CONTENTS.

1.-On the Law which has regulated the introduction of New

Species.

-

Geographical distribution dependent on Geologic Changes - A Law

deduced from well-known Geographical and Geological facts—The

form of a true system of Classification determined by this Law-Geo-

graphical Distribution of Organisms-Geological Distribution of the
forms of Life-High Organization of very ancient Animals consistent
with this Law-Objections to Forbes' Theory of Polarity—Rudi-
mentary Organs-Conclusion.

Pp. 1-25

II.-On the Tendency of Varieties to depart indefinitely from the

Original Type.

Instability of Varieties supposed to prove the permanent distinctness of

Species-The Struggle for Existence -The Law of Population of

Species-The Abundance or Rarity of a Species dependent upon its

more or less perfect Adaptation to the Conditions of Existence-

Useful Variations will tend to Increase, useless or hurtful Variations

to Diminish-Superior Varieties will ultimately extirpate the Ori-

ginal Species-The Partial Reversion of Domesticated Varieties

explained — Lamarck's Hypothesis very different from that now

alvanced-Conclusion.

-

Pp. 26-44

III.—Mimicry, and other Protective Resemblances among

Animals.

Test of true and false Theories-Importance of the Principle of Utility
-Popular Theories of Colour in Animals-Importance of Conceal-
ment as influencing Colour-Special modifications of Colour-Theory
of Protective Colouring-Objection that Colour as being dangerous
should not exist in Nature-Mimicry-Mimicry among Lepidoptera
-Lepidoptera mimicking other Insects-Mimicry among Beetles-
Beetles mimicking other Insects-Insects mimicking Species of other
Orders-Cases of Mimicry among the Vertebrata--Mimicry among
Snakes-Mimicry among Birds-Mimicry among Mammals-Objec-

tions to Mr. Bates' Theory of Mimicry—Mimicry by Female Insects
only-Cause of the dull Colours of Female Birds-Use of the gaudy
Colours of many Caterpillars-Summary-General deductions as to
Colour in Nature-Conclusion

Pp. 45-129

-

IV.-The Malayan Papilionidæ, or Swallow-tailed Butterflies,

as illustrative of the Theory of Natural Selection.

Special value of the Diurnal Lepidoptera for inquiries of this Nature-

Question of the rank of the Papilionidæ-Distribution of the Papi-

lionidae-Definition of the word Species-Laws and Modes of Varia-

tion-Simplo Variability- Polymorphism or Dimorphism - Local

form or variety-Co-existing Variety-Race or Subspecies-Species

-Variation as specially influenced by Locality-Local Variation of

Size-Local Variation of Form-Local Variations of Colour-Re-

marks on the facts of Local Variation - Mimicry - Concluding

Remarks on Variation in Lepidoptera-Arrangement-Geographical

Distribution-Remarkable peculiarities of the island of Celebes-

Concluding Remarks .

Pp. 130-200

V.-On Instinct in Man and Animals.

How Instinct may be best Studied-Definition of Instinct-Does Man

possess Instincts?-How Indians travel through unknown and track-

less Forests
Pp. 201-210

VI.-The Philosophy of Birds' Nests.

Instinct or Reason in the Construction of Birds' Nests-Do Men build

by Reason or by Imitation ?--Why does each Bird build a peculiar

kind of Nest?-How do young Birds learn to build their first Nest?

Do Birds sing by Instinct or by Imitation ?-Man's Works mainly

Imitative-Birds do Alter and Improve their Nests when altered con-

ditions require it-Conclusion
Pp. 211-230

VII.-A Theory of Birds' Nests; showing the relation of certain

differences of colour in female birds to their mode of nidifi-

cation.

Changed Conditions and persistent Habits as influencing Nidification-

Classification of Nests-Sexual differences of Colour in Birds-The

Law which connects the Colours of Female Birds with the mode of

Nidification-What the Facts Teach us-Colour more variable than

Structure or Habits, and therefore the Character which has generally

been modified-Exceptional cases confirmatory of the above Explana-

tion-Real or apparent exceptions to the Law stated at p. 240-

Various modes of Protection of Animals-Females of some groups

require and obtain more Protection than the Males-Conclusion

VIII.-Creation by Law.

Pp. 231-263

Laws from which the Origin of Species may be deduced-Mr. Darwin's

Metaphors liable to Misconception-A case of Orchis-structure ex-

plained by Natural Selection-Adaptation brought about by General

Laws-Beauty in Nature-How new Forms are produced by Varia-

tion and Selection-The Objection that there are Limits to Variation

-Objection to the argument from Classification-The Times on

Natural Selection-Intermediate or generalized forms of Extinct

Animals an indication of Transmutation or Development-Conclu-

sion-A Demonstration of the Origin of Species Pp. 264-301

IX.-The Development of Human Races under the Law of

Natural Selection.

Wide difference of Opinion as to Man's Origin-Outline of the Theory

of Natural Selection-Different effects of Natural Selection on

Animals and on Man-Influence of External Nature in the develop-

ment of the Human Mind-Extinction of Lower Races-The Origin

of the Races of Man-The Bearing of these views on the Antiquity

of Man-Their Bearing on the Dignity and Supremacy of Man-

Their Bearing on the future Development of Man-Summary-Con-

clusion

Pp. 302-331

X.-The Limits of Natural Selection as applied to Man.

What Natural Selection can Not do-The Brain of the Savage shown

to be Larger than he Needs it to be-Size of Brain an important

Element of Mental Power-Comparison of the Brains of Man and of

Anthropoid Apes-Range of intellectual power in Man-Intellect of

Savages and of Animals compared-The use of the Hairy Covering

of Mammalia-The Constant absence of Hair from certain parts of

Man's body a remarkable Phenomenon-Savage Man feels the want

of this Hairy Covering-Man's Naked Skin could not have been pro-

duced by Natural Selection-Feet and Hands of Man considered as

Difficulties on the Theory of Natural Selection-The Origin of Some

of Man's Mental Faculties, by the preservation of Useful Variations,

not possible-Difficulty as to the Origin of the Moral Sense-Sum-

mary of the Argument as to the Insufficiency of Natural Selection to

account for the Development of Man-The Origin of Consciousness

-The Nature of Matter-Matter is Force-All Force is probably
Will-force-Conclusion
Pp. 332-371