Page images
PDF
EPUB

occurrence, as contraction att

of Vesta at T door of the P na cut, is nea The bronze dar! vever an antiga me notion of t

[ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small]

DOR

wood let into grooves in the compartments formed by the
joining the rails and styles together. Munnions, a corrup-
tion of mullions, are short upright pieces let into the rails.
The panels have often a moulding running round their
edges, either on one or both sides. For the technical terms
of framed doors, the reader may consult Nicholson's Dic-
tionary; and for the best general information on doors, the
recent work of T. L. Donaldson on Doors.

DOOR, GOTHIC. [GOTHIC Architecture.]
DOORNIK. [TOURNAY.]

DORA'DO (constellation), the sword-fish, a constellation
of Bayer, situated in the southern hemisphere, and cut
nearly in half by a line joining a Argûs and a Eridani. The
principal stars are as follows.

[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small]

DORAT, CLAUDE JOSEPH, was born at Paris in the
year 1734. Having a considerable fortune he devoted himself
entirely to poetry, and produced a number of tragedies, which,
though some were successful, drew on him torrents of ridi-
cule from contemporary wits. He seems however to have
attained some reputation as a writer of the lighter class of
poems. He had a great passion for bringing out splendid
editions of his own works, and the cost of vignettes and tail
pieces consumed his fortune. He died in the year 1780.
The works of Dorat fill twenty volumes, but they are
not highly estimated. La Harpe will scarcely allow him
mediocrity. La Déclamation Théâtrale, a work on the pro-
per department of actors, is considered his chef d'oeuvre;
but, though it is replete with wholesome advice to perfor-
mers, it is deficient in everything that can be called poetry.
His lighter tales in verse are told with naïveté and hu-
mour; of these Alphonse enjoys the best reputation, but
they are terribly indecent. His dramas are entirely for-
gotten.

It should be observed that the edition of the works of
Dorat in twenty volumes is adorned with engravings supe-
rior to most works of the time; and though we may blame
the author for his prodigality in lavishing his fortune on
such ornaments, we must not refuse the praise which is due
to his taste, considering that these choice engravings were
made at his own suggestion.

DORCHESTER, a borough and market-town, having separate jurisdiction, in the division of Dorchester and county of Dorset, 120 miles south-west by west from London.

Dorchester was called by the Romans 'Durnovaria,' and 'Durinum.' Hutchins, in his history of Dorsetshire, says that the first part of the name Dorchester is from Dur, or Dwr, in antient British, water, which seems the best opinion. By the Saxons it was called 'Dornceaster,' from whence we have the modern name Dorchester. It has also been called "Villa Regalis,' to distinguish it from Dorchester in Oxfordshire, called Villa Episcopalis.'

[ocr errors]

Placed on the Via Icenia' (the Icknield street), it must have been a place of some importance in the time of the Saxons, as two mints were established here by King Athelstan. The town was nearly destroyed by fire in 1613: 300 houses, and the churches of the Holy Trinity and All Saints, were totally consumed; and the loss is estimated by Hutchins at the enormous sum of 200,000/.

Many severe battles were fought in the vicinity of Dorchester between the king's and the parliamentary forces during the civil war. At the assizes held here on the 3rd of September, 1685, by Judge Jefferies and four other judges, out of 30 persons tried on a charge of being implicated in Monmouth's rebellion, 29 were found guilty and sentenced to death. The following day 292 persons pleaded guilty, and 80 were ordered for execution. John Tutchin,

[ocr errors]
[blocks in formation]

DONACIÓN BIR

who wrote the 'Observator' in Queen Anne's time, was sentenced to be whipped in every town in the county once a year, but on his petitioning to be hanged as a mitigation of his punishment, he was reprieved, and subsequently pardoned."

The manor of Dorchester has passed through the hands of a great many families, and in the 11th year of the reign of King Henry IV. appears to have been the king's demesne borough. In the 1st of Henry V. the profits of the borough were confirmed to the burgesses at a fee-farm rent of 207. The rent was subsequently granted, and is now paid, to the Hardwicke family.

The corporation claim a prescriptive right, but they have charters of Edward III., Charles I., and of other reigns: the governing charter is that of the 5th Charles I. The assizes and courts of quarter-sessions for the county and for the borough are held here; as well as a court of record and a court leet. A high steward is appointed for life.

The borough has returned two members to parliament since the 23rd year of the reign of King Edward I., but, by the Boundary Act, the boundaries are considerably extended, and include Fordington, Colleton Row, and part of Trinity parish, and include a population of 4940 inhabitants. The population of the town itself is 3033, of whom 1552 are females.

The town of Dorchester is pleasantly situated on a slight elevation near the river Frome, and consists principally of three spacious streets, which are well paved and lighted. A delightful walk, well shaded, surrounds two-thirds of the town. Races are annually held here in September; and a theatre was erected in 1828. The shire hall is a plain building of Portland stone, and is commodiously fitted up. The gaol, built in 1795, contains the county gaol, the house of correction, and the penitentiary: the interior is divided into four wings, communicating by cast-iron bridges.

