prevents the rapid increase of the aids which agriculture has drawn to itself in a country such as our own. The peculiarity to which we here allude is the extensive employment of human labour. With a numerous population and a poor soil, the perfection in culture which has undoubtedly been attained, and the triumphs over national obstacles which have been won, have been bought only by labour incessant, and the most lavish expenditure of manure. The ingenious methods adopted to increase the fertility of the soil, and its careful repeated workings, and the weedings of the crops, have given the system more of the peculiarities of a garden than of the farm, using the latter term in its English signification. But this garden cultivation is only obtained by garden labour-labour not attainable in a country like our own". Such is Mr. Burn's view of Flemish agriculture; and with this quotation we close our review, assuring the reader that he will find both instruction and amusement in the volume, although the different condition of the land of England renders any approach to the Flemish system utterly impossible, except in the neatness everywhere displayed, and the immense quantity of manure raised on the spot with small means. THE HEREEORD HERD BOOK.-Mr. Duckham has just brought out the fifth volume of this now standard work, the established position of which is well proved by the fact of this being nearly twice the size of any of its predecessors. The material, moreover, now includes entries for Ireland, America, and Canada, while the List of Subscribers numbers supporters in Australia and other of our colonies. The Hereford is evidently looking up in all parts, and his chosen champion, Mr. Duckham, does every justice to the breed. Not merely are the pedigrees given with careful completeness, but the performances added, so that the entry of any famous animal becomes at the same time an epitome of his history. The volume is illustrated with thirteen tastily-got-up portraits, amongst which are Sir Benjamin, Maximus, Battersea, Milton, Adela, Carlisle, Theora, Fancy Leominster, Laura, and Matchless. The first and second volumes have also just been revised and re-issued, with four coloured plates, showing the different varieties of Hereford cattle, at present in or out of fashion. FARMING FACTS. TO THE EDITOR OF THE MARK LANE EXPRESS. are SIR,-I feel constrained to write a few words in reply to your correspondent on "Autumn Tillage," containing a challenge to show next April 150 acres of land, off which no twitch-grass shall have been burned or carted. Now this invitation, at the present moment, I am sorry to inform your correspondent, it is out of my power to accept; and in treating on the various parts of your correspondent's letter, I must first observe that he is under a delusion in supposing that I know more about Somerset farming than Norfolk. I am only acquainted with one small nook of land in Somerset, which I do not consider a very bright specimen of modern agriculture. The occupiers of this small tract, like the "Young Norfolk Farmer," treat that pest, twitch-grass, with great nonchalance, seldom burning or carting it off; and the consequence is that, upon the withdrawal of the cereals, the land presents a verdant appearance-indeed, it is used for the depasturing of sheep. But I do not for one moment expect that the land occupied by "A Young Norfolk Farmer" presents such an appearance: the dryness and porosity? of the soil would not allow it. And in regard to what chemists aver concerning the combination of ashes and artificial manures, I venture to assert that injury only prevails when guano and other pungent manures are mixed with newly-made ashes. Where I have resided, it has been the practice not to use the ashes made in the spring or summer until the subsequent spring, a compost of guano, bones, and ashes being made in the winter, and thatched down till the spring of the year. I think, if this plan were adopted, no fear as to pernicious results from such amalgamation might be apprehended. In the "Young Norfolk Farmer's" first letter I did not sufficiently take notice of the exceptional soil he occupies; but, as a rule, eighty or a hundred bushels is not excessive; and on a poor, light soil, you cannot over-manure. It is an old maxim, and a true one-the more you put into land, so much the more you can take out. The information that your correspondent gives respecting his having only once during the last six years burned one field of couch-grass, and seldom carted any off the land unless the field had been hand-forked, is no satisfaction to my mind that the practice is good, or worthy of being set out as the pathway for the rising generation of young farmers to tread in. Being but a tyro in agriculture, my mind has been refreshed by your correspondent's undeniable truism, that ashes contain hardly anything but the mineral portion of the burnt plants; but do not scientific writers tell us that, though the inorganic food of plants may appear trifling in a chemical analysis, its amount is startling, when