From the Post-reduplicated Stems we select the following:

T

383

from the root, comp. through which it is derived.1

1. To press together, drive together; hence,

, that which hurries away, sweeps off, the pestilence; comp. o perdidit. 6 interitus, id. Kindred with " is the Arab. & pestis.

injures.

the bee, pr. that which presses, sharply attacks, — stings,

the pressed together, closed up; hence the most retired. part of the temple.

in the drifts, rafts, 1 Kings 5: 23.

The Hiph. with a signifies to drive under something, suppress, subject, Ps. 18: 48. 47: 4.

2. In general, to drive together, especially drive and lead cattle, hence,, pasture.

3. In the Piel, to bring together or order words, i. e. to speak 27. Comp. Eptiv, sermo, etc.

from the root = hold together, hold firmly, keep.

that which is dense, firm, hard; hence, a) A thorn. b) A precious stone, named from its hardness. Hence also the names of several cities = fortress.

Lees. Originally, that which is drawn together, drawn off, i. e. the sediment deposited in the fermentation. Com. Engl. sediment, lees, French lie (pr. that which settles) kindred with the German legen, to lay. Since wine is improved, if after several tappings the lees are entirely separated from it, Hefen-wein Is. 25: 6 [Engl vs. wines on the lees] signifies wine cleansed from the lees excellent wine; which expression was selected here on account of the play upon words with fat, juicy meats. We might thus render it: "Ein Mahl von Mast-fleische, ein Mahl von Most-flaschen; von markigem Mast-fleische, von geläuterten Most-flaschen."

=

The expression "settled on their lees" i. e. grown thick upon them, Zeph. 1: 12, (stiff or stupid with what one has gained and hoarded up,) confirms the original signification here given. Comp.

1 That is, according to the theory of the author, in the regular series of mutations the reduplicated stem 27 would assume the form (the lingual being changed into a sibilant) rather than 27, so that the presence of the form presupposes the other, which however nowhere occurs as a verb, though we find it in several derivations, viz. dag, honey, ra, hump.

Amos 5: 11. The figure alludes to the fact that wine which stands too long upon the lees easily spoils and becomes thick. Comp. Jer..48: 11. Moab lies thickened upon his lees, was not poured from our vessel into another, etc." The common idea that lees are so named from their quality of preserving, is altogether erroneous.

The word has been adopted in the Coptic, Shemer = fermentum, because many kinds of lees, e. g. those of beer, cause other substances to ferment; hence in upper Germany Hefel (Hefe) for leaven.

from the root signifies originally not to be rough, according to Gesenius, but, as the kindred stems, to separate, split, break through; hence Piel, set loose, arouse, especially a contest, Prov. 15: 18. Hithp. arouse one's self, be zealous; hence also, to quarrel, contend.

5: 10: "

the substantive also, does not, (as Gesenius supposes,) derive its signification, viz. throat, from the idea of a rough tone, but means simply, a split, a hollow place; hence, throat, windpipe, Ps. Their throat is an open sepulchre." Compare in German Kehle = gula, Persian gula, and glutus, throat, with the low German, Kuhle, hole, ditch, as rumen and rima. The passage cited by Gesenius, Ps. 69: 4, proves anything else than that the throat has its name from roughness; for is Niph. part. of

, to cease glowing, dry up, as Ps. 102: 4: “I am exhausted by my crying, my throat is parched." On the other hand, where it signifies to call with or out of the throat, the strict sense is to speak with a loud, full voice; cf. Is. 58: 1. Ps. 115: 7. 149: 6.

11

جر

Similarly derived meanings grow out of the stem [i. e. from the root when reduplicated by the repetition of the last letter] = to split, separate, divide, hence 1. To take away, hurry off, Hab. 1: 15, Prov. 27: 7, as the Arabic. 2. To divide, separate, hence saw, as the German sägen is kindred with secare; and also Poel, to be sawed in pieces, 1 Kings 7: 9. Finally 3. To split, divide, also means to crush with the teeth; hence a) That which has been made small, crushed, chewed; hence, that which was eaten. Thus we can explain the phrase as to bring up what was chewed, i. e. to ruminate, Lev. 11: 3-6. Deut. 14: 6, 7. Once it occurs as, Lev. 11: 7: "To chew the chewed," i. e. to chew the second time, ruminate. b) That which has been made small, separated, signifies also a piece, a single one; hence, grain, as a small object, thus also a small weight, the twentieth part of a

T

1847.]

Post-reduplicated Stems.

385

shekel, as the German Gran (grain) from granum. In like manner also is explained, the small, single, little piece; hence berry, Is. 17: 6. Further, Fauces, pr. the splits, holes, i. e. windpipe and throat; whence in general, throat, neck; always used of the outside of the neck, whilst i usually signifies the inside, although not in all cases, vid. Is. 3: 16, where it designates the outside and front of the neck. Cf.

