THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND. MONTHLY COUNCIL: Wednesday, November 5.-, Present: Viscount Eversley, President, in the Chair; the Earl of Powis, Lord Berners, Lord Feversham, Lord Portman, Lord Tredegar, the Hon. W. Cavendish, M.P., the Hon. Major General Hood, Sir E. Kerrison, Bart., M.P., Sir A. Macdonald, Bart., Sir J. V. Shelley, Bart., M.P., Mr. Acland, Mr. Raymond Barker, Mr. Bramston, M.P., Mr. Cantrell, Colonel Challoner, Mr. Dent, M.P., Mr. Druce, Mr. Brandreth Gibbs, Mr. Fisher Hobbs, Mr. Wren Hoskyns, Mr. Lawrence, Mr. Milward, Mr. Pope, Mr. Randell, Mr. Rigden, Mr. Robert Smith, Mr. Torr, Mr. Thompson, M.P., Mr. Wells, Mr. Burch Western, Mr. Wilson, Professor Wilson, Mr. Frere, Professor Simonds, and Dr. Voelcker. The Earl of Londesborough, Grimston, Tadcaster, was elected a Governor. Messrs. Quilter, Ball, and Co., the Society's accountants, and were found correct. The balance in the hands of the bankers on the 31st October was £3,362 16s. Ild. The Committee deemed it advisable that the sum of £1,000 stock in the New Three per Cents. be sold out. The balance-sheet for the quarter ended 30th Sept., and the statement of subscriptions and arrears, were laid upon the table; the amount of arrears then due being £807. They recommended that a circular be sent by the Secretary to those members in arrear of their subscriptions in 1860 and 1861, amounting to £255. This report was adopted. The following new members were elected : Acock, Arthur, Cold Aston, Northleach. Barton, Charles, Coln Rogers, Gloucester. Barton, John, Westleigh Lodge, Leigh, Lancashire, Baldwin, Wm. Henry, Caledonian-street, Leeds. Ballard, Philip, Leighton Court, Hereford. Baxter, Thomas, Acton Grange, Warrington, Chester. Cherry, Geo. Charles, Denford, Hungerford. Devas, Thomas, Mount Ararat, Wimbledon, S.W. Ford, George, Barlaston, Stone, Staffs. Godwin, Robert, Water Eaton, Cricklade, Wilts. Houghton, S. E., Yacht Tavern, Greenwich, S.E. Lord, John P., Hallow Park, Worcester. Morris, Abiathar, Pendeford, Wolverhampton. Newdigate, F. W., Byrkley Lodge, Burton-on-Trent. Owen, Thomas, The Hague, Chesterfield. Parkinson, Robert, Dutton Lodge, Preston Brook, Chester. Perkins, Henry, Thriplow-place, Royston. Powis, Benjamin, Newnham, Tenbury. JOURNAL.-Mr. Thompson, M.P., Chairman, presented the report, and the President having opened the sealed motto paper, declared the successful competitor for the prize of £20 offered by the Society for the best essay on Land Valuing, Class VII., 1862, to be Mr. P. D. Tuckett. The Committee having requested the Council to decide whether there should be a discussion at the Council on Wednesday, the 10th December, the question was decided in the negative. The Committee recommended that the Society's Journal be given to Monsieur Barral in exchange for his "Journal d'Agriculture pratique." The Council determined not to approve the recommendation that a certificate of membership on parchment be given to all life members, English and foreign. VETERINARY.-Mr. T. Raymond Barker, Chairman, stated that Professor Simonds had attended during the month of August at Warminster and Salisbury to give such information as the flockmasters of those districts required in reference to the small pox in sheep, and that the Committee approved of the step taken by Mr. Pain and Mr. Fisher Hobbs in this matter, and recommended that the Professor's expenses so incurred be paid by the Society. The Professor had stated that he had received instructions from the Privy Council to investigate the disease, with a view to arrest its progress. A deputation from this Committee had waited on the authorities, for the purpose of pressing on Government the desirableness of enforcing the Act of 11 & 12 Vict. cap. 107, as confirmed by the 21 & 22 Vict. cap. 62. Professor Simonds said he was happy to be able to say that this disease was declining, indeed almost extirpated by the energetic measures used, and that the Government had ordered the purchase of 200 sheep, in order that he might carry out experiments with the view of ascertaining whether vaccination is or is not effective in remedying the disease. GENERAL WORCESTER COMMITTEE.-The Earl of Richardson, E., Jun., Chemical Manure Works, Blaydon-on- Powis reported that a supply of Wheat and Barley had Tyne. Sharp, Granville, Dean Scales, Cockermouth. Shillingford, George William, Eynsham, Oxford, Taylor, Francis Howard, Burntwood Hall, Barnsley. FINANCES.