we consider it in the crops carried off from an acre of land, and that the constant removal of inorganic food must in time exhaust the soil and render it barren, unless restored by a judicious system of manuring? Among many instances of exhaustion of soil, I will mention one recorded by Johnston, as applicable to the question at issue. It is the case of the West India sugar plantations. The cane, after having had its saccharine juice pressed out at the mill, serves as fuel in boiling down the syrup. The ash thus produced is rich in those mineral ingredients necessary to the prosperity of the plant; and the neglect to return this valuable ash to the soil has not only occasioned a large importation of foreign manures, but also a serious deterioration of the soil. As touching the difference between the torpor of winter and the vitality of spring, in relation to vegetative life, I can only say that your correspondent seems to take great care that neither fire nor frost, heat nor cold, shall quench the life of one of the most expensive pests which the agriculturist has to encounter. ther one root or a hundred roots of twitch be ploughed in, the principle of the thing remains the same, and, as I maintain, is barren of good results on any soil, and much more when set forth as an example for agricultural students to follow. Whe I beg to observe that I am not ignorant of the fact that reaping machines are in use in Norfolk, as elsewhere; and these are the pros and cons respecting them: You get your wheats down and in stook a little sooner, it is true; and you are said to be able to lead off bulk to convey to the stackyard, and at a juncture a day or so earlier. But have you not a much larger when time may be said to be gold? have you not a larger area to thatch? and have you not an increased item of expense, in labour and fuel, to thrash the same? Time would fail me in entering more fully into this matter: I must therefore move for an adjournment. Somerset, Nov. 7. R. S. H. X FOWLER'S STEAM PLOUGH. SIR,-Having visited Lord Kinnaird's ploughing machine a second time, when at work in the Carse clay, it may not be uninteresting to your readers to give a Carse farmer's ideas of its adaptation to that kind of soil-a soil similar to the extensive silt land in England, stretching between Hull and Cambridge, and to the great silt formations of the German rivers, of Holland, and along the coast of Hanover, Holstein, and Schleswig. This soil has one advantage at the commencement over others, that there are no stones or fast rock in the way to interfere with the machine going any depth. The poaching of the land, and the constant kneading by the fur-horse feet in the bottom of the furrow, beating the bottom clay to the close consistency of a clay barn-floor, are also avoided. This is of great importance in our clay soils. By the present system the clay below the furrow is rendered exceedingly solid, and very heavy in weight-almost impervious to the roots of plants, and is worst where the land has remained driest, in the crowns of the old ridges, which though once no doubt brown vegetable mould, are now, at a depth of ten inches, poor hard yellow clay. This ploughing machine has three sets of implements-the cultivator or horned plough (from two horns, in place of common mould-boards to toss up the furrow), the common mouldboard plough, and the grubber. The first for autumn or winter working, calculated to throw up the soil in the roughest openest order, that it may be permeated and tendered by the frost, and aerated; the second, or common plough, to turn over the ley (grass sward) in regular furrows and the spring ploughing; and the third for deep-grubbing the ground at any time it may be thonght necessary. The two sets of furrowploughs take each four furrows, a breadth a little more than a yard, and the grubber takes in fully double, and can be worked nearly a foot deep, breaking up the subsoil completely, and in a short winter's day accomplishing 13 acres. This implement will be found very useful in time of drought in spring, working the soil well without throwing down the dry surface to render the soil unfavourable to vegetation. THE ASSESSMENT OF GAME UNDER THE In the course of the discussion, the Rev. Mr. HOWMAN Mr. BARTLETT wished country gentlemen understood their their interests better, for then they would desire game to be assessed, and obtain a honest protection for their property, which they could not obtain under the existing law, without there was £1,300 per year made out of game, which was not assessed to the rates. When they put the new police rega lations on the county, who had to bear the burthen? not the landlord, but the tenant. One man ought not to have his preperty protected at the cost of another. He did not think the country gentlemen had thoroughly considered this matter. He did not mean to say they wished to act wrongly towards their tenantry; on the contrary, he had the greatest respect for them (Hear, hear). To give the reader a clear idea of the machine and its work-filching from the pockets