quently interrupted with sighs. But when this passion is in excess it distorts the countenance, as if in agonies of pain; it raises the voice to the loudest complainings, and sometimes even to cries and shrieks; it wrings the hands, beats the head and breast, tears the hair, and throws itself on the ground, and, like other passions in excess, seems to border on frenzy.

Sadness.

In sooth, I know not why I am so sad.
It wearies me; you say it wearies you:
But how I caught it, found it, or came by it,
What stuff 'tis made of, whereof 'tis born,
I am to learn.

And such a want-wit sadness makes of me,
That I have much ado to know myself.

Silent Grief.

Seems, madam! nay, it is; I know not seems.
'Tis not alone my inky cloak, good mother,
Nor the dejected 'havior of the visage,
No, nor the fruitful river in the eye,
Together with all forms, modes, shows of grief,
That can denote me truly; these, indeed, seem,
For they are actions that a man might play;
But I have that within which passeth show;
These but the trappings and the suits of woe.

SNEER.

Sneer is ironical approbation, where, with a voice and countenance of mirth somewhat exaggerated, we cast the severest censures; it is hypocritical mirth and good humor, and differs from the real by the satirical tone of voice, look, and gesture which accompany it.

Satire, Irony.

What should I say to you? Should I not say,
"Hath a dog money? Is it possible

A cur can lend three thousand ducats?" or

Shall I bend low, and, in a bondman's key,

With 'bated breath, and whispering humbleness,
Say this,-

"Fair sir, you spit on me on Wednesday last;

You spurned me such a day; another time
You called me-dog; and for these courtesies
I'll lend you thus much moneys.”

SURPRISE, WONDER, AMAZEMENT, ASTONISHMENT. Wonder or amazement opens the eyes and makes them appear very prominent. It sometimes raises them to the skies, but more frequently fixes them on the object. The mouth is open, and the hands are held up nearly in the attitude of fear. The voice is at first low, but so emphatic that every word is pronounced slowly and with energy. When, by the discovery of something excellent in the object of wonder, the emotion may be called admiration, the eyes are raised, the hands lifted up or clasped together, and the voice elevated with expressions of rapture.

Surprise at Unexpected Events.

Gone to be married? gone to swear a peace?

False blood to false blood joined? gone to be friends?
Shall Lewis have Blanche, and Blanche those provinces?
It is not so thou hast misspoke, misheard:

Be well advised, tell o'er thy tale again:

It cannot be! thou dost but say 'tis so!

What dost thou mean by shaking of thy head?

Why dost thou look so sadly on my son?

What means that hand upon that breast of thine?
Why holds thine eye that lamentable rheum,

Like a proud river peering o'er his bounds?
Be these sad signs confirmers of thy words?
Then speak again; not all thy former tale,

But this one word, whether thy tale be true.-King John.

VEXATION.

Vexation, besides expressing itself by the looks, gestures, tone, and restlessness of perplexity, adds to these complaint, fretting, and remorse.

Vexation at Neglecting One's Duty.
O what a rogue and peasant slave am I!
Is it not monstrous, that this player here,
But in a fiction, in a dream of passion,
Could force his soul so to his own conceit,
That, from her working, all his visage wann'd;
Tears in his eyes, distraction in's aspect,

A broken voice, and his whole function suiting
With forms to his conceit? And all for nothing?
For Hecuba!

What's Hecuba to him, or he to Hecuba,

That he should weep for her?-Hamlet.

SHAME.

Shame turns away the face from the beholders, covers it with blushes, hangs the head, casts down the eyes, draws down and contracts the eyebrows. It either strikes the person dumb, or, if he attempts to say any thing in his own defense, causes his tongue to falter, confounds his utterance, and puts him upon making a thousand gestures and grimaces to keep himself in countenance; all which only heighten his confusion and embarrassment.

Shame at Being Convicted of a Crime.
O my dread lord,
I should be guiltier than my guiltiness,
To think I can be undiscernible

When I perceive your grace, like power divine,
Hath looked upon my passes; then, good prince,
No longer session hold upon my shame,
But let my trial be mine own confession:
Immediate sentence, then, and sequent death,
Is all the grace I beg.-Measure for Measure.

GRAVITY.

Gravity, or seriousness, as when the mind is fixed, or deliberating on some important subject, smooths the countenance, and gives it an air of melancholy; the eyebrows are lowered, eyes cast downward, the mouth almost shut, and sometimes a little contracted. The posture of the body and limbs is composed, and without much motion; the speech slow and solemn, the tone without much variety.

Grave Deliberation on War and Peace.
Fathers, we once again are met in council:
Cæsar's approach has summoned us together,
And Rome attends her fate from our resolves.
How shall we treat this bold aspiring man?
Success still follows him and backs his crimes.
Pharsalia gave him Rome. Egypt has since
Received his yoke, and the whole Nile is Cæsar's.
Why should I mention Juba's overthrow,

Or Scipio's death? Numidia's burning sands
Still smoke with blood; 'tis time we should decree
What course to take: our foe advances on us,
And envies us even Libya's sultry deserts.

Fathers, pronounce your thoughts; are they still fixed,
To hold it out and fight it to the last?

Or are your hearts subdued at length, and wrought,
By time and ill-success, to a submission?
Sempronius, speak.-Addison's Cato.

COMMANDING.

Commanding requires peremptory air, with a look a little severe or stern. The hand is held out and moved toward the person to whom the order is given, and sometimes it is accompanied by a nod of the head to the person commanded. If the command be absolute, and to a person unwilling to obey,

the right hand is extended and projected forcibly toward the person commanded.

20

Commanding Combatants to Fight.

We were born not to sue, but to command;
Which since we cannot do to make you friends,
Be ready, as your lives shall answer it,
At Coventry, upon St. Lambert's day;
There shall your swords and lances arbitrate
The swelling difference of your settled hate.
Since we cannot atone you, you shall see
Justice decide the victor's chivalry.

Lord Marshal, command our officers at arms

Be ready to direct these home alarms.-Richard II.