Triphosa dubitata var. pustularia Hy. Edw., Ent. Am., Vol. I, p. 50.-One female, Soda Springs, Cal.

Triphosa badiaria Hy. Edw., Ent. Am., Vol. I, p. 50.-One female, Shasta Co., Cal.

Caterva elegantaria Hy. Edw., Papilio, Vol. I, p. 121.— Male and female, Prescott, Arizona,

Gorytodes personaria Hy. Edw., Papilio, Vol. I, p. 120.One male, Sierra Nevada, Cal.

PYRALIDEÆ.

Prorasea lepidalis Hulst, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 146. One male, Colorado.

Prorasea brunneogrisea Hy. Edw., Ent. Am., Vol. II, p. 171.-One male, Prescott, Arizona.

Aglossa electalis Hulst, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 146. One example, Arizona.

Chalcœla gemmalis Hulst, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 148. One example, Sierra Nevada, Cal.

Emprepes magnalis Hulst, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 147. One female, Arizona.

Botys uxorculalis Hulst, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, P. 153. One example, Sierra Nevada, Cal.

Botys bellulalis Hulst, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 149.-One example, Texas.

Botys psychicalis Hulst, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 149. One example, Texas.

Botys roseopennalis Hulst, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 148.-One example, Arizona.

Botys pergilvalis Hulst, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 151.-One female, Arizona.

Botys fumoferalis Hulst, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 154. One female, Sierra Nevada, Cal.

Botys monulalis Hulst, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 154. One female, Sierra Nevada, Cal.

Botys thallophilalis Hulst, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 154. One female, California.

Botys scurralis Hulst, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 155. One female, Arizona.

Botys festalis Hulst, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 153. One female, Prescott, Arizona.

Botys lulualis Hulst, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 150.-One female, Soda Springs, Cal.

Botys succandidalis Hulst, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 153. One example, Texas.

Botys octosignalis Hulst, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 153. One example, Calfornia.

Botys levalis Hulst, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 152.-One specimen, Florida.

Botys penitalis Grote, Can. Ent., Vol. VIII, p. 98.—One female, Kansas.

Botys unifascialis Pack., Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. Y., Vol. X, p. 261.-One example, California.

Eurycreon aureolalus Hulst, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 156.-One female, Colorado.

Orobena reluctalis Hulst, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 156. One example, Arizona.

Glyphodes alitalis Hulst, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 157. One example, Indian River, Florida.

Metrea ostreonalis Grote, Papilio, Vol. II, p. 73.-One female, Connecticut.

Metrea argentalis Hy. Edw., Papilio, Vol. IV, p. 19.-One example, Jalapa, Mexico.

Hydrocampa gyralis Hulst, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 159.-One example, Georgia.

Tetralophus atrifascialis Hulst, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 73.-One example, Indian River, Florida.

Nephopteryx lallatalis Hulst, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 161. One example, Florida.

Nephopteryx bifasciella Hulst, Ent. Am., Vol. III, p. 132.— One example, Arizona.

Megaphycis edwardsialis Hulst, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 163.-One female, Nevada,

Acrobasis alatella Hulst, Ent. Am., Vol. III, p. 135.-One example, Napa Co., Cal.

Acrobasis hystriculella Hulst, Ent. Am., Vol. III, p. 135.— One female, Texas.

Spermatophthora montinatatella Hulst, Ent. Am., Vol. III, p. 134.-One example, Sierra Nevada, Cal.

Mylois zelatella Hulst, Ent. Am., Vol. III, p. 136.-One example, New York.

Mylois aliculella Hulst, Ent. Am., Vol. III, p. 135.—Male and female, Arizona.

Stenoptycha pallulella Hulst, Ent. Am., Vol. III, p. 137.— One example, North Carolina.

Ephestia opalescella Hulst, Ent. Am., Vol. III, p. 138.— One example, California.

Anerastia electella Hulst, Ent. Am., Vol. III, p. 137.-One male, Texas.

Crambus biothanatalis Hulst, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 166.-One example, California.

Crambus comptulatalis Hulst, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 167.—One example, Vancouver Island.

PTEROPHORIDE.

Lioptilis grandis Fish, Can. Ent., Vol. XIII, p. 141.-One example, California.

Edemataphorus gratiosa Fish, Can. Ent., Vol. XIII, p. 73.-One male, Sierra Nevada, Cal.

Edemataphorus lugubris Fish, Can. Ent., Vol. XIII, p. 140.—One female, California.

Platyptilis edwardsii Fish, Can. Ent., Vol. XIII, p. 72.— Male and female, Boston, Mass.

Article XIV. THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

OF NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS.'

By JOEL ASAPH ALLEN,

(With Four Maps, forming Plates V-VIII.)

INFLUENCES DETERMINING THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF LIFE.

It has long been recognized that the influences determining the distribution of life over the earth's surface are climate and the

interrelation of the principal land areas. It is questionable which of the two, all things considered, has been the more important factor in bringing about the present distribution of life, since the climate of any given area depends largely upon the relative distribution of land and water, and is further greatly modified by the topography of the principal land areas, the presence or absence of lofty mountain chains greatly modifying the climate of an entire continent.

CLIMATE. Of strictly climatic influences, temperature is by far the most important, although moisture plays an influential part, Where a low temperature prevails life, both animal and vegetable, is represented by comparatively few forms; under a high temperature it is characterized by great diversity and luxuriance. Within the Arctic Circle the species of both plants and animals are not only few but they are widely distributed, being for the most part everywhere the same. Under the tropics they are a hundred fold more numerous and of comparatively restricted distribution, the general facies, as regards both the fauna and the flora, changing within short distances, with few elements in common when widely separated areas are compared.

The influence of temperature is perhaps most strikingly displayed in the distribution of life upon the slopes of a high mountain, especially if situated near the tropics. While its base may be clothed with palms and luxuriant tropical vegetation its sum

Read before the New York Academy of Sciences, January 26, 1891. In revising for publication some new matter has been added, chiefly in the last third of the paper and in the footnotes,