in appearance, they are for the ferry. During the time the pilgrims remain on the black, but not negroes; they produce dourra, barley, beans, island they are not permitted to eat anything but oaten and have sheep, goats, and some large cattle. The fine bread and water. Water warmed in a large boiler on the horses which in Egypt are known by the name of Dongola island is given to those who are faint; this hot water is come chiefly from the Sheygia or Barabra countries. The called wine,' and is supposed to possess many virtues. houses are built of unbaked bricks, made of clay and One of the pilgrims whom Mr. Inglis saw here, had her chopped straw. The country of Dongola is more fertile lips covered with blisters from the heat of the wine' she than Lower Nubia, but the people are few and indolent or had drank. The number of pilgrims is variously estimated dispirited by long calamities. Rüppel, in his "Travels to from 10,000 to 13,000 and 19,000 annually, and is at pre- Nubia and Kordofan,' gives particulars of the manners and sent on the increase. A station was advertised here in the habits of the people of Dongola. year 1830 by a Roman Catholic bishop.

For the state of education in this county, see RAPHOE, with which diocese the county of Donegal is nearly co

DONNE, JOHN, was born at London in the year 1573 of respectable parents. At the early age of eleven, being esteemed a good Latin and French scholar, he was sent to the University of Oxford, and after remaining there a few The only newspaper published in this county is the Bally-years was removed to Cambridge. Although he greatly shannon Herald; number of stamps used in 1835, 7185.

extensive.

The county expenses are defrayed by Grand Jury presentments. The amount of direct taxation averages about 24,000l. per annum. Assizes are held twice a year at Lifford, where there is a county gaol: there are bridewells at Donegal and Letterkenny. The district lunatic asylum is at Londonderry. The share of the expense of erecting this establishment, which falls on Donegal, is 90557. 10s. 1d. (Statistical Survey of Donegal, 1802; Sketches in Ireland, by the Rev. C. Otway; Northern Tourist; Inglis's Ireland in 1834; Memoirs of Ordnance Survey of Ireland, Hodges and Smith, Dublin, 1837; Parliamentary Papers, &c.) DO'NGOLA, a province of Upper Nubia, extending southwards from the borders of Mahass about 19° 30' N. lat., along the banks of the Nile as far as Korti, about 180 N. lat., where it borders on the country of the Sheygia Arabs. The Nile coming from Sennaar flows in a northern direction through Halfay, Shendy, and the Barabra country to about 19° Ñ. lat. and 33° E. long, when it suddenly turns to the south or south-south-west, passing through the Sheygia country. [BARKAL.] After passing below the rock of Barkal, as it reaches the town or village of Korti, its course assumes a direction nearly due west, which it continues for about 20 or 30 miles, and then resumes its north direction towards Egypt. The province called Dongola stretches along the banks of the river from Korti first to the westward, and then northwards, following the bend of the stream to below the island of Argo, where it borders on Dar-Mahass, which last is a distinct province of Nubia. The whole length of Dongola is about 150 miles, and its breadth may be considered as extending no further than the strip of cultivable land on each bank, which varies from one to three miles in breadth, beyond which is the desert. The left or west bank is the more fertile, the eastern being in most places barren, and the sands of the desert stretching close to the water's edge. (Waddington and Hanbury's Travels.) The fine and fertile island of Argo is included within the limits of Dongola. The principal place in Dongola is Maragga or New Dongola, on the left or west bank,

After

distinguished himself in his studies he took no degree, as
his family being Catholic had conscientious objections
to his making the requisite oath. At the age of seven-
teen he went to Lincoln's Inn to study the law; and
while here, in order to satisfy certain religious doubts, he
read the controversies between the Roman Catholics and
Protestants, and decided in favour of the latter.
travelling for about a year in Spain and Italy, he became on
his return secretary to Lord Elsinore, and fell in love with
that nobleman's niece, the daughter of Sir George More.
The lady returned his affection, and they were privately
married. When this union was discovered by Sir George
he was so indignant, that he induced Lord Elsinore to
dismiss Donne from his service. The unfortunate secretary
was afterwards imprisoned by his father-in-law, and his wife
was taken from him; but by an expensive law-proceeding,
which consumed nearly all his property, he was enabled to
recover her. Sir George forgave him shortly afterwards,
but absolutely refused to contribute anything towards his
support, and he was forced to live with his kinsman, Sir
Francis Whalley. Dr. Morton, afterwards bishop of Glouces
ter, advised Donne to enter into the Church, and offered
him a benefice; but although in great poverty he re-
fused the offer, thinking himself not holy enough for the
priesthood. Sir Francis Whalley at last effected a complete
reconciliation between Donne and Sir George, who allowed
his son-in-law 8007., in quarterly sums of 207. cach, till the
whole should be paid. Still he continued to be in em-
barrassed circumstances, and after residing some time at
Mitcham, whither he had removed for the sake of his
wife's health, he lived in the house of Sir Robert Drury,
at Drury Lane. He accompanied that gentleman to Paris,
contrary to the solicitations of his wife, who could not bear
to be parted from him, and who, as she said, felt a fore-
boding of some evil. While Donne was in Paris, there is
a story that he saw the apparition of his wife enter his
apartment bearing a dead child, and shortly afterwards re-
ceived the intelligence that his wife had actually been
delivered of a dead child at that very moment. The honest
angler, Isaac Walton, who writes Donne's Biography,

ure built by the e country from y by Ismail, son Further south ngola Agous =n, but now d of it is a larg was formerly which has been her remains f ristian country speaks of it as Des Dongola as d Poncet, wh court, speaks reditary, and

oncet's time, and reduced t century, a depopulated elukes who , the coun-hiefs, subva Beylik Of Dongola,

