10096. Builders.-The mention of only one, or even all three, would certainly not bind the apprentice to assist in miscellaneous building operations, which plumbers frequently undertake; and

10097. Printers.-The simple mention, in an apprentice's indenture, that the master is a "printer," may carry with it, by implication, bookbinding and bookselling, if the circumstances appear to justify such a conclusion; but,

10098. Engraving and Stereotyping.-The mention of all three would not bind an apprentice to work upon engraving or stereotyping, or any other trade not usually associated in the same establishment; on the other hand,

OBLIGATION TO TEACH.

10099. If an apprentice's indenture expresses that the master is to teach two or more trades, he is bound to teach them, in some sort of reasonable fashion; for,

10100. Vain Qualification.-The expression in the stamp office form of apprentices' indenture, "which he useth by the best means that he can," will not justify a master in relinquishment of, or abstention from, a business which he has specifically undertaken to teach; and

10101. Every Trade.—A master, in taking an apprentice, impliedly binds himself to teach every trade mentioned; and

10102. Apprentice Absolved.—If he does not, the apprentice is absolved from serving; or,

10103. Damages.-Is entitled to damages for breach of contract.

DAMAGE.

10104. The provision in the stamp office form of apprentices' indenture, that the apprentice shall do no damage to his master, in common with many other of the provisions therein, is gratuitous and superfluous, as an apprentice is as liable to punishment for malicious injury (9739) as any one else, independently of anything that may appear in the indenture.

MATRIMONY.

10105. Vain Prohibition. The prohibition of matrimony, in the stamp office form of apprentices' indenture, is rather calculated to suggest than to prevent the undesirable contingency contemplated.

10106. A Dead Letter.-The whole passage in this connection is a dead letter.

10107. Good Apprentices.—If an apprentice is good for anything

as such, his master will scarcely relinquish his services because he marries.

10108. Bad Apprentices.—If he is not good for anything, his marriage will rather make him desire release from his apprenticeship than otherwise; moreover,

10109. No Invalidation.—A prohibition of matrimony, in an apprentice's indenture, will not in the remotest degree invalidate the apprentice's marriage, if duly authorized and celebrated (1648).

GAMBLING.

10110. The provision in the stamp office form of apprentices' indenture about playing "at cards or dice tables," if it means anything implies that the apprentice may play as much and as long as he pleases, provided his master is not likely to suffer any loss thereby; and

IOIII. Licence to Gamble.-The suggestion that a master might possibly licence" his apprentice to play "unlawful games," is at least amusing, though perhaps not quite harmless.

BUYING AND SELLING.

10112. As a general rule, an apprentice is sufficiently barred from buying and selling by his minority (1507), so that the stamp office provision on that point is needless.

TAVERNS AND PLAY-HOUSES.

10113. Out-Door Apprentices.-The provision in the stamp office. form of apprentices' indenture, which declares that the apprentice shall not "haunt taverns or play-houses," can scarcely apply, in any case, to out-door apprentices, in their own time; and

10114. Contrary to Orders.-If a master expressly forbids an in-door apprentice not to go to or frequent any place or places whatsoever, the apprentice is bound to abide by his master's desire, so far as it may be reasonable, without any express provision in the indenture.

10115. Custom of London.-It is held that, by the custom of London (though never appealed to), a master in the city may terminate a contract of apprenticeship if the apprentice goes to a theatre; but,

10116. Haunting.—A provision in an apprentice's indenture that he shall not "haunt" taverns or theatres, could not be strained to apply to two or three visits to such places, unless they were expressly and emphatically forbidden.

DAY OR NIGHT.

10117. Literally Impossible.-The provision in the stamp office form of apprentices' indenture which implies that the apprentice is not to absent himself "day or night," cannot be taken literally; for,

10118. Ordinary Hours.-An out-door apprentice cannot be compelled to work longer than the ordinary hours of his trade, or of the establishment where he is required to work,

10119. Overtime.—Including such reasonable overtime as may from time to time be imposed (10128), subject to special statutes in that behalf (9704).

10120. Uncertain Hours.-The time which an in-door apprentice may be compelled to work cannot be so strictly defined as that of an out-door apprentice; yet,

10121. Beyond Endurance.—Neither can he be legally required to work for hours and times beyond his strength and reasonable endurance; nor

10122. Unreasonable Circumstances. -Under circumstances which would absolve a servant who is not an apprentice from continuing his service (9789-90).

MASTER'S AGENTS.

10123. An apprentice is bound to obey his master's lawful agents, in the same degree as any other servant is bound (9619), but no further.