-The Hon. General Hood, Chairman of the Committee, presented the report, from which it appeared that the Secretary's receipts during the past three months had been examined by the Committee, and by been purchased for the trial of the machinery at the next Country Meeting. Mr. Milward having moved that the preliminary Veterinary Surgeon's Examination be dispensed with, the motion was seconded by Mr. Torr, but negatived on a division by 13 Noes to 12 Ayes. An amendment having been moved by Sir E. Kerrison, and seconded by Sir John Shelley, viz., that the subject be referred to a Select Committee to inquire in what way unsound horses may be best kept out of the Show-yard of the Society, was carried. Professor Wilson reported that he had obtained specimens of seeds, cereals, and grasses from almost all the Northern countries represented in the International Exhibition. THE APPLICATION OF SEA WEED. There are few subjects that have of late occupied, more of the public attention than the utilization of waste and the conversion of refuse materials into some commercial product. Every day the list of these waste substances utilized, or refuse products turned to profitable account, has been extended. Peat, mosses and grasses, barks, and heretofore undeveloped fibres, have been changed into substances of commercial necessity. The refuse of cotton, flax, hemp, and wool, old garments, boots, and a hundred other substances, have been converted into things of beauty and usefulness. The refuse of the fisheries and of the slaughter-houses is no longer permitted to run to waste. One of the largest fields of useful application has certainly been the conversion of marine vegetation into beneficial uses. The economic uses of seaweeds are daily becoming more and more extended. For food in this country they are never likely to become much in request; and yet there is an enor mous trade carried on in them in the Eastern seas for this purpose. Among the Chinese, the Malays and the Japanese, the algae play an important part in their daily food. Junk-loads of prepared seaweed enter the ports of China, to form a mucilaginous addition to the rice food of the people, as well as a starch substitute for stiffening paper and fabrics. The imitation isinglass of seaweed is an important trade article in strips and squares. In Japan not a present is ever made without an accompanying strip of seaweed. the 20th of June, 1855, a patent was provisionally re- One of the latest applications is the attempted introduction of fibre from sea-weed as a substitute for cotton. The proposal, although doubtless well meant, is an illadvised and impracticable one, when viewed seriously and mechanically. The quantity of fibre to be obtained from the Zostera marina is so infinitesimally small, as to be scarcely worth extracting. No machinery at present in use is available for working it. Bleaching, drying, and chemical action generally, are fatal to the strength of the fibre. And, moreover, there is no certainty of continuous supply in a plant which cannot be cultivated, and which consists of nearly ninety per cent. of water and waste. We have not yet seen any fibre or fabric spun from it, and hence we may well be sceptical of its commercial utility, however plausible are the opinions advanced in its favour. There are a hundred or more manufacturing uses to which seaweed is successfully applied, such as for making kelp and iodine, acetic acid, for ropes and pitchers. The old stems of some of the stalks of the That scourge of our seamen, the scurvy, has been Laminaria have often formed impromptu knife-handles, considered by many scientific men to be due to the that could be scarcely distinguished from stag's-horn. insufficient supply of potash in the salt meat, the juice A Mr. Ghislin, profiting by the hint, and knowing the of which has diffused into the brine. The juices of great demand that there is for some raw material to limes and lemons are largely imported for its cure; if take the place of horn and ivory for this purpose, has these act, as is supposed, by virtue of the potash they by some chemical process so moulded and utilized sea- contain, a far better source may be found in the marine weed as to make it available for every purpose of algae. Let the most edible of these be selected for their handle, where strength, lightness, and ornamental ap- use, and cooked as vegetables; they are well worth a pearance were requisite. He has taken out a patent trial, as they keep when dried, or may be often obfor his process; and shows, by numberless specimens in tained fresh at sea; and if successful would save large a case at the International Exhibition, the adaptability sums to the nation, at present annually expended in the of the material for all the purposes required for the juice of limes and lemons. Or, if the sailors cannot be handles of cutlery, umbrellas and parasols, picture-induced to acquire a relish for marine vegetables, let frames, &c. The material which bears the name of "laminated horn" can be bleached, or will take any dye. The many uses of seaweed, shown in the Queensland, Western Australia, Tasmania, Cape, Vancouver's Island, Bermudas, and other