and excellent English which fitted her strong, wellequipped intelligence like a glove. She had no mannerisms -tiresome things which many people to-day seem to mistake for style. When her sense of beauty was touched her language glowed into beauty. I recall beside her landscapes, the interlude of the Priest of Nemi in 'Eleanor,' and the description of Tintoret's Last Supper in 'The Marriage of William Ashe.'

Meantime Mrs Ward was far from losing her interest in the religious question. But, in her books-excepting 'Helbeck of Bannisdale' and 'Richard Meynell'—and in her life it became more and more merged in the social question. It seems almost a miracle that one person should within less than the allotted span have achieved so vast an amount of work in two fields-the literary and the philanthropic. In 1890, as a direct result of 'Robert Elsmere,' University Hall was founded under her auspices, as a place of religious learning in the Modernist sense. She did not wish it attached to any existing sect, knowing that Modernism is to be found in all. In later years she came more and more to value the old forms and order of the Church, and to desire that the new movement should develop within it.

Alongside of University Hall, Marchmont Hall was founded as a centre for social work, on the lines of the University Settlements originated by Arnold Toynbee. This work soon outgrew its accommodation; and in 1897, with the generous assistance of Mr Passmore Edwards and the Duke of Bedford, the splendid Passmore Edwards Settlement arose. So far the work done did not differ in kind from that being done in other Settlements. But the inspiration, the extraordinary drivingpower of Mrs Ward soon opened out new and important paths of advance. One says 'new,' but in a sense neither the Children's Play Centres, nor the special Schools for Cripple Children were completely new in idea. So long ago as 1889, thanks to the initiative of Miss Ada HeatherBigg, the Children's Happy Evening Association had been founded. It was allowed the use of certain County Councils Schools, which it opened to poor children who had no playground except the streets, and provided them with games, stories, and amusements of every kind. But, excellent as was the service done by the thousand Vol. 234.-No. 464.

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voluntary workers of this Association, it was evident that no unaided voluntary effort could cope with the task. It was Mrs Ward's experience of an Evening Recreation Class at the Passmore Edwards Settlement that drew her attention to the children's needs. In 1904, she formed an influential committee under her own chairmanship, by whom the Educational Committee of the L.C.C. were persuaded to give their assistance in the formation, in eight poor districts, of similar schools, called Play Centres, having paid teachers attached to them. From that time onward she worked unceasingly to get State support for Play Centres, and in 1917 her object was achieved, or very nearly so. The Board of Education and the L.C.C. between them now pay 80 per cent. of the expenses of the Centres.

Similarly, by her driving-power and personal influence, she brought about the creation of Special Schools for Cripple or Invalid Children. The needs of these children, whose minds, through lack of education, were scarcely less crippled than their bodies, had been seen and ministered to by others-Mr and Mrs Pilcher in Stepney, and Miss Sparkes of a Women's University Settlement -but necessarily on a small scale. Mrs Ward saw that the problem was too big to be solved by private effort alone, and that Government must ultimately deal with it. She applied to the London School Board, promising that the Passmore Edwards Settlement would provide rooms, a playground, an ambulance for fetching the children, and a nurse-superintendent, if the School Board would furnish the rooms and provide specially trained teachers. The Duke of Bedford promised the use of a garden. The offer was accepted, and in 1899, the school was opened. By 1918 there were thirty-seven similar schools in London, and others in the provinces. Mrs Ward had formed a committee consisting of women social workers and Members of Parliament, and calling itself the Joint Parliamentary Advisory Council. A member of the committee, Major Hills, Member for Durham, moved an amendment to the Education Bill of 1918, making the institution of such schools compulsory ; and the Government accepted the amendment.

