Grace Shaw, to Church, family six. John Parker, Apothecary, to Church, family eight. Stephen Thompson, Wine Mercht, to Church, family eleven. Widow Thompson, Hott Presser, to Meeting, family four. 1 House Empty. William Curtis, Hott Presser, to Church, family five. G. Kent. Kalender Shop, to Church, family four. 1 House Empty. Widow Jones, Thread Shop, to Meeting, family three. John Denning. Carpenter. to Church, family five. Tho. Walker, Stone Cutter, to Church, family three. Geo. Tobias Guiguer, Mercht, to Church, family nine. Widow Webster, Chandler Shop, to Church, family four. Ja. Trevett, Alehouse, to Church, family five. Widow Gibbons, Cuttler, to Meeting, family three. There are in this place ten Houses empty, some repair'd, others John Breadcutt, Fruiterer, to Church, family six. W. Boddington, Grocer, to Meeting, family five. J. Whitworth, Oil Merch', to Church, family seven. W. Martin, to Church, family six. 1 House Empty. J. Smyth, Drawer of fine Cloth, to Church, family three. William Seward, Clerk at ye South Sea House, to Church, The abovesaid Houses in ye parish of St Tho3 Ape are in N° One Hundred and Two. EDW. WATKINSON. Mr. Watkinson appears to have miscounted the houses in his parish, for according to my reckoning the number of them is 101, not, as stated, 102. The number of families that attended church, so far as can be judged, seems to have been 57, while 15 attended meeting and went to mass. Combining these figures with those to be got 3 from the census at the same date in St. Mary Aldermary, the total result is that 10 attended church, 33 attended meeting, while 6 attended mass, giving a proportion of 27.8 per cent. that were either non-conformist or Roman Catholic. On comparing the names in the list of parishioners of St. Thomas the Apostle with the names in the registers of christenings and burials in the same parish, I was surprised to find how widely the two lists differed. Taking the registers from the date of the census down to Lady Day, 1738, that is for a period of five years, I find there are altogether 101 different surnames among the entries, but of these 101 there are only 33 that are to be found in the parochial census of Mr. Watkinson, and this even when the most liberal allowance has been made for possible vagueness in spelling or in pronunciation, when for instance not only such names as Cole and Coles, Smith and Smyth, Forsiett and Faucitt, are looked on as merely forms for one and the same name, but when similar allowance is made for the more divergent names of Morgue and Morgan, Boheme and Bowen, Winkworth and Whitworth. Whence then came the other 68 names? The intimate connection between St. Thomas the Apostle and St. Mary Aldermary, made it seem possible that some of these 68 might be parishioners of this latter parish who used the church of St. Thomas as their own, but on examining the names in this other parochial census, I found that such a supposition would only account for 7 more of the names, still leaving 61 not to be found in either census. Some of these 61 may doubtlessly have been servants or lodgers, whose names are not given in the census, they being reckoned without naming in the "family;" and others may be explained by supposing the 25 empty houses in St. Thomas to have come into occupation by persons with new names; but all these several causes seem inadequate to explain so large a discrepancy as that described. The only explanation that appears possible is that many persons, perhaps former inhabitants, must have used this parish for burials and for christenings, though they no longer actually lived in it; and this accords with a passage already quoted by me (p. 447) from an old writer, that "many are frequently removed from one parish to be buried in another, that "are both within the bills." I.-Proceedings of Section F of the British Association. THE section devoted to Economic Science and Statistics has this year certainly been quite as popular as any of the eight sections into which the British Association is divided. The following were the officers:-President.-The Hon. Sir C. W. Fremantle, K.C.B. Vice-Presidents.- Professor W. Cunningham, D.D., D.Sc., F.S.S.; R. Giffen, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S., F.S.S.; Professor J. E. C. Munro, LL.D.; Professor J. S. Nicholson, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.E., F.S.S.; R. H. Inglis Palgrave, F.R.S., F.S.S.; T. Bond Sprague, M.A., F.R.S.E., F.S.S. Secretaries.