of the ratepayers. In two parishes ing, without a diagram, is not easy. The field in which it worked was about 270 yards in length, the motive wire rope being double that length, to extend to and return from the anchor (a low heavy truck, close down to the ground, with the side of the truck and pulley-wheel opposite to the machine, the rope passing round the pulley, and having machinery attached to move the anchor truck forward at will), the four wheels of the anchor truck having sharp rims going down about 8 inches into the ground to act as anchors, both engine and anchor being moved forward by the steam power, two or three yards at a time, as the work proceeded. Two rows of wheel-barrow (porters) with friction wheels were placed, each thirty or forty yards separate, to support the ropes from trailing on the ground: these were attended to by two or three boys. The rope we were told was in all about double 350 yards. The rope, which cannot pass round and round, has the engine reversed as soon as the plough reaches the anchor. This enables the worker to regulate the rope to any length of field up to 350 yards. The plough was not turned round when it reached the anchor, but had a set of ploughing, he must state that he ought not to enter into a debate implements at each end, and the one was lifted up and the other pressed down, moving up and down easily upon a central pivot wheel; thus it was only necessary to wield the plough a little to the land side to reach the unstirred ground. The only detriment we noticed was the plough-wheel running in the bottom of the furrow, pressing the under soil; but this was only in every fourth furrow and cannot be avoided. The advantage of this steam plough with its different sets of implements over horses is incalculably great, both in regard to the quality of work done, increasing our food production, and the saving of a vast amount of food for man. No doubt locomotives will soon be got to drag home the corn and out the manure, and that horses, except upon steep land, will be superseded. As I stated in my last, the desideratum is machines with special owners working for hire. One vast advantage of the steam plough over the horse plough is that, in spring time, what we term in Scotland "the lang day," when getting on with the work while the weather is propitious, is so exigent, it can be worked double time, for twenty-four hours daily instead of ten, P. M. Carse of Gowrie, Nov, 20th, 1862. The CHAIRMAN said they all knew this was a very delicate subject; but, he must say, it was one which he was ready to meet on every occasion. He had no wish to shirk a discussion, but he thought such discussion ought to be as open as possible. He was ready to defend his views in the matter whenever the proper time arrived for doing so (hear, bear); but this was not the time for bringing this question forward. There could not be a doubt that game was not now rateable. As far, however, as regarded the objects of the present meet on this subject. It was rather his duty as Chairman to check any discussion of the question. An alteration of the law might be proposed, which might or might not be passed. He had been asked to put a resolution to the meeting to the effect that it be recommended by the meeting that all lands reserved for the preservation of game be rated at 1s. per acre; and that all farms, where game was let, be rated at 6d. per acre. Lord WODEHOUSE could not see how they could entertain any such resolution. He was afraid the law would not allow them to do so. He had himself an opinion that game ought to be rated; but all they were able to do was to express an opinion to that effect. The resolution could not be put to the meeting, and must therefore fall to the ground. The CHAIRMAN observed that he had thought proper to mention the nature of the resolution, but, of course, he had then to consider what would be the effect of it. He quite agreed with the opinions expressed by the noble lord, that be could not put the resolution. If land were rated at 1s. per acre, in respect of game (hear, hear), that would be a contrsvention of the law as it now stood. As to the wisdom of that law, he expressed no opinion. BATH AND WEST OF ENGLAND SOCIETY. The monthly meeting of the Council of the Bath and West of England Society was held at the Railway Hotel, Taunton, on Saturday, Nov. 8. The Marquis of Bath, the President of the Society, was in the chair; and the following members of the council were also present: Dr. Gillett, Dr. Scott, Messrs. John Gray, J. Hooper, J. Gould, Farrant, J. T. Davy, H. G. Moysey, T. Hussey, E. Archer, R. May, J. P. Pitts, E. S. Drewe, R. Dymond, J. Sillifant, F. H. Dickinson, J. Lush, G. S. Poole, S. Pitman, J. W. Walrond, H. A. F. Luttrell, Jonathan Gray, and J. Daw. THE SOCIETY'S EXHIBITION.-Mr. G. S. Poole, of Bridgwater, suggested the expediency of the show-yard being open to the public from Monday till the Friday evening following (inclusive), and also that the awards of prizes by the judges should be made and given in public. The question was debated at considerable length, and ultimately a resolution embodying Mr. Poole's suggestion was carried. THE SOCIETY'S JOURNAL.