The trade is now very trifling, but in the reigns of King Charles I. and James I. the manufacturing of cloth was carried on to some extent: the market-days are Saturday and Wednesday. There are fairs on Trinity Monday, St. John the Baptist's, and on St. James's days; the three last are principally for sheep and lambs, for which Dorchester is celebrated. A tract of land, called Fordington Field, partly meadow, partly arable, surrounds a portion of the town: its soil is particularly adapted for the feeding of cattle, and it extends over a surface seven miles in circumference, without any inclosures.

The town is divided into three parishes, All Saints (commonly called All Hallows), St. Peters, and the Holy Trinity, and is in the archdeaconry of Dorset and diocese of Bristol. St. Peter's church contains some curious monuments, is spacious, well built, and consists of a chancel, nave, aisles, and an embattled tower, 90 feet in height. The living of Trinity is by far the best, being now worth 4397. a year. There are also places of worship for Baptists, Independents, Wesleyan Methodists, and Unitarians.

A free grammar-school was founded and endowed by Mr. Thomas Hardy in the year 1579, the government of which is vested in trustees. It has two exhibitions, of 107. per annum, to St. John's College, Cambridge, and one of 51. per annum to any college of either University. A second school, founded prior to the grammar-school, was refounded in 1623 by the corporation, the master of which instructs five boys gratuitously in reading, writing, and arithmetic. There are almshouses, founded by Sir Robert Napier in 1615, by Matthew Chubb in 1619; and the Whetstone almshouses, for the support of four couples, or four single persons.

The town was strongly fortified and entirely surrounded by a wall, when in possession of the Romans; and the site where an antient castle stood is still called Castle Green. The building itself was totally demolished, and a priory for Franciscan monks was constructed out of the materials by one of the Chidiock family, in the reign of Edward III., near the site of the old castle. The church of the priory was pulled down at the Reformation, and the house becene the residence of Sir Francis Ashley, and was subsequently converted into a Presbyterian meeting-house.

Tesselated pavements, Roman urns, and a quantity of coins of Antoninus Pius, Vespasian, Constantine, and other Roman emperors, have been dug up in the vicinity of Dorchester.

DORDOGNE, a river in the south of France, rises in the department of Puy de Dôme, on the slope of Mont

Dor, the summit of which (Puy de Sancy, 6224 feet high) is the highest point of central France. The Dordogne flows past the towns of Bort, Argentat, and Beaulieu, all in the department of Corrèze, to the junction of the Cére.

From the junction of the Cére the course of the Dordogne is westward at Mayronne, 14 miles below the junction, the navigation commences; and at Limeuil, about 40 miles below Mayronne, the Dordogne receives the Vezère, a navigable tributary, which rises in the department of Corrèze, and has a south-western course of about 100 miles. [CORREZE.] At Libourne, 70 miles below the junction of the Vezère, the Dordogne receives the Isle, its largest tributary, which rises in the department of Vienne, and has a south-west course of nearly 120 miles. About 22 miles below the junction of the Isle, the Dordogne unites with the Garonne, and forms the estuary of the Gironde. Its whole length is about 240 to 250 miles, for more than 130 of which it is navigable. The tide flows up to Castillon, nearly 50 miles above its junction with the Garonne: and sometimes at spring tides, when the water in the river is low, sets in with a violence which overwhelms everything. The anchors of the boats and vessels moored in the stream are carried away, the cables broken, and the vessels wrecked, unless the owners have taken the precaution to place them in the middle of the channel, where the depth of the water diminishes the violence of the stream. This violent flow of the tide is called Le Mascaret; the noise which it makes may be heard as far off as seven or eight miles. [BORE.] The Dordogne is noticed in the writings of Ausonius and Sidonius Apollinaris, in the 4th and 5th centuries under the name of Duranius. Gregory of Tours, in the 6th century, calls it Dorononia; and Eginhard (9th century) Dornonia. Dordonia, the Latinized form of Dordogne, first appears in the writings of Aymoin or Aimoin in the end of the 10th or beginning of the 11th century.

DORDOGNE, a department in the south of France, taking its name from the river just described. Its figure approximates to that of an equilateral triangle, having its sides respectively facing the S., N.E. and N.W. It is bounded on the N. and N.E. by the department of Haute Vienne; on the E. by that of Corrèze; on the S.E. by that of Lot; on the S. by that of Lot and Garonne; on the S.W. by that of Gironde; on the W. (for a very short distance) by that of Charente Inférieure; and on the N.W. by that of Charente. Its greatest length from N. to S. is about 80 miles, and its greatest breadth from E. to W. about 72 miles. The area of the department, according to M. Malte Brun, is 3640 square miles; rather more than the joint area of the English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk; the population in 1832 was 482,750 (not more than 12-17ths of the population of the two English counties just mentioned), giving 133 inhabitants to a square mile. Perigueux, the capital, on the Isle, (population in 1832, 8700 for the town, or 8956 for the whole commune,) is about 264 miles in a straight line S.S.W. of Paris, or 294 miles by the road through Örléans, Vierzon, Châteauroux, and Limoges.