courts, testify of the usefulness and variety of application of this marine vegetation. Carrageen or Irish moss, as it is termed, is already an important article of commerce for making jellies, for feeding cattle, for dressing the warp of woofs in the loom, and for sizing pulp in the paper-makers' vat. In the Bavarian breweries it is used for clarifying beer. Various attempts have been made to manufacture paper from seaweed, but they have not been attended with any very great success. In 1820 a patent was granted in Denmark for making paper from seaweed, said to be whiter, stronger, and cheaper than any other paper. In 1828 a patent was taken out in the United States, by Elisha Collier, for making paper from Ulva marina. In 1833 a patent was granted in France, to Mons. Tripot, for making paper from seaweed. On the chloride of potassium, prepared for them, be used with common salt in due proportion for salting their provisions. The admixture could not be detected, and there can be no doubt that such a brine would be far superior, in its effects on the meat, to that commonly employed, where we take the juice containing the potash salts out of the meat, and substitute for it a saturated solution of chloride of sodium, with occasionally a small portion of nitre. As a fertilizer of the soil seaweed has been in use for ages, in every farm within reach of the coast; and although artificial manures and scientific culture have driven it out of use in many quarters, it still holds a good reputation in a great many localities. Two hundred and sixty years ago an English agricultural writer bore testimony, from experience, that seaweeds "enriched both arable and pasture ground exceedinglie." The cultivated fields on the coast manured with seaweed are almost always free from those noxious plants that infest the lands of the interior. In some of the Scottish islands and the west of Ireland, horses, cattle, and sheep feed chiefly upon seaweed during winter; and the use of this for food might be more extensively employed. The economy of the food is obvious, and its nutritive value need not be dwelt on. Cattle thrive on nitrogenous roots containing phosphate of lime and salts of potash. The algae are | strictly comparable with these, with the addition that they contain common salt, which cannot be considered a disadvantage. The people of Norway and Gothland boil seaweed, and, mixing it with coarse flour, feed their pigs upon it, whence they call it "swinetang." ENTRY TO FARMS-VALUATIONS. The feast of St. Michael on the 29th of September is the earliest term that was adopted for the entry and quit of the tenure of lands that were held for rent in a temporary possession, probably from St. Michael holding the highest place in the Romish calendar. The feast of St. Martin in November was next adopted; then Lady-day in March; and, lastly, May-day, in the month of May. The first and last terms have obtained the most extensive adoption, the former in South Britain, and the latter in the North of England and over the whole of Scotland. From the earliest records, and throughout the middle ages, and into the beginning of the last century, the entire crops and labours of the year passed wholly free from any charge from the outgoing to the incoming tenant, a uniform quantity of crops and labour being understood to be done without any variation. The improved systems of cultivation soon demanded a value between the incoming and outgoing tenant from the increase of crops aud of labours performed. These valuations are now well understood and practised on the 29th of September; to which term the outgoing tenant pays the rent of the farm, and quits the occupation, when every connection is severed, except the grain crops, which are his property, and remain to be manufactured for his use in the barns during winter. This adoption prolongs the connection with the farm, which is often very inconvenient when a distance intervenes ; and very frequently occasions many misunderstandings, and leads into very unpleasant collisions. It is most desirable and very convenient aud advantageous that all and every connection whatever be severed on the day of quit, when the rent is paid, and the valuations received by the outgoing tenant, which includes the crop of hay standing in ricks, aud expressly covenanted in the lease to be taken by the incoming tenant at the value of the current rate. In like manner the growing crops of grain should be valued just before maturity, and transferred to the incoming tenant as his property. This addition to the present arrangement will most completely sever all connection, and give the whole occupation to the incoming tenant on the term day. and makes the payment of the amount as may be agreed, This most desirable arrangement severs all connection on this special point of grain