mined society by its genius, confines its noble powers to the pitiful drudgery of barter, and the miserable cares of gain!

SEASONS OF PRAYER.

To prayer! to prayer!-for the morning breaks,
And earth in her Maker's smile awakes.
His light is on all, below and above-
The light of gladness, and life, and love.
Oh! then, on the breath of this early air,
Send upward the incense of grateful prayer.

To prayer!-for the glorious sun is gone,
And the gathering darkness of night comes on.
Like a curtain from God's kind hand it flows,
To shade the couch where his children repose.
Then kneel, while the watching stars are bright,
And give your last thoughts to the Guardian of night.

To prayer!-for the day that God has blest
Comes tranquilly on with its welcome rest.
It speaks of creation's early bloom,

It speaks of the Prince who burst the tomb.
Then summon the spirit's exalted powers,
And devote to Heaven the hallow'd hours.

There are smiles and tears in the mother's eyes,
For her new-born infant beside her lies.

Oh! hour of bliss! when the heart o'erflows
With rapture a mother only knows:

Let it gush forth in words of fervent prayer;

Let it swell up to Heaven for her precious care.

There are smiles and tears in that gathering band,
Where the heart is pledged with the trembling hand:
What trying thoughts in her bosom swell,

As the bride bids parents and home farewell!
Kneel down by the side of the tearful fair,
And strengthen the perilous hour with prayer.

Kneel down by the dying sinner's side,
And pray for his soul, through Him who died.
Large drops of anguish are thick on his brow:
Oh! what are earth and its pleasures now?
And what shall assuage his dark despair
But the penitent cry of humble prayer?
Kneel down at the couch of departing faith,
And hear the last words the believer saith.
He has bidden adieu to his earthly friends;
There is peace in his eye, that upward bends;

There is peace in his calm, confiding air;

For his last thoughts are God's—his last words, prayer.

The voice of prayer at the sable bier!

A voice to sustain, to soothe, and to cheer.

It commends the spirit to God who gave;
It lifts the thoughts from the cold, dark grave;
It points to the glory where He shall reign
Who whisper'd, "Thy brother shall rise again.”

The voice of prayer in the world of bliss!
But gladder, purer than rose from this.
The ransom'd shout to their glorious King,
Where no sorrow shades the soul as they sing;
But a sinless and joyous song they raise,
And their voice of prayer is eternal praise.

Awake! awake! and gird up thy strength,
To join that holy band at length.

To Him, who unceasing love displays,
Whom the powers of nature unceasingly praise,
To Him thy heart and thy hours be given;
For a life of prayer is the life of heaven.

HENRY C. CAREY.

THIS prolific and able writer on political economy, whose praise is in both hemispheres, is the son of Mathew Carey,' and was born in Philadelphia in 1793. Succeeding his father in his extensive publishing business in 1821, he continued in this pursuit, so congenial to his literary tastes, till 1838. He seemed inherit a strong inclination to investigate subjects in connection with political economy, and in 1836 gave the results of his speculations in an Essay on the Rate of Wages, which in 1840 was expanded into the Laws of Wealth, or Principles of Political Economy, 3 vols. octave. The positions of this work at once attracted the attention of the European political economists, and from many of them elicited the warmest praise. It was published in Italian at Turin, and in Swedish at Upsal. In 1848 Mr. Carey published The Past, the Present, and the Future, the design of which is to explain the facts of history by the aid of great and universal laws, directly the reverse of those taught by Ricardo, Malthus, and other eminent political economists. This work also has been translated into several of the languages of Europe.

For several years, Mr. Carey contributed all the leading articles, and others of less importance, to the periodical entitled "The Plough, the Loom, and the Anvil." Many of these were collected and published in a volume, entitled The Harmony of Interests, Agricultural, Manufacturing, and Commercial; and other of them in a pamphlet called The Prospect, Agricultural, Manufacturing, Commer

Mathew Carey was born in Dublin in 1760, and, coming over to this country early in life, established himself in the book-publishing business, which for nearly half a century he carried on very extensively and with great success. He was also distinguished as a philanthropist, and up to the very last year of his long life he took the lead in many efforts to aid the deserving poor, and to ameliorate the condition of the suffering. He died in 1839.

cial, and Financial, at the Opening of 1851.' In 1853 appeared The Slave-Trade, Domestic and Foreign: why it exists, and how it may be extinguished. In the latter part of 1857 appeared a series of admirable Letters addressed to the President of the United States upon the depressed condition of the financial, commercial, agricultural, and manufacturing interests of our country, which have been warmly commended and widely copied. His last work, in three volumes octavo, is entitled Principles of Social Science, to which nothing that has appeared upon this subject in the present century is equal, either in fulness or practical efficiency; and it will, we think, place him, in the estimation of all fair and competent judges, among the very first of political economists.

MAN THE SUBJECT OF SOCIAL SCIENCE.