There are no very lofty hills in this department. The hills which run N.W. from the mountains of Auvergne send off a subordinate chain which just crosses the northern part of the department near Nontron. Other hills of lower elevation traverse the department, and form, except in the instance of the two great rivers, the Dordogne and the Isle, narrow valleys, which are liable to be inundated and damaged by the floods. The department is watered by the Dordogne, which passes through it from E. to W.; and is navigable throughout this part of its course. The Vezère enters this department from that of Corrèze, and flows past Montignac, where it becomes navigable into the Dordogne. The Isle arises in the department of Haute Vienne, and entering that of Dordogne on the N.E., flows through it in a S.W. direction, until it enters the department of Gironde a few miles above its junction with the Dordogne. The Dronne rises in the department of Haute Vienne, and entering that of Dordogne, flows through it or along the border until it enters the department of Gironde, and unites with the Isle. These are the principal rivers. Of the smaller ones, the Nizonne, which receives the Belle and the Pude, falls into the Dronne; as do also the Boulou and the Colle: the Loue, the Haute Vezère (which rises in the department of Corrèze), the Vern, the Salambre, and the Grande Durche, fall into the Isle: the Beune falls into the Vezère; and the Melve, the Ceou, the Couze, the Coudou united with the Louire, into the Dordogne the

|

Bandiat, in the northern part of the department, belongs to the basin of the Charente, and the Dropt and the Allemarce, in the southern part, to that of the Garonne. 'The soil is far from productive: the calcareous rock often presents its bare surface, or is covered only with heath, broom, and chestnut-trees, which occupy immense tracts. Sometimes the continuity of these arid lands is broken only by the intervention of marshes. Rich and fertile spots occur, as it were, accidentally in the midst of this district. The grain harvests would be insufficient for the support of the inhabitants, were they not eked out by the use of chestnuts as food: but of the produce of the vineyards more than half is sold as wine or converted into brandy for exportation. The mineral wealth of the department is considerable: it consists of pit coal, manganese, and several other articles, especially iron. But that which entitles this department to the consideration of epicures is the white wine of Bergerac, the delicacy of the pork, the abundance of red partridges, the excellent pike which are found in the ponds, the liqueurs, the fine confectionary of Perigueux, and, above all, the truffles which the distriet round that town affords.' (Malte Brun.)

The department contains 635 communes, and is divided into five arrondissements or sub-prefectures, viz., Perigueux, central (101,527 inhabitants); Nontron, in the north (82,122 inhabitants); Bergerac, in the south (116,897 inhabitants); Sarlat, in the east (109,430 inhabitants); and Riberac, in the west (72,774 inhabitants). Of the towns, Perigueux and Bergerac on the Dordogne (population, 5966 for the town, 8557 for the whole commune,) are described in their respective articles.

Sarlat is between the Dordogne and the Vezère, on a brook which flows into the former and in a deep valley. The neighbourhood abounds with copper and iron mines, coal-pits, and mill-stone quarries. The population of Sarlat in 1832 was 3917 for the town, or 6056 for the whole commune. The inhabitants are engaged in making paper. Though it is so small a place, Sarlat was before the Revolution a bishop's see. The bishop was a suffragan of the archbishop of Bordeaux. Sarlat was one of the strongholds of the Huguenots, and was twice besieged in the religious wars of the sixteenth century.

Riberac is on the left or south bank of the Dronne in a fertile plain, in which corn and hemp are grown, and sent to Bordeaux. There are at Riberac the remains of a strong castle, once belonging to the viscounts of Turenne. The population of the whole commune in 1832 was 3954; that of the town is not distinguished. Riberac is not on or near any main road.

Nontron is on the Bandiat, in the northern part of the department. The inhabitants amounted in 1832 to 2132 for the town, or 3246 for the whole commune. They manufacture leather and common cutlery, and carry on trade in the iron produced by the mines and wrought in the forges of the surrounding country.

Beside the above, which are the capitals of arrondissements, there are in the north, St. Jean-de-Colle, on the river Colle; Mareuil and Thiviers, on the Belle; and La Roche-Beaucour, on the Nizonne. The last is on the road from Paris to Perigueux, 20 or 21 miles from the latter, and consists of one crooked, steep and ill-paved street, with ill-built houses. The situation however is pleasant. The inhabitants are given by Vaysse de Villiers (A. D. 1818) at 1500. Many sheep, whose flesh is in good esteem, are fed in the neighbourhood. In the eastern part there are Excideuil, near the Loue, Terrasson and Montignac on the Vezère, and St. Cyprien on the Dordogne. Montignac had in 1832 a population of 2629 for the town, and 3922 for the whole commune: the navigation of the Vezère begins here. Terrasson is on the road from Perigueux to Brives and Tulle. St. Cyprien had in 1832 a population of 1541 for the town, or 2375 for the whole commune.