crops. The rent is paid half-yearly, with a half-year's grace, with a power reserved of demanding the payment of the full amount at the May term, if the farm is vacated at that time. This arrangement does not remove the anomaly of the new tenant paying rent for lands producing grain crops that are not his property; and if the outgoing tenant pays the summer half-year's rent, he pays for lands yielding hay and pasture for the benefit of another person. This arrangement yet wants a reconstruction. The dung in the cattle-yards passes wholly free from charge, in "steelbow," from the outgoing to the incoming tenant, as an article fixed to the farm. This word comes from Teut. "stellen" (to place) and "bouw" (a field), meaning goods placed on the farm and attached to it, to be delivered to the tenants by the landlord, and retained as his property, and redelivered at the expiry of the lease. The word, being confined to Scotland, may be of Scandinavian origin, and merely an inversion of Swed. "bosteele" (a residence or a fixed abode). The practice has prevailed from time immemorial, and is held in high estimation as a most beneficial arrangement in preventing an accumulation of valuations to press upon the incoming tenant. In one sense, it may be true; but a strict sense of equity will reckon the dung to be a moveable article, to be confined to the use of the farm, produced by the crops and animals of the outgoing tenant, and "bona fide" the property of that person. An improved cultivation of land may very much increase the quantity of dung beyond what was received at the entry, to which the outgoing tenant is fairly entitled in the value. The price of the dung in the yards may be computed by allowing so many tons of dung from each acre of straw of the last grain crops. It is now proposed to break this "steelbow" arrangement, though the equity of it has never been challenged, and to sever wholly every connection between quit and entry on the day of term. The following arrangement of valuation to the outgoing tenant, transfers the grain crops to the new occupier, who from the entry. pays the rent half-yearly, and on the expiry of six months CLAY FALLOWS FOR WHEAT. and sowing. GREEN CROP LANDS. Full value of tillages and dung on the green crop lands of the previous year, but no rent and taxes, as a crop has been got. At the May term the immemorial usage has established that no valuations are made except the price and sowing of the grass seeds of the preceding spring, which produce a crop of hay and pasture to the incoming tenant. The stubble lands were not winter ploughed till the spring, when a ploughing day was appointed to the neighbouring farmers to send a team or teams " gratis" to turn over a quantity of land at an im. 1. One year's rent and taxes, full value of tillages, dung, seed, proper season, and often in a very imperfect manner. The benefit of an early ploughing is lost, which no future cultivation is able to compensate. The grain crops grow into maturity as the property of the outgoing tenant, who sells by 2. auction in lots before full maturity, which are carried about the neighbourhood, as chance of purchase may have directed. The dung of the year that lies in the cattle yards passes free from any change from the outgoing to the incoming tenant, and the rent of the farm for a half year, and sometimes for a whole year, is paid by the outgoing tenant after quitting the occupation, under the term of back rent," probably from the grain crops being the property of the quitting tenant. The most improved arrangement has now adopted that the stubble grounds be winter ploughed by the outgoing tenant, and that the value of the labour be paid by the new tenant. To this may be added the first workings of the green crop fallows by the common tillages. The incoming tenant buys by valuation the growing crops of grain just before maturity, 3. 4. 5. Full value of ploughing, seed, and sowing the grain crops of the present year. Full value of the grass-seeds and sowing of the previous spring. Full value of the winter ploughing of stubbles. 6. Full value of any cartage of dung. 7. Full value of the dung in the cattle-yards. The incoming tenant now pays rent for land producing THE PRESENT VALUE OF LAND. The value of land is a question that depends upon many circumstances in the social condition of a country, and is not always determined by the richness or poverty of the soil. We read with astonishment in history, that in remote times, land in England was sold as low as one shilling an acre, and that the rent of land was one penny or three-halfpence per acre. Even so late as the reign of Edward the Second in 1320, according to Grote, arable land in Warwickshire let at 3d. per acre, and a water corn-mill, to which the tenants were bound to carry their corn, was let at a rent of 26s. 8d. a-year. In 1420, in the reign of Henry Fifth, the manor of Wynfield, containing 2,000 acres, was valued at £7 98. 