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of Dongola

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seems inclined to believe this story. On Donne's return
to England he was introduced to James I., and delighted
the king by a polemic treatise against Catholicism, entitled
Pseudo-Martyr.' James was so anxious that he should
take holy orders, that Donne at length complied, and became
the king's chaplain-in-ordinary. His style of preaching is
thus described by Walton: always preaching as an angel
from a cloud, but not in a cloud.' The University of Cam-
bridge made him doctor of divinity; and now, just as he
was rising from his misfortunes, his happiness was em-
bittered by the death of his beloved wife. The benchers
of Lincoln's Inn presented him with their lectureship; and
after accompanying an embassy to the queen of Bohemia,
James's daughter, he became dean of St. Paul's and vicar
of St. Dunstan's, being then in the fifty-fourth year of his
age. Falling into a consumption, he was unable to perform
his clerical duties; but some enemy having hinted that he
merely feigned illness because he was too idle to preach, he
mounted his pulpit, and almost in a dying state, preached
what Walton has called his own funeral sermon.' This
discourse was afterwards printed under the quaint title of
'Death's Duel.' From this time he abandoned all thoughts
of life, and even had a portrait painted of himself, enveloped
in a shroud, which he kept in his bed-room. Shortly after-
wards he died, having exalted himself (according to
Walton), almost to a state of angelic beatitude.

Of the real goodness and piety of Donne there can be no
doubt. But while we admire these genuine qualities, we
must not be blind to the superstitions and puerilities which
were blended with Donne's religion, though these might be
attributed partially (but not wholly) to the age. There was
evidently a great deal of simplicity about him, as well as
about his biographer Walton, who, enthusiastic in his ad-
miration, exalts a weakness as much as his hero's most
brilliant qualities. However, to those who wish to see cha-
racters like Donne treated in the spirit of their own time,
we cannot recommend a more delightful book than Wal-
ton's Life of Donne.

As a poet, Donne was one of those writers whom Johnson has (to use Wordsworth's expression) 'strangely' designated metaphysical poets: a more infelicitous expression could not well have been devised.

In the biography of Cowley, Johnson has committed an unintentional injustice towards Donne. By representing Cowley's faults as the faults of a school, he brings forward parallel passages from other authors containing like faults, and Donne is one of them. He has previously described the school as a set of cold unfeeling pedants, and hence the reader finding Donne's worst lines cited in illustration of that remark, may easily imagine that he never did anything better, and set him down as a mere pedantic rhymer.

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The fact is, that quaint conceits' are only the deformities of Donne's poetical spirit: the man himself had a rich vein of poetry, which was rarely concealed even when most laboriously encumbered, while some of his pieces, both for thought and even melody, are absolute gems. His fault, far from being coldness, is too much erotic fervour he allows his imagination to run loose into the most prurient expressions; and in some of his amatory pieces, the conceits stand as a corrective to their excessive warmth. His satires, though written in a measure inconceivably harsh, are models of strength and energy. Their merits were discovered by Pope, who (to use his own odd phrase) translated them into English.

Donne's principal theological works, besides sermons, are the 'Pseudo-Martyr,' and a treatise against suicide, called 'Bia-thanatos.'

We beg leave to call the attention of those readers who study the progress of their own language to one fact, and that is, that whilst many of the pieces of Donne, written in lyric measures, are absolute music, what he has composed in the heroic measure is painfully uncouth and barbarous. Thus, though the invention of heroic verse took place at an early period (it is attributed to Chaucer), we find that a language must be in a highly cultivated state before this kind of verse can be written in perfection.

a reddish colour, and has a spongy, tasteless, but nutritious rind. The albumen of the seed is hard and semitransparent, and is turned into beads and other little ornaments. Gætrner described it under the name of Hyphæne coriacea.

DOOMS, FALSING OF, a term of the old Scots law, somewhat similar in import with appeal of false doom in the law of England. A doom or judgment thus falsed or charged with injustice, was of old taken from the bailies of burghs to the court of Four-boroughs, and from the court baron or freeholder's court to the court of the sheriff, thence to the justice ayre, and thence to the parliament. But on the institution of the court of session, in 1532, a new method of review was established, the proceedings of the inferior courts being thenceforward carried into the court of session by advocation, suspension, and reduction, a form of process derived from the tribunals of modern Rome, and from the court of session to parliament by protest for remeid of law, and now to the House of Lords by appeal.