-Professor J. Brough, LL.M.; J. R. Findlay, B.A.; Professor E. C. K. Gonner, M.A., F.S.S. (Recorder); H. Higgs, LL.B.; L. L. Price, M.A., F.S.S. Sir Charles Fremantle delivered his opening address on the morning of Thursday, 4th August. This address is reprinted in full in the present number of the Journal (see p. 415). On the termination of the address, a very hearty vote of thanks was accorded to the President, on the motion of Mr. R. H. Inglis Palgrave, seconded by Sir Rawson W. Rawson. Papers were then read by Professor P. Geddes on "Methods of Social Inquiry," by M. Demolins on "La Science Sociale et sa Méthode," and by Professor J. Mavor on "Some Notes on the Compilation of Monographs on the Statistics of large Cities, with illustrations from the case of Glasgow." These all dealt with the method of scientific investigation and classification; Professor Geddes pointing out that former learned men divided science into three main headshuman affairs, natural philosophy, and natural history; with time the tendency to specialisation became more prominent, and these main heads were subdivided, whereas now the tendency seemed to be in the opposite direction, towards unification, all science being classed as sociology, biology, and physics, while the interdependence of these three on each other was daily becoming more recognised. M. Demolins strongly advocated Le Play's method of collecting monographs, and classifying every particular concerning each individual. Professor Mavor dealt with the same subject, and illustrated his paper by examples from Glasgow. The reading and discussion of these papers having taken longer than was anticipated, Mr. Smiley's contribution on the "Slums of Manchester" was taken as read. In the afternoon Mr. C. S. Loch, Secretary of the Charity Organisation Society, read a paper on "Parliamentary Returns on Social and Economic Subjects." In this he dealt with the importance of the returns to the general public, who based their arguments largely upon them when discussing social questions, and he drew attention to the necessity of caution in using them, as fallacious conclusions are constantly based on erroneous assumptions. Taking some examples, he pointed out the incompleteness of certain returns in various particulars, and suggested additions which should make them more easily understood, and which might obviate mistakes. He also suggested that the form of the returns should be settled by a committee after consultation with experts, and insisted upon the need of a complete index to parliamentary returns and papers bearing on sections of social investigation. In the discussion which followed, stress was principally laid on the necessity for the careful study of statistical returns, in order that those who consulted them might thoroughly understand exactly what they were intended to convey. Thursday's proceedings terminated with a paper by Mr. J. S. Mackenzie, on "The Relation of Ethics to Economics." Mr. Mackenzie held that political economy occupied too much importance at present, from an ethical point of view, and that it should be treated more in subordination to questions of social wellbeing. The moral method in economics "what ought to be," should receive more attention than it does: it should be carefully distinguished from, and should receive greater attention than the historical and analytical methods, which deal with the past, and the tendency in the future. As regards the three chief divisions of economics, again, from an ethical point of view, more importance should be given to distribution and consumption than at present, and less to production. Coming then to applied economics, Mr. Mackenzie went on to say that in applying economics to the guidance of conduct, it is necessary to consider the question of justice. On this subject recent ethical thought has thrown an important light by the introduction of the conception of the organic unity of society. The conception of justice thus reached may be opposed to the conceptions of abstract freedom and abstract equality. The chief thing to be insisted on, from this point of view, is that everyone must be treated both as means and as end. We arrive in this way at two great commandments :-(1) Thou shalt not exploit; (2) Thou shalt not pauperise. The application of these principles in detail is by no means easy. It is a problem that will require the same strenuous application as that which has already been devoted to questions of production and exchange. The whole of Friday was occupied by a discussion on old age pensions and the poor law. Three papers were read: by the Rev. W. Moore Ede, the Rev. T. W. Fowle, and the Rev. J. Frome Wilkinson. All three agreed that the present poor law system |