11d. per annum. This same manor was let in 1640 at £250; and in 1791, a lease of it was granted for 21 years at £1,500 a-year, or 15s. per acre! Still there is nothing extraordinary either in the low price of land in the first instance, or in its advanced price in the last, the cause being found in the altered condition and increased number and wealth of the people. Indeed, we have only to direct our thoughts to the United States, or to our own colonies, to see the reason. Take Canada, for instance, which may probably be much in the condition in regard to population, but infinitely more advanced in point of pecuniary advantages, of England at the two periods to which we have referred; and yet land is to be obtained there, remote from the more populous districts, at from nil to 2s. 6d. per acre. This low value is solely occasioned by the scanty character of the population, there being abundance of land beyond what is required by the people. It will probably be centuries before these new countries become so thickly inhabited as to cause the advance in the price of land to anything like what it is at the present with us. Let us now look at this question as it stands at the present day in the United Kingdom, and endeavour to ascertain what is likely to be the value of land, supposing nothing should take place to prevent the growing prosperity of the people. In the first place, the population is rapidly increasing, on the ratio of compound interest; and, although there are many outlets for it in trade, commerce, the learned professions, emigration, and many other ways, yet there must necessarily be a continual increase of agriculturists also, to increase the competition of land, and so to enhance its value. This, every young farmer who has to look out for a farm knows perfectly well, to his cost. In the second place the individual wealth of the country is increasing equally with the population; and we have probably now thrice the number of men of substance beyond what their business requires, that there was at the commencement of the present century. Now, the first desire of a man, when he finds himself in possession of funds for which he has no immediate use, is to be the owner of landed property, and the largely increasing number of this class necessarily causes a greater competition when an estate is to be sold. In the third place, the quantity of land in England cannot be increased, being limited by her isolated condition; so that the continually increasing competition for it, whether as owner, or occupier at a rent, has an as-continually decreasing range for its sphere of operation. In the fourth place, the institution of the railway system has opened up even the remotest parts of the country to the best and most populous marts of consumption, which has equalized prices all over the kingdom, not by reducing them at those marts, but by raising them at the places of production. We met with an instance of this recently, at a small town about 120 miles from London, where, on inquiring the price of provisions, we found that fresh butter was 15d. per lb., lamb ls. per lb., beef and mutton 9d., and so on, these being quite equal to the London market prices. Such are the conditions under which the land of England lies, and the natural consequence is that it is daily advancing in value. In 1820 good land might be purchased at from £30 to £35 per acre. At present, £50 and £60 per acre are not uncommon prices; and an estate was recently sold in Suffolk at £77 per acre. And whilst the wealth of the country continues to increase as it has done during the last half-century, the competition also must go on increasing, which will necessarily add to its value. It may be said that with the present commercial code of laws, which will keep down the value of agricultural produce, the land will not bear a higher rental, and that this circumstance will prevent it from advancing beyond a certain price. But this is an error, because the object of purchasing is not often commercial speculation, but simply investment in a favourite possession, the amount of interest brought in being a secondary object. And besides, the competition for the tenancy of land is quite as great as for its purchase. A young farmer, with whom we are acquainted, once applied for a farm to the agent of a gentleman in the eastern counties. His application was made before it was publicly known that the farm was to be let. He held satisfactory credentials, and the agent received him very courteously, and said he would put his name on the list, but he feared he could not give him much encouragement, there being at least a hundred applicants before him! We see, therefore, no limit to the price