In the western part are St. Aulaye and La Roche-Chalaus or Chalais, on the Dronne, and La Tour Blanche, near the source of the Pude; and Villefranche-de-Louchapt, between the Isle and the Dordogne: these are all very small places. In the south are Eymet, on the Dropt; Beaumont, on the Couze; Issigéac, Belvès, Biron, Monpazier, and another Villefranche. Belvès had, in 1832, a population of 1781 for the town, or 2363 for the whole commune. derable quantity of nut-oil is made here. Biron was a barony held by the Maréchal de Biron, one of the chief supporters of Henry IV., and was made a duchy in favour

A consi

[blocks in formation]

On mines

of Sariat

ole coa

paper

[ocr errors]

of the

[merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors]

of the son of the Maréchal, who was afterwards beheaded | and the Barbary pirates. He escorted Charles V. to the for a conspiracy against Henri.

In the centre of the department are Brantôme and Bourdeilles, on the Dronne; St. Astier, on the Isle; and La Linde, on the Dordogne. Brantôme has a population of nearly 3000. According to the 'Dictionnaire Universelle de la France' (A.D. 1804), the manufactures of Brantôme were serges, hosiery, and cotton and woollen yarn. There was at this place a Benedictine abbey, founded by Charlemagne, A.D. 769. This abbey was held in commendam by Pierre de Bourdeilles, author of the well-known 'Mémoires de Brantôme.' The town of Bourdeilles is said by Expilly to have an antient castle. The inhabitants of the town were, according to the Dictionnaire Universelle,' engaged in weaving serges and other light woollens, and cotton hose. Not far from the bourg or small town of Miremont, near the Vezère, is a cavern whose ramifications extend for about five miles. Another cavern, that of Mussidan, in the west of the department, is remarkable for the fountain of Sourzac, which gushes from it and forms a cascade.

ance.

expedition of Tunis in 1535, and contributed greatly to the taking of the place. In 1538 he joined the Venetian fleet off Corfu, when he lost the opportunity of attacking, with every chance of success, the Turkish armament commanded by the famous Barbarossa. [BARBAROSSA; KHAIR EDDIN] His conduct on the occasion was attributed to secret instructions from the emperor. In 1541 Doria commanded the fleet in the expedition of Charles V. against Algiers, from which he is said to have tried in vain to dissuade the emperor. It turned out as he had foreseen, and he could only save the emperor with a small part of the army. In his old age, Doria retired to Genoa, where he lived in great splendour and reputation, the first among his fellow-citizens, respected by all, and consulted upon all matters of importCharles V. created him Prince of Melfi and Tarsi in the kingdom of Naples. At the beginning of 1547 his life was threatened by the conspiracy of Fieschi: his nephew Giannettino was murdered, but Andrea escaped, and Fieschi perished in the attempt. A few months after a fresh conspiracy was formed against him by Giulio Cibo, a Genoese emigrant, who however was discovered and executed. In 1548 some of the ministers of the emperor proposed to build a fortress, and introduce a Spanish garrison, in Genoa, under the pretence of preventing any new conspiracies, but the Genoese appealed to Doria, who interposed and prevented the execution of the project. In 1552 Doria, then eighty-five years old, went to sea again, to attack his old enemies the Turks, who, under Dragut Reis, were ravaging the coast of Naples. Doria lost some of his galleys, which were surprised by the Turks, but Dragut sailed away for the Levant. In 1556 he resigned his command to his nephew, Gian Andrea Doria, who was confirmed as admiral by Philip II. Andrea Doria died in his palace at Genoa in November, 1560, being then ninety-four years of age. He left no issue, and no very large fortune, owing to his splendid way of living and generous disposition. The Genoese paid great honours to his memory, and lamented his death as a public calamity. Doria was one of the greatest characters that Italy produced during the middle ages, and one of the few that were fortunate to the last. Several individuals of his family have distinguished themselves at various times in the service of the republic of Genoa. A branch of the Doria family are settled at Rome, with the title of princes. (Casoni, Annali di Genova; Botta, Storia d'Italia.)

For ecclesiastical purposes, the department forms the diocese of Périgueux, the bishop of which is a suffragan of the archbishop of Bordeaux: for the administration of justice, it is included in the jurisdiction of the Cour Royale of Bordeaux; and for military affairs it is comprehended ir the eleventh division, of which the head-quarters are at Lordeaux. It sends seven members to the Chamber of Deputies. (Malte Brun; Balbi; Vaysse de Villiers.)

In respect of education, this department is rather behind the average of France. M. Dupin assigns to it, in the chart subjoined to his Forces Productives, &c. de la France' (Paris, A.D. 1827), one male child at school to every 104 inhabitants.

DORDRECHT. [DORT.]