-The Secretary reported that the second part of the second volume had been circulated; and he read a letter from the Secretary of the Literary and Philosophic Society at Manchester, thanking the society for the donation of several volumes of the Journal. THE MEETING FOR 1864.-Some conversation took place in reference to the place of meeting in 1864. No official communication having been addressed to the Council on the subject, it was thought by several members to be very inexpedient to discuss the subject; and it was therefore postponed till the next meeting. [We believe that at present Bristol is the only place that has put forth any claim for the honour of a visit from this county in 1864]. THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.-Mr. T. D. Acland reported that the Committee appointed at the last meeting to prepare a list of gentlemen whom they might consider qualified to act as judges, to be forwarded to the Royal Agricultural Society, in compliance with a request read from that Society at the last meeting, were proceeding with their duties. After some explanation had been given as to the basis upon which the committee were working, the council requested the committee to continue their duties, and authorised them on the completion of the list to communicate with the Secretary of the Royal Agricultural Society. MEMBERS' PRIVILEGES.--Mr. W. Waldrond informed the Council of the alterations proposed to be made in members' privileges. The alterations proposed were ordered to be printed and circulated in order that the subject might be discussed at their next meeting. NEW MEMBERS.-The following new members were elected: Mr. W. J. Elton, Whitestaunton; Mr. F. de Curlen Lyne, Paignton; Mr. W. M. Bragg, Drewsteington. LABOURERS' DWELLINGS.-The Rev. F. SMITH of Fareham, made the following admirable remarks at the South East Hants Society's dinner: A standing Idea in his mind was that one of the greatest evils the clergy had to contend against was the state of the dwellings of the labouring population of the land. He spoke with the greatest earnestness on this subject; one great means of remedying the evil was to be thoroughly acquainted with it. The crying evil of the land was the habitations of the poor, and he did say that something must be done to remedy it, and when they thought of it, it came home to every man's door. It might perhaps be said, "Oh, he's only a labourer;" but that would not do-it was the moral more than the physical evil that required looking to. In his district there was a man and wife with eight or nine children stowed away in a three-roomed house, the children ranging from sixteen to two or three years of age. And how did they sleep? It was a state of things which made him shudder; and this not from moral feeling only, but self-interest. If he wanted a servant, for instance, a nurse to take care of his children of tender years, could he take a girl from one of these cottages, one who had never known modesty, or felt the delicacy of the one sex towards the other? Where there's will there's a way." There was the necessity, whilst they thought of the importance of draining the soil, of also drain ing away the immoral influences by which they were surrounded; and if they gave their minds to this, they could get rid of it, and the task rested with them. It rested with them to find a remedy, and with him to plead the cause of the poor. He advised the tenant farmers to advocate with the landlords the reconstruction and the enlargement of the tenements, so as to make the inmates decent and comfortable. They knew what it was to get a horse out of condition-it took a mint of money to get him up again. And what was it as to men, when they were allowed to get out of condition, not only physically, but mentally and morally? A man brought up immorally could not be good for a servant, It was like a twist in the young stem: it would grow up to a large grand trunk, but there would be the twist. He had not many of these badly-constructed houses in his district, but he had enough, and it made him shudder to enter and ask information of the inmates. Let them put it to themselves. Would they and their wives like to occupy the same room where slept children and girls of 16 years of age? They would not like it, and why should any be so doomed? medy would come. He recollected the draining operations Let the cry be raised throughout the country, and the recommenced in that county by his own father. When he was a boy, millions of draining tiles were brought upon the property, and the people said his father was mad. But what had been the result? What was a bog of reeds, six feet in height and only fit for snipe-shooting, was now by draining rendered some of the best land in the county. They wanted the same plan adopted morally. By draining sway from the people their habitual immorality they would get rid of everything tending to harden the heart. By cultivating the mind and continually bringing good before it, it would be readily influenced; but if they went on sowing immorality, what could they expect to reap hereafter? It was better to check the tendency to evil in an infant, than endeavour to remove it by after appliances. He hoped the subject would recommend itself to their further consideration. VALUE OF SALT AS A MANURE.