Thus, thanks to the granddaughter of Dr Arnold, two educational reforms of immense importance to tens of

thousands of children passed into law. Space fails me to tell of her minor activities-her tour in America, her Anti-Suffrage Campaign. In those years, when Jowett had feared she was losing her time, she had laid the foundations of that large circle of devoted friends and warmly admiring acquaintances, who were of so much value to her when she took up social work. In the countless letters received by her family on the occasion of her death nothing was more dwelt upon than her power of inspiring others. Few indeed could come away from a talk with her without feeling, as one writer puts it, 'stimulated to live a stronger fuller life.' 'Her energy and power were contagious,' says another. But her influence was not due alone to her energy and power,' nor to the wide range of knowledge and interest shown in her talk. All these were fused in the warmth of a sympathetic, enthusiastic nature, entirely unspoilt by success. True to the tradition of the 'eighties, she had her circle of Parisian friends; and among the most interesting of those letters was one from M. André Chevrillon, telling how her kindly hospitality to himself as a young man had permanently affected his attitude towards England, and that this was also true of many others among his countrymen who had been her guests.

·

When the war came, her friendship with Theodore Roosevelt was the means of providing her with an opportunity of serving her country with her pen. Her 'job' was to write a book-ultimately she wrote threeto explain to America that England, in spite of her incredible silence about her own doings, was doing things. England's Effort' was a tour de force. Few but Mrs Ward could have assimilated so rapidly such a mass of facts and set them forth so clearly and effectively. The sequels, Towards the Goal' and the Fields of Victory,' were good work, but of a different nature from the first. Their composition involved much physical strain. No woman with a spark of spirit would have refused herself the thrilling experience of those long motor-drives, those walks and climbs along the Front; but the fatigue and exposure were trying to one of her age, and with an hereditary weakness of the heart. Moreover, in the intervals between these rushes, she wrote not only the three books in question, but four

novels, of which the last, Harvest,' was of a surprising freshness and vigour.

A sketch so brief can deal but very inadequately with all these varied activities and with the personality, at once so powerful and so lovable, behind them. But any account would be incomplete which omitted to tell how, for the last twenty-five years of Mrs Ward's life, the impossible was rendered possible for her by the devotion of a beloved friend, her elder daughter. And other helpers she had, able and devoted; for those who served her gave her the service of love.

Few women have lived a life so well worth living, so full, so beneficent, so distinguished. She died with all her powers still at their height, untouched by the long disease of age. It was for those left behind I sorrowed, not for her, as I stood beside her beautiful resting-place in the country churchyard near her home. On the downs she has so often described, the high woods were clothed with the first green mist of leaves, the meadows and single trees beyond the churchyard hedge were already deep in verdure. Close by, a tireless cuckoo was sounding his rich bell-note. She loved the life of the Earth and she believed in the Life Eternal.

MARGARET L. WOODS.

Art. 11.-PRIMITIVE RELATIONSHIPS.

1. Melanesian and Polynesian. By George Brown, 1910. 2. The Pagan Tribes of Borneo. By Charles Hose and William McDougall, 1912.

3. The Mafulu: Mountain People of British New Guinea. By Robert W. Williamson, 1912.

4. Across Australia. By Baldwin Spencer and F. J. Gillen, 1912.

5. Native Tribes of the Northern Territory of Australia. By Baldwin Spencer, 1914.

All the foregoing books are published by Macmillan & Co.

THE student of primitive culture, if he wishes to avoid the taunt that anthropology in Greek means gossip, must be prepared to devote some of his attention to the consideration of first principles. According to the law of the division of labour, which holds in science no less strictly than in economics, he must pursue a specific object in a specific way. In other words, he needs a working definition of primitive culture as such; a working definition being one that leads to work, that is, of itself suggests a method to be fruitfully followed.

Now we cannot here go into the vexed question what exactly is to be understood by the term 'primitive.' Suffice it to say, that, like the equally unsatisfactory word 'savage,' it stands for the uncivilised in general, and must not be taken to mean the old as distinguished from the old-fashioned. On the other hand, it may be profitable to spend a moment in trying to reduce 'culture' to a tangible notion. Culture, let us suggest, is communicable intelligence. That it is a form of intelligence goes almost without saying; for clearly it consists of the sentiments, ideas, purposes, devices, and so forth, in which we share as members of society. But it must be shared or at least must be shareable; otherwise it were nothing at all. Hence its communicability is its allimportant differentia. This attribute marks it off from the other form of intelligence which is represented by the contents of the individual consciousness. To express this difference some would say that culture is the content of the social consciousness. But at the level of science