DO'RIA, ANDRE'A, was born in 1466 at Oneglia, in the western Riviera of Genoa, of an antient noble family, to which Oneglia belonged as an imperial fief. Having lost his parents at an early age, Doria embraced the profession of arms, served under several princes in various parts of Italy, and lastly entered the service of Francis I., who made him commander of his fleet in the Mediterranean. Genoa had been for a long time distracted by factions, which had brought it under the dominion or protection, as it was styled, of the Visconti and Sforza, dukes of Milan. The French having conquered the duchy of Milan, placed a garrison in Genoa, upon condition of respecting the liberties of the citizens, a promise which they kept with the usual faith of conquerors. The citizens were oppressed in various ways, and Doria having remonstrated with the agents of Francis in behalf of his countrymen, a secret order came for his arrest, just after his nephew and lieutenant, Filippino Doria, had gained an important victory for the French over the imperial fleet near the coast of Naples in 1528. The French were then besieging Naples by land. Barbezieux, a French naval officer, was sent to Genoa with twelve galleys to seize on the person of Andrea Doria, who, having had intimation of this design, retired into the gulf of La Spezia, sent for his nephew to join him with the galleys which he had fitted out at his own expense, and offered his services to Charles V., who received him with open arms. Doria stipulated with Charles that Genoa, as soon as it was freed from the French, should be restored to its independence under the imperial protection, but no foreign garrison or government should be admitted into it. At the same time he engaged to serve the emperor with twelve galleys, fitted out by himself, which number was afterwards raised to fifteen, for which Charles agreed to pay him 90,000 ducats a year. Doria soon after appeared before Genoa with his little squadron, and being favoured by the inhabitants, he obtained possession of the city, and drove the French away. It is said that Charles offered him the sovereignty of Genoa; but Doria preferred a nobler course. He re-organised the government of the republic, and, in order to extinguish the factions, he named a certain number of families of nobles and citizens, out of which the legislative council was to be chosen annually. New families might be added to the number from time to time. A Signoria, or Council of Sixteen, with a Doge, renewed every two years, composed the executive, and five censors were appointed for five years as guardians of the laws. Doria was appointed censor for life, with the title of Father and Liberator of his country.' He now resumed his naval career as admiral of Charles V., and distinguished himself against the Turks P. C., No. 542.

DORIANS, the most powerful of the Hellenic tribes, derive their origin from a mythical personage named Dorus, who is generally made the son of Hellen, though he is described as the son of Xuthus by Euripides (Ion., 1590). Herodotus mentions (I. 52) five successive migrations of this race. Their first settlement was in Phthiotis, in the time of Deucalion; the next, under Dorus, in Hestiæotis, at the foot of Ossa and Olympus; the third on Mount Pindus, after they had been expelled by the Cadmeans from Hestiæotis. In this settlement, says Herodotus, they were called the Macedonian people; and he elsewhere (viii. 43) attributes to the Dorians a Macedonian origin; but there does not appear to have been any real connexion between the Dorians and the Macedonians (who, it has been shown, were of Illyrian extraction: Müller, Dar., i., p. 2) beyond this vicinity of abode. The fourth settlement of the Dorians, according to Herodotus, was in Dryopis (afterwards called the Dorian Tetrapolis); and their last migration was to the Peloponnese. Another, and most remarkable expedition, not mentioned by Herodotus, was the voyage of a Dorian colony to Crete, which is stated to have taken place while they were in their second settlement at the foot of Olympus (Androm. apud Strabon., p. 475 D); and Dorians are mentioned among the inhabitants of that island even by Homer (Od. xix., 174). The eastern coast was the first part which they occupied. (Staphylus apud Strabon., p. 475 C.) This early settlement in Crete must not be confused with the two subsequent expeditions of the Dorians to that island, which took place after they were well settled in the Peloponnese, the one from Laconia under the guidance of Pollis and Delphus, the other from Argolis under Althæmenes. The migration of the Dorians to the Peloponnese, which is generally called 'the return of the descendants of Hercules,' is expressly stated to have oc. curred 80 years after the Trojan war, i. e. in 1104exion (Thucyd. i., 12.) The origin and nature of the connexion which subsisted between the Heracleida and the Dorians are involved in much obscurity. The Dorians were from

VOL. IX.-N

very early times divided into three tribes, and the epithet | thrice-divided (rpixaïkeç) is applied to them by Homer in the passage referred to above. These three tribes were called the Hylleans, the Dymanes, and the Pamphylians. Now the two latter tribes are said to have descended from Dymas and Pamphylus, the two sons of Egimius, a mythical Doric king, and the first claimed a descent from Hyllus, the son of Hercules.

