husband for her; this determined, they send to the fair one's cabin to inform her that on the Sunday following she is to be horsed,' that is, carried on men's backs. She must then provide whisky and cider for a treat, as all will pay her a visit after mass for a hurling match. As soon as she is horsed the hurling begins, in which the young fellow appointed for her husband has the eyes of all the company fixed on him: if he comes off conqueror, he is certainly married to the girl; but if another is victorious, he as certainly loses her, for she is the prize of the victor. . . . Sometimes one barony hurls against another, but a marriageable girl is always the prize." 1

The sexual struggle in the animal kingdom is not always of a violent kind. As Mr. Darwin has pointed out, males often try by peaceful emulation to charm the female. In many species of birds the male seems to endeavour to gain his bride by displaying his colours and ornaments before her, or exciting her by his love-notes, songs, and antics. But among the lower Mammals he wins her, apparently, much more through the law of battle than through the display of his charms.2 There can scarcely be any doubt that the same was the case with primitive men; but we need not mount many steps of human progress to find that courtship involves something more than a mere act of strength or courage on the part of the male. It is not only in civilized countries that it often means a prolonged making of love to the woman. Mariner's words with reference to the women of Tonga hold true for a great many, not to say all, savage and barbarous races now existing. "It must not be supposed," he says, "that these women are always easily won; the greatest attentions and most fervent solicitations are sometimes requisite, even though there be no other lover in the way. This happens sometimes from a spirit of coquetry, at other times from a dislike to the party, &c."3

Though generally playing the less active part in courtship,

1 Young, 'Tour in Ireland,' in Pinkerton, 'Collection of Voyages,' vol. iii. p. 860. 2 Darwin, 'The Descent of Man,' vol. ii. p. 257.

3 Martin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 174. Cf. Fritsch, loc. cit. p. 445 (Bushmans).

the woman does not by any means indulge in complete passivity. Mr. Hooper tells us that, among the Indians at James's Bay, " two young Indian women were observed some years ago in violent conflict. After a lengthened

and determined struggle the weakest succumbed to the superior prowess of her fortunate adversary. It appeared that these girls were in love with the same man, and had selfinstituted this mode of deciding their claims." Among the Wintun of California, according to Mr. Powers, when any man other than a chief attempts to introduce into his wigwam a second partner of his bosom, the two women dispute for the supremacy, often in a desperate pitched battle with sharp stones; "they maul each other's faces with savage violence, and if one is knocked down her friends assist her to regain her feet, and the brutal combat is renewed until one or the other is driven from the wigwam."2 Peltier states that, in the Australian tribe already referred to, the women, of whom from two to five commonly belong to each man, fight among themselves about him, "their weapons being heavy staves, with which they beat one another about the head till the blood flows." In the Kingsmill Islands, women sometimes, from jealousy, carry a small weapon, watching an opportunity of making an attack upon their rivals, desperate fights being the consequence; and, among the Kamchadales also, the females are said to have fought for the males." But far more commonly women try to secure men's love by coquetry or the display of their charms. Finally, whilst the men are generally the courters, the women may in many, perhaps most cases, accept or refuse their proposals at pleasure.

3

The next chapter will be devoted to an account of some of the most common means by which the sexes endeavour, or formerly endeavoured, to make themselves attractive to one another, and to stimulate each other's passions. Then we shall see how far woman has the liberty of disposing of her own hand, and, at the same time, note cases in which the man also, with regard to his marriage, has to submit to some other's will. 2 Powers, loc. cit. pp. 238, et seq.

1 Hooper, loc. cit. p. 390.

3 Spencer, The Principles of Sociology,' vol. i. pp. 601, et seq. + Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. v. p. 90.

5 Klemm, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 207.

CHAPTER IX

MEANS OF ATTRACTION

THE desire for self-decoration, although a specifically human quality, is exceedingly old. There are peoples destitute of almost everything which we regard as necessaries of life, but there is no people so rude as not to take pleasure in ornaments. The ancient barbarians who inhabited the south of Europe at the same time as the reindeer and the mammoth, brought to their caves brilliant and ornamental objects. The women of the utterly wretched Veddahs in Ceylon decorate themselves with necklaces of brass beads, and bangles cut from the chank shell.2 The Fuegians "are content to be naked," but " ambitious to be fine." The Australians, without taking the slightest pride in their appearance, so far as neatness or cleanliness is concerned, are yet very vain of their own rude decorations. And of the rude Tasmanians, Cook tells us that they had no wish to obtain useful articles, but were eager to secure anything ornamental.