of land, either to purchase or to hire. In the first case the purchaser must make up his mind to put up with a low interest for his money, and to the satisfaction of possessing a property that is a permanent investment, which, however it may fluctuate in value, remains intact. And in the second case, the tenant must cast about him how he may so increase the produce of his farm as to meet the heavy demand an increased rental involves. The only resource that remains for the farmer who is dissatisfied with this state of things is emigration; and to one who is not afraid of "roughing it" for a few years in the new country, such a step offers a certain means of securing independence. But emigration involves expatriation, and it is not everyone who can make up his mind to take such a step. Such, therefore, must submit to the inevitable state of things which the circumstances we have referred to has produced. Land will certainly not fail to increase in value either as a hire or a purchase; and, on the other hand, the production of land is far from having reached its maximum. To this, then, the farmer must direct his attention, and by improved methods of cultivation and management so increase the productive powers both of the soil and the plants as to meet the contingencies which the present condition of the land is likely to involve. The proprietors of land provide the furniture that is fixed to the soil, and which remains for permanent use under the temporary occupiers. This provision comprehends the farmery of buildings, in barns, yards, and sheds, with houses for animals of labour and profit, dwellings for farmer and servants, gardens, roads, gates, and fences. Some minor provisions will occur in particular places, which are seen and accommodated. The farmer or tenant of the ground for a limited time places on the land the moveable and evanescent articles that are required to produce the remuneration, from being employed in conjunction with the fixed provision, and operating upon the base that has been laid in permanence. These articles are capital, live stock, implements, seeds, and ser vants. The amount of capital or ready money that is required to cultivate a certain quantity of land, will very much vary according to the circumstances of soil, situation, and the dif ferent values of the special articles that are necessary. The want of sufficient capital ruins and defeats the purpose of many undertakings: a pinched economy limits the conceptions, stagnates the operations, lingers the proceedings, and produces no result any way adequate to the purpose that is in view. When the resistance is superior to the force that is applied, a defeat is certain, and no remedy can be supplied. The greatest extent of skill and the utmost willingness of exertion are rendered totally useless by the want of the moving power, which must encounter every obstacle and vanquish all opposition. No greater damage can be inflicted on land than the want of capital for its cultivation; the absence of skill and activity may be gathered and supplied from adventitious sources, but the want of ready money limits every operation and cripples every progress. It forms the chief and primary attention in agricultural undertakings, and claims the first regard in the transactions between landlord and tenant. The very varied nature and condition of lands that are let for value demand a corresponding width of provision for the culture; the influences are many and powerful, and exercise a broad dominion. In the present social circumstances of Great Britain, the sum of £6 to £10 an acre may be stated as the average amount of ready capital to be in the hands of the farmer, varying in extreme cases beyond the highest figure, but seldom, or perhaps never falling under the lowest state ment. It is very earnestly recommended that a reserve fund of one-fourth of the original amount be kept for the purpose of supplying casualties and remedying defects, to afford assistance when and where it is wanted, and to carry forward the purposes that are obstructed. Nothing more certainly contributes to the success of any undertaking than the possession of a fresh force with which to afford aid to the object that is withstood, and in readiness to be applied. This aid is essential to the performance of any active operation, in which there always occur many oppositions that were not foreseen, besides the necessary and attendant obstacles. Agriculture is exposed to many contingencies besides the common mishaps of business. Deficient crops, low markets, slow business, and monied confusion-all render a support to be in reserve; and the farmer who has noue will find himself in a ruinous confusion, both in the present business and in future arrangements. A reserve being at hand and applied, no delay happens and no loss