-At the meet. ing of the Over Agricultural Society, Cheshire, Mr. FALK, one of the vice-presidents, said he had been encouraged by some of his friends to bring the subject of salt before them that day. They were in a salt country-sal sapit omnia, "salt saves everything." He should like to know how many of the farming gentlemen then present used salt on their farms. It was well known to them that salt was most prolific, when properly applied, in producing the elements for the growth and food of plants. A great deal had been spoken and written on the subject of the application of chemistry in agriculture. There was no ingredient in creation that was equal to salt in use for agriculture. It was found everywhere most bountifully throughout the earth, and still man uses it only for his carcase; he did not use it for the purpose of stimulating the growth of plants. Salt was not used to an extent that he should like to see it. It could be applied with advantage to the extent of two cwt. per acre on light land, and might also be used on grass land, growing turnips, mangel-wurzel, and potatoes. Every time they put one cwt. of guano on their land they ought to add one cwt. of good salt. If they merely applied guano, they would find that the ammonia had evaporated, while salt would fix it in the soil, and thus form an efficient stimulant for their plants. They had seen a few of his roots that day, and when he first began to grow them on this principle he was ridiculed. He grew 400 acres last year, and he had a very fair crop of turnips. He was growing a crop of oats this year, and at present they looked exceedingly well. He had also about 50 tons of potatoes, and he could perceive very little disease in them, which he attributed to the application of salt. There was a small society in Northwich, the "Salt Chamber of Commerce," who had offered 50 guineas for the best essay on the application of salt to agriculture. He hoped that when that essay was published they would have presented to them sufficient information to give the farmer a proper appreciation of it. SEWAGE OF TOWNS. The following are the conclusions arrived at by the commissioners appointed to inquire into the best mode of distributing the sewage of towns, as the result of their investigations : 1. That the pollution of the rivers of the country is so great and general as to have become a national evil. 2. That this pollution has progressively increased in recent years, is still rapidly increasing, and, unless arrested, must necessarily continue to do so iu proportion to the increase of population, the progress of house-drainage, and the extension of manufactures. 3. That although one of the chief causes of this pollution is the practice of discharging sewage as it comes from towns into the nearest rivers or watercourses, thus converting them into sewers, yet the pollution from this cause is by no means confined to towns which have adopted systematic measures for improved sewerage. Nor is the amount of pollution in proportion exclusively to the completeness of such works; for, in many of the towns in which the bulk of the foul refuse is still retained in cesspools and middens, the neighbouring rivers are in a highly offensive and noxious condition, even where the cesspool system is maintained on the alleged ground of preserving the local rivers from contamination. 4. That besides the pollution of rivers by the discharge of sewage into them, they are in general made the common and ready receptacles of an immense amount of offensive matter from factories, dye-works, gas-works, iron foundries, mills, and other establishments, while cinder heaps and masses of rubbish of every description that cover their banks, and the large stones and other refuse that obstruct the beds, testify to the general neglect and ill-usage of rivers. 5. That by far the greater part of the solid matter which is held in suspension in water is readily deposited in rivers, covering the banks with mud, permanently rising the beds, gradually destroying the scouring power of the water, and partially silting such rivers up, and that in some instances these deposits have accumulated to such an extent as to impede navigation, to render the surrounding country subject to floods, and to entail a vast expense in periodic cleansing. 6. That however the appearance of the water may be improved after these deposits have taken place, yet the deposited matters lying in the bed of the current are under conditions favourable for putrefaction. And when the foul mud is disturbed by the prevalence of rain and during floods, it sends forth its effluvia amidst the populations which are near, and even in the course of the rivers far distant. 