An attempt has been made to show that the Hyllæans were of Doric origin as well as the other two tribes (Müller Dor. i., chap. 3, sec. 2), but we are inclined to infer from the traditions as well as from the duplicate divinities of the Dorians, that the genuine Dorians were included in the two other tribes, and that the Heracleida were a powerful Achæan family united with them in a similar manner, but by a stronger tie than the Ætolians under Oxylus, who are also said to have taken part in this expedition. The Heracleida, then, with their Ætolian and Dorian allies, crossed the Corinthian gulf from Naupactus, invaded and subdued Elis, which was assigned to the Ætolian chieftain, and bending their steps southward, conquered successively and with greater or less difficulty, Messenia, Laconica, Argolis, Corinth, and Mégaris. In Laconia they were joined by the Cadmæan clan of the Ægidæ, who assisted them in their tedious war with Amycle, and afterwards took a part in the colonies to Thera and Cyrene. [BOTIA and CYRENE.] This invasion, which so materially affected the destinies of Greece, was very similar in its character to the return of the Israelites to Palestine. The invaders, who, like the descendants of Abraham, brought their wives and children with them, though they perhaps did not completely abandon their last settlement, which was still called and considered Dorian (Thucyd. i. 107), numbered about 20,000 fighting men on the highest estimate. (Müller, Dor. i., chap. 4, sec. 8.) They were, therefore, very inferior in number to the inhabitants of the countries which they conquered; but the superiority of their peculiar tactics ensured them an easy victory in the field, and they appear to have taken all the strong places either by a long blockade or by some lucky surprise; for they were altogether unskilled in the art of taking walled towns.

The governments which the Dorians established in all the countries which they thus invaded and conquered was, as might have been expected, very analogous to that which the Norman invasion introduced into England, namely, an aristocracy of conquest; for while the successful invaders remained on a footing of equality among themselves, all the old inhabitants of the country were reduced to an inferior condition, like the Saxons in England. They were called TEρioot, or dwellers round about the city,' a name corresponding exactly to the Pfahlbürger, or 'citizens of the Palisade,' at Augsburg, who dwelt in the city suburbs without the wall of the city; to the 'pale' in Ireland before the time of James I.; to the people of the contado in Italy; and to the fauxbourgeois in France. (Niebuhr, Hist. of Rome, i. p. 398, Eng. tr.; Arnold's Thucydides, i. p. 626; and Borghini, Origine della Città di Firenze, p. 280, ed. 1584.) All the members of the one class were gentle, all those of the other class were simple. The constitution of Sparta in particular was an aristocracy of conquest as far as the relations between the Spartans and Lacedemonians were concerned, while the Spartans themselves lived under a democracy with two head magistrates, who were indeed called kings, but possessed very little kingly power. The usual name for a constitution in a Dorian state was an order or regulative principle (xóoμos), and this name appears to have arisen from the circumstance that the attention of the Dorian legislators was principally, if not solely, directed to the establishment of a system of military discipline and to the encouragement of that strict subordination which is the result of it. To bring this about the Dorian population was continually engaged in public choral dances, in which the evolutions of an army were represented, and which served as a rehearsal for actual war. These dances were professedly in honour of the Dorian god, Apollo, who was represented as the inventor of the lyre, their original accompaniment, and also as a god of war, and of civil government, as presiding over the Delphian Oracle, which regulated all the Dorian law systems; but this is merely an expression of the fact that music was an important instrument in the civil and military organization of Dorian state. Apollo had a duplicate in his sister Artemis, and this, as we have before hinted, points to an antient division of the Dorian race

inte two distinct tribes. (See Niebuhr, Hist. of Rome, i. p. 217, comp. p. 224.) The necessity for such a religion, and such a system of worship depending upon it, is to be explained by the peculiar relation subsisting between the Dorians and their EpioLKOL. It was by superior prowess and discipline that they had acquired their rank, and it was only by a continuance of this superiority that they could hope to maintain themselves in the same position. Accordingly, it was important that while the bulk of the population was occupied as much as possible in agricultural employments, the Dorian aristocracy should enjoy sufficient leisure and have every inducement of religion and amusement to practise those martial exercises in which it was so needful for them to excel. The same occasion for strict discipline may also account for the extraordinary austerity which prevailed in most Dorian communities. The Dorian women enjoyed a degree of consideration unusual among the Greeks. The Syssitia, or common tables, which were established in most Dorian states, were designed to admonish those of the privileged class that, living as they did in the midst of a conquered but numerous population, they must not consider themselves to have any individual existence, but must live only for the sake of their order (xóopos).

In addition to the Dorian settlements which have been already mentioned, this race sent out many colonies: of these the most important were established along the southwest coast of Asia Minor. Rhodes, Cyprus, Corcyra, and Sicily also boasted a Dorian population; Byzantium and Chalcedon were Megarean colonies; and the celebrated cities, Tarentum and Crotona, in Italy, were founded under the authority of Sparta.

The reader will find a full discussion of all questions relating to the history and peculiarities of the Dorian race ir Müller's Dorier, Breslau, 1824 (translated into English, with additions and improvements by the author, Oxford, 1830; in the second chapter of K. F. Hermann's Lehrbuch der Griechischen Staatsalterthümer, Heidelberg, 1836, tranlated, Oxford, 1836; and in Lachmann's Spartanische Staatsverfassung, Breslau, 1836.) Dr. Lachmann adopts the view which we have given of the original two-fold division of the Dorians, but considers the two first tribes to have been the Hyllæans and Dymanes, the Pamphylians being made up of volunteers who joined the expedition to the Peloponnese.

