in the table referred to buildings; but it is applied to congregations merely, many of which, in the Western States, consist perhaps of fifty or one hundred individuals, and are at great distances from each other.

In the six States of New England, more especially, the attendance on public worship and the observance of the Sabbath are more universal, it may be safely said, than in any other country in the world. The city of Boston, with a population of 93,000 has seventy-five churches; Hartford, with 9468, has twelve churches; New Haven, with 12,960, has twenty churches and places of public worship; and nearly every town in the six States has about the same proportion. This part of the Union is half as large again as England, and its people are nearly all of pure English descent. The best religious and literary institutions of their ancestors -the hardy, energetic, and respectable pilgrim' colonists have been faithfully preserved and extended; and all foreigners who have taken more than a railway glance at their homes, have united in saying that the general intelligence, education, morality, energy of character, independence, and love of order among the people of New England, are unsurpassed, if not unequalled, in any other country. The writer, whose ancestors for five generations were proud to call themselves natives of Massachusetts, may not be an impartial or competent witness; but having again and again revisited the neat and thriving villages of New England, after comparing them with towns of the same class in Europe, he is only the more reasonably convinced that the above will be the verdict of every impartial and observing traveller.

For theological education, the Episcopalians have

three institutions, with fourteen professors, and 124 students; the Congregationalists, five, with eighteen professors, and 248 students; the Presbyterians, thirteen, with thirty-seven professors, and 548 students; the Baptists, seven, with fourteen professors, and 185 students; Unitarians, one, with two professors, and thirty-five students; Lutherans, Dutch Reformed, and others, eight, with eighteen professors, and 134 students. There are also two or three Education Societies to assist and promote education for the ministry.

The American Missions to the East, and to the South Sea Islands, are considerable in number, and are liberally supported. The annual receipts of the 'American Board of Foreign Missions' in 1843, were 244,224 dollars (50,000/. sterling). In 1835 (we have not at hand the latest returns), there were 308 missionaries employed: of which there were in Greece, four; Palestine and Asia Minor, twenty-six; Persia, four; India, fifty-five; China, three; Siam, seven; Japan, etc., five; Africa, eighteen; Sandwich Islands, sixty-five, and to the North American Indians, 118. At these missions they have 474 schools, with 37,000 pupils; seventeen printing-offices; four type founderies, and thirty-one presses; and they have produced books, etc., in the following languages, viz. Grebo, Bassa, Zulu, Italian, modern Greek, Hebrew, Armenian (ancient and modern), Turkish, Arabic, modern Syriac, Mahratta, Hindostanee, Siamese, Chinese, Japanese, Malay, Bugis, Hawaian, Marquesas, and in eleven North American Indian languages. Fourteen of these were written or translated by Missionaries of the Board; and in these languages

* See full table, under head of Education.

nearly 400,000,000 pages have been printed at the establishments of this society.*

For an account of the extraordinary results effected by the missionaries in the Sandwich Islands, in introducing civilization, education, and morality among the people, see the society's Reports. Whoever may object to religious missions, such results as these should find no enemies.

The American Baptists have nineteen foreign missions, eighty stations, 103 missionaries, and 114 native preachers and assistants. They have translated the Bible and parts of it, and printed grammars, etc., in eight different languages. Funds in 1835, 58,520 dollars.

The Episcopal Board have missions in Turkey, Greece, Persia, China, etc. In October 1844, Missionary bishops were consecrated for Texas, for Turkey, and for China. Among the establishments of this society are large schools at Athens, in which 700 children are educated. The Rev. Horatio Southgate, author of "Travels in Mesopotamia," etc., is the new Bishop for Turkey and Greece.

The American Home Missionary Society, in 1835, sent 719 missionaries and agents to about 2000 districts and congregations in the United States.

The other religious and philanthropic Societies in the United States are numerous, and their receipts and operations are only excelled by those of Great Britain in liberality and extent. Some of the more national societies are the following-most of which have branches in each State and large city.

*See Report of Amer. B. C. F. M. and Journal of American Oriental Society, No. 1. The Board is now printing in Arabic, from new founts of types cast at Leipsic with great care.

American Bible Society, founded in 1816, composed from various denominations. It has issued in all 3,269,678 copies of Bibles and Testaments, of which about nine-tenths are in English, the remainder in French, German, Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, Mohawk, etc. Most of these were distributed in the United States; and besides these the society furnishes money to missionary establishments in Turkey, Bombay, Ceylon, Burmah, China, Sandwich Islands, etc., for printing the Scriptures in the native languages. The total receipts of the society have been about two and a half millions of dollars.

American Education Society, founded 1815, has aided the education for the ministry of 2258 young men, of seven denominations.

The American Sunday School Union, formed in 1824. Receipts, in 1834, 136,855 dollars. This institution is conducted by laymen of different denominations. It has issued about 600 different publications. There were connected with it in 1835, 16,000 schools, 115,000 teachers, and 799,000 pupils.

The American Tract Society was instituted in 1814, and another in 1825. The latter issued in 1835 fiftythree millions of printed pages. Its receipts were 92,000 dollars.

The American Temperance Society, formed 1826. In 1835 there were in the country 8000 Temperance societies, with 1,500,000 members; 4000 distilleries had been stopped; 8000 traders had ceased to sell ardent spirits; more than 1200 vessels were navigated without using spirits.

The Prison Discipline Society, formed 1825, has effected immense reforms in the management of prisons and the improvement of prisoners.

CHAPTER IV.

EDUCATION EARLY PROVISION FOR EDUCATION COLLEGESTABULAR VIEW-POPULAR EDUCATION-HOW SUPPORTED-GREAT NUMBER OF SCHOOL BOOKS.

ONE of the first topics to which the early colonists -the Pilgrim Fathers' of New England, turned their attention was that of collegiate and popular education. In 1638, or only eighteen years after the first European landed on the wintry shores of Massachusetts, and before the primitive forests had scarcely began to fall under the axe of the colonist, a university was founded near Boston, which has existed more than two centuries, has educated 5804 individuals, and continues to be the alma mater of about 250 graduates annually. The subject of popular instruction also received early attention and ample provision from the colonists; and has ever been considered one of the most important and primary objects of legislation since the colonies became independent States.

A tabular view of the colleges is given on page 63. The two oldest and most flourishing are Harvard (mentioned above), and Yale, at New Haven, Connecticut.

Harvard College has thirty professors, about 250 classical students; a library of 61,000 volumes; philosophical and chemical apparatus, which is very complete; a valuable cabinet of minerals; an anatomical museum, and a botanical garden of eight acres, richly