OUT-DOOR APPRENTICES.

10124. Without Board and Lodging.-An apprentice is presumed to be an "out-door" apprentice unless board and lodging are expressly reserved; but,

10125. Wages.-Out-door apprentices are almost invariably covenanted with to be paid progressive wages in lieu of board and lodging; and

10126. Alteration of Form.-When a stamp office form of apprentices' indenture is used for an out-door apprentice, it is necessary to draw a line through the passage commencing "finding" and ending "term," for which is substituted, in a blank upon the form for that purpose, the particulars of the wages reserved.

10127. Wages Clause.-The wages clause of an apprentice's indenture may be expressed as follows :

"Paying [instead of "finding "] unto the said apprentice four shillings per week during the first year of the said term, five shillings per week during the second year, six shillings per week during the third year, eight shillings per week during the fourth year, ten shillings per week during the fifth year,

twelve shillings per week during the sixth year, and fourteen shillings per week during the seventh and last year of the said term.

10128. Payment for Overtime.-An apprentice is not entitled to payment for overtime unless it is expressly reserved in the indenture.

THREE PARTIES.

10129. With or Without Premium.-Whether a premium is paid with an apprentice or not, it is common for the father or other friend of the apprentice to join in the execution of the indenture, when it becomes an " indenture with three parties."

10130. Necessary Clause. An indenture with three parties (whether upon a stamp office form or not) usually commences as follows;

"THIS INDENTURE witnesseth that Joseph Hopeful, son of James Hopeful, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick (10088), of his own free will, and with the consent of his father, the said James Hopeful (testified by his execution hereof) (10144), doth put himself, &c., &c." (10087); and

PREMIUM.

10131. Almost Invariable.-When there are three parties to an apprentice's indenture, there is almost always a premium paid.

10132. Blank on Purpose.-When a premium is paid with an apprentice, and a stamp office form is used, the clause relating to the premium is written in a blank left for the purpose immediately before the covenant of the master; thus,

10133. Premium Clause.—The premium clause in an apprentice's indenture may read as follows:

"And the said William Smart, in consideration of the sum of Thirty Pounds sterling to him in hand paid by the said James Hopeful, at or imme diately before the execution of these presents, his said apprentice, &c., &c."(10087).

10134. Words at Length.-The amount paid by or on behalf of an apprentice as a premium must be stated in words at length, otherwise a penalty of double the amount is incurred, and the apprenticeship is void.

10135. Receipt.-When a premium is paid with an apprentice it is usual to add a formal receipt for the amount, as follows:

"Received on the day of the date of the above-written indenture from the above-named James Hopeful the sum of Thirty Pounds, being the consideration-money above-mentioned to be paid,"

(Signature of Master.)

IN-DOOR APPRENTICES.

10136. Board and Lodging.—When, in using the stamp office form of indenture for an apprentice, the clause relating to board and lodging (10169), or any similar clause, is retained or adopted in that or any other form, it implies that the apprentice is "in-door;" but,

CLOTHING.

10137. It is very rare for a master to provide clothing for any apprentice; therefore,

10138. Covenant.-When an apprentice is to be "in-door," a clause covenanting the father or other third party to clothe is necessary, and when a stamp office form is used such clause may be written in the blank for the purpose which appears after the master's covenant; thus,

10139. Form.-A covenant to clothe an apprentice may be written as follows:

"And the said James Hopeful doth hereby, for himself, his heirs, executors, and administrators, covenant with the said William Smart, his executors and administrators, that he, the said James Hopeful, his executors or administrators, shall and will, from time to time during the said term aforesaid, at his or their own costs and charges, find and provide for the said Joseph Hopeful, during the said term, all necessary clothes and wearing apparel, and washing and mending thereof, medicines and medical and surgical attendance (10175), and all other necessaries except meat, drink, and lodging as aforesaid" (10136).

COMMENCEMENT OF APPRENTICESHIP.

10140. An apprentice's indenture usually takes effect from the day it is executed, so that "from the date hereof until the full age of twenty-one" will suffice to define the term if it should not otherwise appear.

OFFICIAL FLUNKEYISM.

10141. The flourish of trumpets about the Queen, which appears at the end of the stamp office form of indenture for an apprentice, is wholly superfluous, and of no effect but to illustrate the official and officious flunkeyism with which the authorities at Somerset House are imbued.

INDEPENDENT FORMS.

10142. Those who set no store by the would-be awe-inspiring form issued by the stamp office for an apprentice's indenture, may adopt with equal effect any brief and explicit document which may

suit their views.