DORIC DIALECT, a variety of the Greek language peculiar to the Dorian race. It was spoken in the Dorian Tetrapolis; in the greater part of the Peloponnese; in the numerous Dorian colonies in Italy, Sicily, and Asia Minor; in Crete, Ægina, Rhodes, Melos, Corcyra, and Cyrene. As a written language it is divided by grammarians into two classes, the old and new Doric. In the former Epicharmus, Sophron, and Aleman wrote; in the latter Theocritus, Bion and Moschus. The lyric poets in general wrote in the Doric dialect; but Pindar, perhaps the greatest of them, at all events the best known to us, wrote a language based upon the epic or Ionic dialect, but with a liberal use of Doric and Eolic forms. (Hermann de Dialecto Pindari, Opuscula i. p. 247.) The choruses in the Attic plays are written in a kind of Doric; which circumstance (as well as the use of Doric words by Pindar, a Theban) is to be accounted for by the Dorian origin of lyric poetry; for as Herodotus, although a Dorian, wrote his history, which is a kind of epic, in the Ionic dialect, because that was the prescriptive language for epic poetry, so all writers of odes adopted the Doric more or less, because the oldest lyric poems were written in that dialect. The existing monuments of the pure Doric, in addition to the fragments of the old writers which have been carefully collected, are the specimens in the comedies of Aristophanes, the treaties and decrees quoted by the Athenian historians and orators, and the inscriptions collected by Chandler, Mustoxidi, and Böekh. The peculiarities by which the Dorian dialect was distinguished from the other varieties of the Greek language are to be attributed to the mountain life of the Dorians in their earliest settlements. We always find a tendency to the formation of broad vowel sounds in the language of mountaineers, and this fondness for the a and w, which the Dorians generally used where n and ou were used in other dialects, and also their aversion to sibilants, is perfectly analogous to what we observe in other languages which are spoken both by highlanders and lowlanders. The use of the article in the Greek language is attributable to the Dorians, the poetry of Aleman having first introduced it

Tist. of Rome, such a religion, upon it, is to be ing between the rior prowess and x, and it was only ey could hope to Accordingly, population l employments ent leisure and isement to pre so needful fr discipline may vhich prevailed romen enjoyed the Greeks established in h those of the e midst of a

not consider ut must live

have been colonies: of g the south~orcyra, azud antium and celebrated

inded under

Jestions reian race

nglish, with

ford, 1830,

hrtauch der 136, tran

artame un adapt fold di

es to have

ns being

n to the

anguage Durian

In the

[merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors]

into the literature of Greece. The older language, which
is called the Æolian or Pelasgian, and to which, according
to Strabo, pp. 333 and 679, the Doric bore the same relation
as the Attic did to the Ionian, was entirely without the
article, as we may see in the Latin branch of it. On the
Dorian dialect the reader may consult in addition to Mait-
taire and Gregory of Corinth, who have written on the
Greek dialects in general, the excellent remarks of Müller,
Dorians, vol. ii., Appendix viii., p. 484, &c., English trans-

lation.

Locality, the Mediterranean and the Adriatic. The mhabitants of Rimini call it Facchino. (Desmarest.) FOSSIL DORIPPE?

DORIC ORDER. [CIVIL ARCHITECTURE; COLUMN.] DORIPPE (Fabricius), a genus of brachyurous decapod crustaceans belonging to the subdivision which have the feet of the fourth and fifth pairs elevated on the back, and not terminated with paddles, and the eyes supported upon simple peduncles (Notopoda). The genus is adopted by Latreille, Lamarck, Leach, Bosc, and Risso: it is the No-Considérations Générales sur la Classe des Crustacés,' togastropus of Vosmaer, and was comprehended under the general term Cancer by Linnæus, Herbst, Aldrovandus,

and Plancus.

Generic character.-External antennæ rather long, setaceous, inserted above the intermediate ones, which are folded (pliées), but not entirely lodged in the cavities where they take their insertion: third joint of the external jawfeet (pieds-mâchoires) straight, elongated, terminated in a point, buccal opening triangular: claws (chelæ) small, short, equal; the other feet very long and compressed, the third pair being the greatest; the two last pair elevated upon the back, and terminated by a small hooked nail, which is folded back upon the next joint: carapace slightly depressed (the sides wider posteriorly than they are anteriorly), truncated, and spinous before; truncated, sinuous, and bordered behind; the surface marked with small humps or tubercles, which correspond exactly to the regions proper to the soft parts beneath: two great oblique openings, ciliated on their edges, communicating with the branchial cavity, and situated below the head, one at the right, the other at the left of the mouth: inferior and posterior part of the body truncated into a kind of gutter to receive the reflected abdomen, the pieces of which are nodulous or tuberculous: eyes small, lateral, supported on rather long peduncles, placed near the angles of the head, and protected by its angular projections, which form the edges of their orbits. (Desmarest.)