S

جر

=

Cf., hole, hollow. These significations are used interchangeably. Even , neck, from strictly means split, cleft, opening, cf. fauces with xavvos, split, gaping, German gähnen, hence throat; gula throat and neck. Gesenius confusedly and arbitrarily develops the whole series of words derived from from the imitation of a natural sound which corresponds to the German gurgeln, s-charren, etc. The Gurgel the upper part of the throat] is not so named in German from gurgeln, [to gurgle] any more than Kopf, head from köpfen, to behead or to grow into a head, or Nase, nose, from näseln, to nose, as a dog, or to speak through the nose,.... but on the contrary the Latin gurges depth, abyss, (cf. Sanscrit gri, to swallow down) shows the original signification of the reduplicated root in gurgulio, windpipe, German Gurgel. The Icelandic still has Kuerkur. As a secondary signification we have " to utter guttural sounds, chirp," in Sanscrit, grito utter a sound, in general, yngów, to sound, sing, speak; garrire, prate, gabble. Then, more specifically, the picturesque reduplicationé, gargarizare, yaqyapilo, gurgle. Gurgling is, moreover, not the principal function of the throat, so that it is difficult to conceive how any one could have supposed it to have derived its name from that operation.

From the Monosyllabic Stems we select a single example, viz. , (p. 639) from the root =, p, pr. push = penetrate

a) penetravit in medium, b) firmiter mansit in loco;

importune institit;

1) Penetrate, enter, enter into; then in general, go. 2) Come. Arab. II. inivit feminam; venit in locum, ubi commoratus fuit.

coitus conjugialis.

, the preposition, also belongs unquestionably to the stem sia. Ethiop. ba, Arab., Aram. " (instead of N, as instead of x) prop. a status constructus which signifies introduction, and hence, VOL. IV. No. 14.

33

as preposition, in. Comp. the kindred, simply-reduplicated stem in the substantive, 1, entrance, door, gate,, canal, (pr.

way). Hence the opinion of the old grammarians is not so utterly groundless, who regarded as nearly related to, if we have correctly derived this latter word, p. 524, which will scarcely be doubted. Ewald (Ausführl. Lehrb. § 217, 9) compares with 12, ¿ between, which appears, however, inappropriate both for the form and signification. The etymology of the Arab., in, is precisely similar, which is a derivative from mouth = aperture, entrance, variously applied, as , os, ingressus plateae, viae, vallis; principium rei; so that the preposition has nothing to do with.

فُوهَةٌ

ARTICLE VIII.

NEANDER'S CHURCH HISTORY.

General History of the Christian Religion and Church; from the German of Dr. Augustus Neander. Translated from the second and improved edition, by Joseph Torrey, Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy in the University of Vermont. Volume First comprising the first Great Division of the History. pp. 723. Boston: published by Crocker and Brewster. London: Wiley and Putnam. 1847.

By Rev. Dr. Sears, President of Theological Institution, Newton, Mass.

Ar length a part of the long-expected translation of Neander's church history by Professor Torrey has appeared. For ten long years, the theological student has been rejoicing, with some little abatement towards the end, in the near prospect of possessing this truly Christian and philosophical history of the church. The unskilful and repulsive translation of a part of the work by Rose, only increased the general desire for the expected American translation, which, it was believed, would be more worthy of the original. Indeed, it may be said that Professor Torrey, from his known scholarship and the force of peculiar circumstances, enjoyed a good reputation, as a translator of Neander, even before the work was executed. Winer has, for the same length of time,

1847.]

Calamities of Authors.

387 been praised for his Lexicon of the New Testament, which no human being has yet, ever seen. These two works have, for sometime, been considered by the learned as indefinitely postponed. But here, as in most other cases, it turns out, that nothing takes place without a reason. At least, this is true in respect to the delay of Professor Torrey; and it is hinted, by the friends of Winer, that in consequence of some change in his views, occasioned by the recent investigations of other scholars, he has found it necessary to remodel his lexicon, which, according to promise, should have appeared in 1834.

When the recent splendid edition of Chrysostom's works was nearly ready for delivery in Paris, the painful intelligence reached us that the whole edition was destroyed by fire. The great work of F. W. Schubert, entitled Staatskunde, giving a statistical view of the different countries of Europe, was arrested in 1839 by a fire which destroyed the manuscript of the volume relating to Prussia, then ready for the press. The announcement of its appearance in 1846, however gratifying to the public, brought with it the sad recollection of seven years of lost labor. A similar occurrence in respect to Niebuhr's Roman History, is familiar to

Professor Torrey's misfortune, if we are rightly informed, for we have only the proof-sheets of his work without the preface before us, was somewhat different. Just as he was ready, after an immense amount of labor, to publish his translation, it was announced, that a new edition of the original, materially altered and improved, was already in progress. Had the translator, fa

tigued with his toil, and shrinking from a repetition of it, published at that time, what he had prepared, the public would have been deprived of the benefit of the author's last revision. It was a manly resolution, to sit down to the task of a re-translation, for the sake of giving to the reader the improvements which seventeen years of study and reflection had enabled Neander to make in the two volumes, which in the translation before us are united into one.

As our views of any work are affected by our knowledge of its author, and as but little is generally known of the personal history of Dr. Neander, we have deemed this a fitting occasion to lay before the reader some particulars relating to the most interesting period of his life, which have accidentally been brought to light from an unexpected quarter.

In the years 1803 and 1804, there were living at Berlin several young men of high aims and of some poetical talent, extensively