5

"Great as is the vanity of the civilized," says Mr. Spencer, "it is exceeded by that of the uncivilized." The predilection of savages for ornaments has been sufficiently shown by travellers in almost every part of the world. Feathers and beads of different colours, flowers, rings, anklets, and bracelets, are common embellishments. A fully-equipped Santal belle,

1 Spencer, The Principles of Sociology,' vol. i. p. 64.

2 Emerson Tennent, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 443.

3 Hawkesworth, Voyages,' vol. ii. p. 55.

4 Eyre, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 209.

*5 Spencer, vol. i. p. 64.

3

for instance, carries two anklets, and perhaps twelve bracelets, and a necklace weighing a pound, the total weight of ornaments on her person amounting to thirty-four pounds of bell metal," a greater weight," says Captain Sherwill," than one of our drawing-room belles could well lift."1 Besides this, the body is transformed in various ways. The lips, the sides of the nose, and the lobes of the ear are especially ill-treated. Hardly any woman in Eastern Central Africa is without a lip-ring; they say it makes them look pretty, and "the bigger the ring, the more they value themselves!"2 The Shulis bore a hole in the under-lip and insert in it a piece of crystal three or four inches long, which sways about as they speak; 3 and similar customs are common among other African peoples,* as also in some parts of North and South America. The Papuans perforate the septum of the nose and insert in the hole sticks, claws of birds, &c. The most common practice is to pierce, enlarge, or somehow mutilate the ear-lobes. Certain North American Indians, the Arecunas and Botocudos of South America, and the East African Wa-taïta" pull them down almost to the shoulders. Among the Easter Islanders, says Beechey, "the lobe, deprived of its ear-ring, hangs dangling against the neck, and has a very disagreeable appearance, particularly when wet. It is sometimes so long as to be greatly in the way; to obviate which, they pass the lobe over the upper part of the ear, or more rarely, fasten one lobe to the other, at the back of the head." 10

Scarcely less subject to mutilations are the teeth. In the Malay Archipelago, the filing and blackening of the teeth are 1 Sherwill, 'Tour through the Rájmahal Hills,' in 'Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,' vol. xx. p. 584. 2 Macdonald, 'Africana,' vol. i. p. 17. ii. p. 62.

3 Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. 4 Barth, 'Reisen,' vol. ii. p. 514.

Livingstone, loc. cit. p. 577.

5 v. Langsdorf, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 115. v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 351. Wallace, 'Travels on the Amazon,' p. 514.

6 Finsch, loc. cit. p. 39. Das Ausland,' 1881, p. 26. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. pp. 569, et seq.

7 Carver, loc. cit. p. 227.

10

9 Johnston, loc. cit. pp. 429, et seq.

8 v. Martius, vol. i. pp. 620, 319.

Beechey, 'Voyage to the Pacific,' vol. i. p. 38. For the artificial enlargement of the ear-lobe, see also Park Harrison, in 'Jour. Anthr. Inst., vol. ii. pp. 190-198.

thought to produce a most beautiful result, white teeth being in great disesteem.1 The Australians often knock out one or two front teeth of the upper jaw, and several tribes in New Guinea file their teeth sharp. Again, the Damaras file the middle teeth in the upper jaw into the form of a swallow's tail, and knock out four teeth in the lower jaw; whilst one of the Makalaka tribes, north of the Zambesi, and the Matongas, on its bank, "break out their top incisor-teeth from the sheerest vanity. Their women say that it is only horses that eat with all their teeth, and that men ought not to eat like horses." "13

Many savage men take most pride in the hair of the head. Now it is painted in a showy manner, now decorated with beads and tinsel, now combed and arranged with the most exquisite care. The Kandhs have their hair, which is worn very long, drawn forward and rolled up till it looks like a horn projecting from between the eyes. Around this it is their delight to wear a piece of red cloth, and they insert the feathers of favourite birds, as also a pipe, comb, &c. The men of Tana, of the New Hebrides, wear their hair "twelve and eighteen inches long, and have it divided into some six or seven hundred little locks or tresses; "5 and, among the Latuka, a man requires a period of from eight to ten years to perfect his coiffure.6 In North America, Hearne saw several men about six feet high, who had preserved "a single lock of their hair that, when let down, would trail on the ground as they walked."7 Other Indians practise the custom of shaving the head and ornamenting it with the crest of deer's hairs; and wigs are used by several savage peoples. The Indians of Guiana, the Fuegians, Chavantes, Uaupés, and other tribes are in the habit of pulling out their eyebrows.

1 Crawfurd, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 216, et seq.

2 Sturt, 'Expedition into Central Australia,' vol. ii. pp. 9, 61. WaitzGerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 570. 3 Holub, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 259.

4 Dalton, loc. cit. p. 301.

5 Turner, 'Samoa,' p. 308.

6 Baker, 'The Albert N'yanza,' vol. i. p. 198.

7 Hearne, loc. cit. p. 306, note. 8 Catlin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 23. Brett, loc. cit. p. 343. King and Fitzroy, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 138.

v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 271. Wallace, 'Travels on the Amazon, p. 483.