Geographical Distribution.-Probably wide on the seacoasts of warm climates, where the water is deep. The Mediterranean and Adriatic seas, and Manilla, are among the localities given.

Desmarest (Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés Fossiles, 1822), describes a species, Dorippe Rissoana, which has some resemblance to the species above figured and described, and still more to the crab figured by Herbst under the name of Cancer Frascone; and above all, to a species brought from New Holland by Péron, and named Dorippe nodosa. Desmarest observes that he is the more inclined to consider it as approaching very near to this last, inasmuch as he had thought that the specimen which he had described might not be in reality fossil. In fact, he adds, that though brown and shining, like the fossil crabs which come from the East Indies, it is much lighter, more friable, and not so much imbedded in the clay as they are. In his (1825,) he describes the Dorippe à quatre dents with the synonyms-Dorippe quadridens, Fabr. Latr.; Dorippe nodosa, Coll. du Mus.; Cancer Frascone, Herbst. This Dorippe from the East Indies,' he adds, has lately been brought from Manilla by M. Marion de Procé. It so much resembles a species which I have described with doubt as fossil, that I know not how precisely to point out the difference. This species belongs to M. Defrance, who has stated its characters in the article Dorippe' (fossil) of the Dict. des Sc. Nat.'

DORKING. [SURREY.]

DOROG, a market town of eastern Hungary, in what is called the Haydu Varosok,' or privileged district of the Haydukes, lying north-east of Böszörmény, the head town of that district, in 47° 30' N. lat. and 21° 20' E. long. (according to the Austrian quartermaster-general's map). It contains about 920 houses and 6650 inhabitants.

DORPAT, or DOERPT, a circle in the north-eastern part of the Russian government of Livonia, bounded on the north by Esthonia, and lying in the large subdivision of the empire, called The Provinces of the Eastern Sea,' or Baltic. It has an area of about 4257 square miles, and contained, in 1792, 130,904 inhabitants; in 1816, 140,606; and in 1833, 179,819. There are 2 towns (Dörpt, or Dörpat, and Verroe), 20 parishes, 206 equestrian estates, and 15,331 small farms in the circle. Ridges of low hills and gentle eminences occur alternately with lakes, streams, marshes, forests, and cultivated plains: the largest lake, next to its eastern boundary, lake Peipus, the western side of which, together with a portion of the bay of Pskow, belongs to this circle, is the Vürzyerva, which is navigable, and discharges its waters through the river Embach into the Peipus. Independently of the Little Embach, which enters lake Vürzyerva from the south, and the Great Embach, which flows out of that lake into the Peipus, and is navigable from the town of Dörpat, the circle has no streams of any note: one of them, the Schvarzbach, contains pearls. The forests are of considerable extent, and in conjunction with the cultivation of buckwheat, flax and hemp, and the fisheries, afford employment to the people. A considerable quantity of cattle are reared. The only mechanical occupations are sawing timber, for which there are 18 mills, and making potashes, and a small quantity of paper. Verroe, the second town, which lies on a lake in 57° 46' N. lat. and 270 3' E. long., has a Lutheran and a Greek church, and about 3500 inhabitants.

Habits.-Not well known. The species haunt great depths in the sea, nor has it yet been proved whether they make use of the feet elevated on the back to cover themselves like the Dromic with foreign bodies. It is however very probable that such is their use.

Example, Dorippe lanata, Latreille, Lamarck; Dorippe Facchino, Risso; Cancer lanatus, Linnæus; Cancer hirsutus alius, Aldrovandus.

Description. Four dentations in the front and a very strong lateral point, forming at the same time the angle of the head and the external border of the orbit. A short point on the middle of each side of the carapace. Anterior border of the thighs of the second and third pair of feet without spines. Fingers of the chele compressed and arched within, having their internal edge armed with a series of dentilations, which are rather strong, oblique, equal, and white. Body often covered with reddish down.

Dorippe lanata.

6, external left jaw foot.

DORPAT, or DOERPT (in Esthonian, Tart Ling, and in Livonian, Tehrpata), the chief town of the circle, is agreeably situated at the foot and on the declivity of an eminence, part of a range of hills, about 200 feet high, which rise abruptly from the spacious plain below, and is built on each bank of the Great Embach, in 58° 22' N. lat. and 26° 42' E. long., 290 versts (about 193 miles) north-east of Riga. The river is crossed by a handsome bridge of granite of three massive arches, and the town, which is embellished with gardens, forms a semicircle, laid out in straight broad streets, which are kept very clean, and adorned with some handsome public buildings of freestone, particularly the government offices and university buildings. The houses, constructed either of bricks or wood, the walls and roofs of which are painted in showy colours, do not in general exceed one story in height. The eminence, at the north-western extremity of the town, is approached from one of the principal squares, and laid out in avenues and walks: the summit is called the Place of the Cathedral,' from its having been the site of a cathedral which was burned down

[graphic]

N 2

« EelmineJätka »