The civil jurisdiction of the court of justiciary declined immediately on the institution of the court of session. By the Jurisdiction Act, however, 20 Geo. II., a power of appeal to a limited extent was again bestowed on the circuit court of justiciary, and a process of appeal laid down entirely in the spirit of the antient falsing of dooms. This method of appeal has, with some slight alterations, been continued to the present time.

For the old falsing of dooms, see Stat. Will. c. 10; 1429, c. 116; 1471, c. 41; 1503, c. 95, 99.

DOONGURPORE, a small principality, situated in the district of Bagur and province of Gujerat, in a hilly tract, as to which but few particulars are known. This principality was formerly united to Odeypore, in Rajpootana, and the rajah of Doongurpore still claims seniority over the reigning sovereign of Odeypore, but this distinction is merely nominal, and there is in fact no political connexion between the two rajalis. The greater part of the inhabitants of Doongurpore are Bheels, who are considered to be the Aborigines of the country. Some years ago the rajah to preserve his authority, which was threatened by the more powerful among his subjects, took some bands of Sindes into his pay, but they soon usurped all power, and were proving destructive to the country, when the rajah sought and obtained the protection of the English under whose intervention the country has recovered from the desolate condition to which it had been reduced. The town of Doongurpore, the capital, is situated in 23° 54′ N. lat. and 73° 50' E. long.: about 95 miles north-east from Ahmedabad. A lake near this town is said to have its mounds constructed with solid blocks of marble.

DOOR and DOORWAY, the entrance leading into a public or private edifice, and the opening or entrance way into an apartment or from one apartment to another. This way is closed with the door, which is generally made of wood, and hung to one of the sides or jambs of the doorway. The name door is from the Saxon part of our language, but it is one of those roots which occur also in the cognate languages, as the Greek and Latin. The doorway consists of a sill, or horizontal piece laid on the ground, the perpendicular pieces, architraves or jambs, called also by Vitruvius the antepagmenta, and the lintel, or piece laid on the top of the jambs. According to Vitruvius (iv. 4), who gives general rules for the proportions of the portals of temples, the hypothyron, or aperture for doors, should be as follows:-The height from the pavement to the ceiling of the temple being divided into three parts and a half, two of the whole parts were allowed for the height of the door. These two parts were subdivided into twelve smaller parts, of which five and a half were allowed as the width of the door at the base; and the upper part was contracted according to the following rules: if not more than 16 feet high, the contraction was one-third of the width of the jamb on the face; if the height was more than 16, and not exceeding 25 feet, a fourth part of the width of the jamb only was employed; and from beyond 25 feet, and not exceeding 30 feet oneeighth only. Doors higher in proportion were made perpendicular.

DOOM or DOUM, a remarkable palm-tree exclusively The Egyptian doorway is perpendicular, and consists of
inhabiting Upper Egypt, especially the neighbourhood of two flat architraves of stone, with a flat lintel surmounted
Thebes, whence it is named Cucifera Thebaica. Its stem, by an astragal moulding, above which is a frieze terminated
instead of growing without branches like other palms, forks with a bold cavetto and fillet.
The doorway inclosed be-
two or three times, thus assuming the appearance of a
tween the architraves and lintel is narrow in its proportions.
Pandanus. Clumps of it occur near Thebes; the fruit is The form of the door itself (if there ever was one used) is
about the size of an orange, angular, irregularly formed, of unknown.

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The Greek doorway is often inclined inwards, or contracted at the top; it has also a peculiar lintel or top-stone, with mouldings running round it and meeting the ends of the architraves, and forming two elbows, thus:

Greek lintel head, showing the manner in which the architrave moulding is formed round it.

The mouldings of the architraves are delicately formed, and decorated with ornaments, and a frieze and cornice supported on consoles are sometimes added. The decorations of the Erectheium doorway are very rich, but the size of our cut precludes the possibility of giving them. We have no example of the form and construction of a Greek door.

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mouldings over the lintels are of rare occurrence, as well as the inclination of the jambs or their contraction at the tops: they occur however in the temple of Vesta at Tivoli, and of Hercules at Cora. The bronze door of the Pantheon at Rome, of which we have given a cut, is not we believe altogether an antique model. The bronze door of the temple of Romulus at Rome is however an antique door. (Donaldson on Doors, plates.) Some notion of the

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Pantheon Door and Doorway; from Donaldson's work on Doors. construction and panelling of antient doors may be derived from the above work. Many beautiful models of modern doorways exist at Rome, and in various cities of Italy. A careful study of them cannot fail to improve the taste of the architect. The modern bronze doors of the Baptistery at Florence and St. Peter's at Rome are unrivalled for their size, design, and beauty of workmanship.

Wooden-framed doors, either single or double, consist of styles or upright side pieces, rails or horizontal pieces tenoned into the styles, and panels or thinner pieces of

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Greek Doorway of the Erectheium; from Donaldson's work on Doors. The Roman doorway is formed on the model of the Greek, except that the elbows or projections of the architrave

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Common framed Door. 1, 1, 1, 1, panels; 2. 2, styles; 3, 3, architrave, or
jambs; 4, lintel; 5, 5, rails; 6, 6, 6, munnions; 7, sill.

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