occurs. From the want of this support very heavy miscarriages have happened in every business of life. When every shilling is expended in any business, the very least opposition produces confusion, and a delay which soon spreads over the whole undertaking, and destroys the whole proceedings. Everything depends on chance and accident, which, though they be very powerful and despotic governors, must be removed as much as possible from the direction of events, a purpose only to be gained by providing a strength of opposition to their sway. In the case of farming, such a provision is seldom made, but is not less necessary, and from its absence very many failures have arisen which have been attributed to other sources. The fundamental error remains, and FARM S. continues to exercise its fatal influence on every point of action. It withers every process, and diminishes every result. The farmer or temporary occupier must be satisfied that the fixed articles are sufficient for the purpose of using his capital, time, and labour, and then be conscious that his means are adequate to the wants that will occur, and which appear in view. The two provisions, permanent and temporary, are most thoroughly and intimately subservient. The live stock of the farm are of two kinds-for labour, and for breeding and fattening for profit. The horse is adapted and used for the first object; cattle, sheep, pigs, and poultry serve the second purpose. HORSES. Among the animals required for farming purposes the best are the Suffolk horse, the Clydesdale, and Cleveland breeds: the first is rather delicate, the last rather light in strength and hot in temper, while the Clydesdale horse affords in conjunction the greatest number of qualities that are required for a varied use. Very many varieties, kinds, and sorts of horses are found in every district of country, of which the best colours are the black, the brown, and the grey. A farmer who knows his business by the eye and professional judgment, will be able to select in the fairs and markets the animals that seem suitable to his purpose-light rather than heavy; muscular, spirited, and active, with small offal in proportion to the bulk; the age not above six years, and the animals matched in pairs of a uniform colour, and of the same age or nearly alike in that respect. The strength must be sufficient in two animals to cultivate with the two-horse plough all ordinary soils, and to be able to manage the single cart, which requires good-sized horses and of very active power. A ploughman is appointed to manage two horses, or a pair of animals, with a plough, harrows, and carts allotted, with the necessary harness of the field and stable. One or two brood mares, as the size of the farm may require, and a riding cob for the farmer's use will complete the establishment of horses, of which one pair will cultivate forty to sixty acres, according as the land is green crop soil or wheat clay; eight to ten acres of the former, and ten to fifteen of the latter, forming the quantity of fallow ground for each plough of two horses. The brood mares will rear progeny to supply the wants of the farm, and for sale at three to five years old; the second animal may be of a finer kind, and breed for the saddle or the field. The very best breed of work-horses is obtained from the most handsome work mare that can be got, with a strongboned and large thorough-bred male, or more than what is called half-bred. The progeny possess the strength and bottom of the female with the spirit and vigour of the male. For farming purposes and for the chase the kind may be produced by choosing the qualities of the parents. It is a good purpose that a farm supplies itself by breeding the articles that are required, which grow into value when not used on the ground. An advantage is attached to animals bred on the farm, which are always superior to foreign importations. The brood mare is employed in carrying to the yards in summer the clover and vetches for the horses and cattle, and in winter supplies the turnips to the cattle yards, and performs the small carting jobs of daily occurrence. The animal is a most useful tool on any farm of land. CATTLE. The most approved breeds of cattle in Britain are, Shorthorned, Hereford, Devon, Galloway, and West Highland. The first kind requires the very best maintenance during summer and winter that can be obtained. The second sort are little inferior in that respect. The third kind require a benign treatment, though less abundantly supplied. The two last kinds are bred only for pasturage and fattening; and reared in their own districts. Farmers of a southern position will choose from the three first breeds, as the richness of the soil may direct. The first breed extends more to the North than the second and third, from being more fitted for adapta |