7. That this condition of rivers is a public and national nuisance: it interferes with the convenience and comfort of all classes of the people; it damages various and important interests, as those connected with manufacturing establishments, canals, fisheries, and so on; it deteriorates property to a large extent, and, as interfering with a main source of water supply, is of serious importance to the public health. 8. That this state of things has grown up in consequence of the anomaly that while important powers of river conservancy have from time immemorial been conferred on local authorities; while special powers have been vested in improvement commissioners and companies for isolated local improvement, for drainage, for navigation, and so on; and while even private water-rights and ownerships in streams have been recognized and conferred, no general jurisdiction whatever has been exercised over the whole waters of the country; no protection has been accorded to the many great and varied interests connected with rivers. 9. That the only radical way of restoring the rivers to their original purity is to prevent the discharge of foul matters into them, and especially the discharge of sewage and other refuse of large towns; but that in various cases where this radical treatment has been deemed inadmissible, expedients for the purpose of depriving the sewage of its offensive and noxious properties have been brought into practical operation, and have been attended with more or less success. 10. That among those methods, of which experience is most satisfactory, no one is suited to the circumstances of all towns, some towns presenting much greater difficulties than others; yet the more this subject has been investigated the more convincing is the evidence that there is no town which might not, with reasonable care and at moderate cost, greatly mitigate the existing evils where it may not be practicable wholly to remove them. 11. That, for example, the chief part of the nuisance arising from the discharge of sewage into rivers and streams, may be in the liquid, particularly in towns of small populations where obviated by simply arresting the solid matter in suspension the sewers discharge into considerable streams of water. In these cases it may be practically sufficient to adopt simple means of deposit combined with mechanical appliances for ar resting the solid matter, and these may be of the most inerpensive character; in other cases, however, and especially during summer, the addition of chemical agents may be r quired for the more complete separation of the solid and the deodorising of the liquid sewage. But although, by such means as the above, sewage may be rendered inoffensive to smell, we cannot guarantee that, even after the best pra ticable application of such means, sewage can be allowed to flow into brooks or rivers without rendering the water unb and improper for drinking. 12. That among deodorizers, the material which up to the present time has been found to be the best for this purpose, is perchloride of iron, the only objection to its general use being its comparatively high price, but in many cases the employ ment of the cheaper material, lime, may suffice. 13. That the value of the solid portions of sewage being small, all attempts at realizing profits from its preparation manure have signally failed, but mixed with sweepings and other dry refuse of towns, a ready sale is found for it at 2 38. per ton, which is sufficient to pay a large proportion of the necessary working expenses for preventing nuisance. 14. That the cost of the operation has in various instances ranged from d. to 3d. per head of the population per annum, including interest on the outlay for works; there can there fore be no difficulty on the ground of expense in requiring the adoption of adequate means for a removal of nuisance in every case in which injury or inconvenience is shown to arise. 15. That the most beneficial and most profitable method of disposing of sewage, where circumstances will admit of this use of it, is by direct application in the liquid form to land; where such applications can only be conveniently effected near habitations, it may be desirable to employ some deodorizing agent, but usually, if proper arrangements are made for coveying sewage on to the land, this expense need not be ir curred. There is reason to hope that trials and experiments instituted by the commission, and still in progress, in relation to the irrigation of land with sewage, will remove some doubts and difficulties which have hitherto prevailed in retarding a more general adoption of this desirable mode of disposing of and utilizing the sewage of towns. RECOMMENDATION. Having now fully stated our conclusions as to the means of disposing of the sewage of towns, and shown that the remedies for the evils which are experienced, although various, are both practicable and economical, we beg to repeat our convic tion that the only security for a general and continued employment of such means will be the establishment of r sponsible