Man, the molecule of society, is the subject of social science. In common with all other animals, he requires to eat, drink, and sleep; but his greatest need is that of association with his fellowmen. Dependent upon the experience of himself and others for all his knowledge, he requires language to enable him either to record the results of his own observation, or to profit by those of others; and of language there can be none without association. Without language, he must remain in ignorance of the existence of powers granted to him in lieu of the strength of the ox and the horse, the speed of the hare, and the sagacity of the elephant, and must remain below the level of the brute creation. To have language, there must be association and combination of men with their fellow-men; and it is on this condition only that man can be man; on this alone that we can conceive of the being to which we attach the idea of man. "It is not good," said God, "that man should live alone;" nor do we ever find him doing so, the earliest records of the world exhibiting to us beings living together in society, and using words for the expression of their ideas. Language escapes from man at the touch of nature herself; and the power of using words is his essential faculty, enabling him to maintain commerce with his fellow-men, and fitting him for that association without which language cannot exist. The words "society" and "language" convey to the mind separate and distinct ideas; and yet by no effort of the mind can we conceive of the existence of the one without the other.

Of the Harmony of Interests, "Blackwood's Magazine" thus remarks:-" Mr. Carey, the well-known statistical writer of America, has supplied us with ample materials for conducting such an inquiry; and we can safely recommend his remarkable work to all who wish to investigate the causes of the progress or decline of industrial communities."

"Mr. Carey has clearly substantiated his claim to be the leading writer now devoted to the study of political economy. In his pregnant discussions, he has not only elevated the scientific position of his country, but nobly subserved the cause of humanity."-N. Y. Quarterly. 2 See remarks of Noah Webster, p. 142.

The subject of social science, then, is man, the being to whom have been given reason and the faculty of individualizing sounds so as to give expression to every variety of idea, and who has been placed in a position to exercise that faculty. Isolate him, and with the loss of the power of speech he loses the power to reason, and with it the distinctive quality of man. Restore him to society, and with the return of the power of speech he becomes again the reasoning man.

COMMERCE AND TRADE.

The words "commerce" and "trade" are commonly regarded as convertible terms; yet are the ideas they express so widely different as to render it essential that their difference be clearly understood. All men are prompted to associate and combine with each other, to exchange ideas and services with each other, and thus to maintain COMMERCE. Some men seek to perform exchanges for other men, and thus to maintain TRAde.

Commerce is the object everywhere desired and everywhere sought to be accomplished. Traffic is the instrument used by commerce for its accomplishment; and the greater the necessity for the instrument, the less is the power of those who require to use it. The nearer the consumer and the producer, and the more perfect the power of association, the less is the necessity for the trader's services, but the greater are the powers of those who produce and consume, and the desire to maintain commerce. The more distant they are, the greater is the need of the trader's services, and the greater is his power; but the poorer and weaker become the producers and the consumers, and the smaller is the commerce. The men who buy and sell, who traffic and transport, desire to prevent association, and thus to preclude the maintenance of commerce; and the more perfectly their object is accomplished, the larger is the proportion of the commodities passing through their hands retained by them, and the smaller the proportion to be divided between the producers and the consumers.

THE WARRIOR-CHIEF AND THE TRADER.

The object of the warrior-chief being that of preventing the existence of any motion in society except that which centres in himself, he monopolizes land, and destroys the power of voluntary association among the men he uses as his instruments. The soldier, obeying the word of command, is so far from holding himself responsible to God or man for the observance of the rights of person or of property, that he glories in the extent of his robberies and in the number of his murders. The man of the Rocky

Mountains adorns his person with the scalps of his butchered enemies; while the more civilized murderer contents himself with adding a ribbon to the decoration of his coat; but both are savages alike. The trader-equally with the soldier seeking to prevent any movement except that which centres in himself also uses irresponsible machines. The sailor is among the most brutalized of human beings, bound, like the soldier, to obey orders, at the risk of having his back seamed by the application of the whip. The human machines used by war and trade are the only ones, except the negro slave, who are now flogged.

The soldier desires labor to be cheap, that recruits may readily be obtained. The great land-owner desires it may be cheap, that he may be enabled to appropriate to himself a large proportion of the proceeds of his land; and the trader desires it to be cheap, that he may be enabled to dictate the terms upon which he will buy as well as those upon which he will sell.

The object of all being thus identical,-that of obtaining power over their fellow-men,-it is no matter of surprise that we find the trader and the soldier so uniformly helping and being helped by each other. The bankers of Rome were as ready to furnish material aid to Cæsar, Pompey, and Augustus, as are now those of London, Paris, Amsterdam, and Vienna to grant it to the Emperors of France, Austria, and Russia; and as indifferent as they in relation to the end for whose attainment it was destined to be used. War and trade thus travel together, as is shown by the history of the world. The only difference between wars made for purposes of conquest, and those for the maintenance of monopolies of trade, being that the virulence of the latter is much greater than is that of the former. The conqueror, seeking political power, is sometimes moved by a desire to improve the condition of his fellow-men; but the trader, in pursuit of power, is animated by no other idea than that of buying in the cheapest market and selling in the dearest, cheapening merchandise in the one, even at the cost of starving the producers, and increasing his price in the other, even at the cost of starving the consumers. Both profit by whatever tends to diminution in the power of voluntary association and consequent decline of commerce. The soldier forbids the holding of meetings among his subjects. The slave-owner interdicts his people from assembling together, except at such times and in such places as meet his approbation. The shipmaster rejoices when the men of England separate from each other, and transport themselves by hundreds of thousands to Canada and Australia, because it enhances freights; and the trader rejoices, because the more widely men are scattered, the more they need the service of the middle-man, and the richer and more powerful does he become at their expense.