conservancies throughout the country, armed with adequate powers for preventing damage and for effecting inprovements. We believe that these powers would be best vested in independent local authorities, such as the present commissions of sewers, acting under certain Government regulations in respect to borrowing money and other matters. Our inquiry, however, has of necessity been of too imperfect a characrer to enable us to set forth for consideration any de cided measures in detail on so large and important a question. There are many subjects to be inquired into, vast interests to be considered, which are beyond our present power or our province to enter upon. We can only respectfully but earnestly recommend that such inquiries should be instituted into the various points bearing on the subject, so that measures may be submitted which will enable Parliament to deal with the existing evils in a way most conducive to public interests. (Signed) ESSEX. HENRY KER SEYMER, J. B. LAWES. T. SOUTH WOOD SMITH. HENRY AUSTIN. 8, Richmond-terrace, Whitehall, August, 1861. CALENDAR OF AGRICULTURE. Plough stubbles and leys for Lent crops in fresh weather. Repair old fences, and make new ones. Continue the cutting of drains so long as the weather allows. Mend roads, and cast up earths for making composts. Collect for manure, in every shape, all earthy and vegetable matters that can be got. Flood meadows, and lay dry occasionally. Cut underwood, and fill up vacancies by planting and layering. Plant all kinds of forest trees, especially ash and oak. Keep plantation fences in good repair, to prevent trespassing, which is a sure mark of slovenly management in being permitted. Raise turnips from the ground by cutting off the tops and roots by hand sickle; store the bulbs in heaps at the homestead; give the tops to young cattle in the yards, and to the store sheep in the fields. Early lambs will be dropped during this month in some places; feed the ewes very liberally, and provide good shelter. During frosty weather, thrash very frequently by machinery; and litter the yards very often, not beyond ten or fourteen days. The thrashing by flail is constantly done. Collect earths to the compost heaps, and carry lime for mixing with the earths. Cart stones to where the drains may be required. Carry fuel, timber, and faggots. This being the first month of winter, the proper arrangements must have been made for a systematic management in every department of the winter operations. The live stock require a very vigilant and unremitting attention, in being amply and regularly | fed, and in having a dry and comfortable lair in the yards and sheds; keep the steamer in constant work, and give cooked food daily to the horses, cows, pigs, and poultry. Give the food fresh, and allow no sourness to take place; give to the cattle the turnips from the store pits, but in fresh weather bring them fresh daily from the fields. The drains and culverts may be kept in current going order, to conduct the excess of urinary liquid to the tank. The cattle in the yards should eat under cover, especially in high cold localities. This purpose will be most completely effected by the farmery being roofed all over like the terminus of a railway; and glass may soon be substituted as a covering of roofs. The grain crops, the animals, and the movable articles on the ground, being the propertyof the farmer, should be insured at his cost, and the buildings by the proprietor, as the owner of the landed estate. The farmer pays the portion of the insurance of the buildings, to cover his part of the expense of rebuilding in the event of accident, in carriage of materials, and of minor performances. The public is most respectfully referred to the Farmers' and General Insurance Office, Norfolk-street, Strand, which does business at a low rate on all objects of insurance, including damage done by hailstorms over the kingdom. Proprietors and farmers who omit such a convenience of duty are guilty of a most culpable negligence, and commit an injustice, not only to themselves, but against the public at large. CALENDAR OF GARDENING. from lawns and gravel; protect the glasses of pits and green-houses by nets or screens, or rollers; give air, but little water; straw mats, skilfully made with bands and strong pack-thread, or lay cord, afford the best of all protection to fences and low pits, Every work in the open air is contingent, and depends on the circumstances of rains and frost, during which times any labour will be futile. But farmers possess appliances which few others can command or use. Directions are here given not to the owners of estates, or to amateurs, but to the neglected gardens that are attached to farms, which are capable of producing vegetables and common fruits of the first order, merely by using the simple means that are at command in order to produce examples of fertility and neatness, with products of the highest utility, that are in most cases consigned to waste and total loss. But improvements from a slender beginning must progress to beneficial results. |