But the inhabitants of the territory decidedly objected to the "Grand Model." They were resolved to own themselves, to own the labor of their hands, to own all the land they could honestly buy, and lastly, to make their own laws. After twenty years of contest they succeeded; and the boasted constitution, that was to last "forever," was given up: it had never really been in operation at all. In 1712 the province was divided into North and South Carolina,1 and from that time until the Declaration of Independence (1776) each was subject to a governor appointed by the king.

119. Growth of the Two Colonies; Introduction of Rice and Indigo Culture; Charleston. The growth of North Carolina was very slow. Quite a number of industrious and libertyloving Scotch, Irish, and Swiss emigrated to the province; but the population was scattered, and the manufacture of pitch, tar, and turpentine, which was the principal occupation, did not tend to build up large towns.

In South Carolina, Charleston made little progress for the first fifteen or twenty years. Up to that time there was no great leading industry, and but little commerce. In 1693 an event occurred which produced a decided change. That year the captain of a vessel from Madagascar gave the governor of the colony a small bag of rice to plant, as an experiment. The grain grew luxuriantly, and the governor distributed the crop among the farmers in the vicinity of Charleston. They began its culture, and soon the few pounds of seed had multiplied to thousands; the thousands gradually increased to millions, and in time South Carolina became, what it still continues to be, the largest rice-producing and rice-exporting state in the Union.

The next great source of wealth was the introduction and cultivation of the indigo plant. About half a century (1741) after the first rice had been sown, the daughter of Governor Lucas 2

1 Some authorities make the date of division 1729.

2 Governor Lucas: governor in the West Indies; his home was in Carolina.

planted a little indigo on her father's plantation near Charleston. The frost killed it, so that it never came up. She planted again. The seed came up, but worms destroyed the plants. Not to be discouraged, she tried the experiment a third time, and was successful. To the colonists the news of her crop small as it was- was like the report of the discovery of a gold mine. Indigo then brought in Europe sometimes a dollar and a half a pound; and shortly before the Revolution Charleston exported over a million pounds in a single year.1 Later, cotton 2 was found to be more profitable than indigo even, and so the culture of that plant was given up.

The result of this lucrative commerce in rice and indigo was that the city grew rapidly in population and wealth until it became the metropolis of the South. In 1773 Josiah Quincy of Boston visited Charleston, and was so impressed with its general appearance and its commercial activity that he wrote: "In almost everything it far surpasses all I ever saw, or ever expected to see in America." 3

120. Summary.- Carolina, which was eventually divided into North and South Carolina, was settled by emigrants from Virginia, by English and also by Huguenots or French Protestants. General Marion of the Revolution was a descendant from a Huguenot family. The English Company owning the province undertook to govern it by a constitution called the "Grand Model," but the people refused to accept it and insisted on governing themselves. North Carolina engaged in the manufacture of tar, pitch, and turpentine; South Carolina began the culture of rice. and indigo, both of which proved enormously profitable. At the time of the Revolution Charleston was one of the chief cities of America.

1 Indigo is largely used for dyeing cloths blue.

2 Cotton did not become profitable until Whitney invented the cotton-gin in 1793. Its culture will be considered when that period is reached.

8 Josiah Quincy's Journal, 1773.

XII. PENNSYLVANIA (1681).

121. Grant of Pennsylvania to William Penn; the " Holy Experiment." Charles II. owed William Penn, the most influential of the English Friends, or Quakers,1 a large sum of money. As that good-natured but extravagant monarch always contracted as many debts as possible and paid as few, Penn suggested to his majesty that he might easily settle his claim by granting him a tract of land in America. The proposition pleased the king, and he gave Penn a territory of forty-eight thousand square miles fronting on the Delaware River. Charles named this vast region, which was nearly as large as the whole of England, Pennsylvania,3 or Penn's Woods.

In those woods the proprietor resolved to begin what he called his "Holy Experiment." That experiment consisted in establishing a "free colony," or Christian community, on the basis of that Golden Rule which commands us to do unto others as we wish them to do unto us. The Quaker founder thought that even the North American savages could understand that principle, and would let the people who practised it grow up in peace. The king suggested that the savages would be more likely to respect a well-armed regiment of soldiers; but Penn had no faith in the virtues of gunpowder, and would not send so much as a single musket to protect his colony.

122. Emigration to Pennsylvania; Philadelphia; Landing at Newcastle. — The first emigrants were sent out under the charge of Penn's commissioners in 1681. They appear to have spent the winter on the western bank of the Delaware at a Swedish settlement which was subsequently named Chester. The following year (1682) Penn himself sailed with a company of a hundred English Quakers, to found the city of Philadelphia, or Brotherly

1 Friends, or Quakers: see Paragraph 85.

2 The area of England, not including Wales, is about 50,000 square miles.

3 Pennsylvania: from Penn, and the Latin word sylva, a wood,

Love. The location had already been selected by Penn's commissioners, in accordance with instructions which he had given them. The city was planned by its founder before he left England.

PENNSYLVANIA

DELAWARE

Burlington

1667

Philadelphia

1682

Wilmington 1638

ER

LONG I.

It is said that not even a thousand dollars have since had to be spent in straightening or widening streets,

that work

having been done once for all in Penn's orderly brain before the first house was built in 1683.

Penn landed at Newcastle, in what is now Delaware. That territory he had purchased of the Duke of York,1 so that it then formed part of Pennsylvania. The whole population of the region. gathered to welcome him and to witness the interesting ceremony of his taking possession of his vast estate. First, a piece of turf was handed to Penn—that meant that he owned the land and all that grew on it; next, a dish filled from the Delaware River was given to him that signified that he owned the water; finally, the key of the fort was solemnly presented to him—that act completed the transfer, for it acknowledged his right to hold both land and water by military force.

123. The "Great Law." Less than two months after that, Penn called an assembly at Chester, and he with the people enacted the "Great Law."

That constitution had a twofold foundation-liberty of the people to make their own laws, and obedience to the laws they had made; for, said Penn, "Liberty without obedience is confusion, and obedience without liberty is slavery."

By the "Great Law" it was provided: 1. That all colonists should be protected in their worship of God, but that no one

1 See Paragraph 114.

should be compelled to support or attend any form of worship against his will.1 2. That all resident tax-payers should have the right to vote, and that every member of any Christian church might hold office and become a member of the legislative as sembly.2 3. That every child, after reaching the age of twelve, should be brought up to some trade or useful occupation. 4. That the death penalty should be inflicted for two crimes only, — murder and treason,*— and, for the first time in the history of the world, it was further ordered that every prison should be made a workshop and a place of reformation.5

124. The Great Treaty; Growth and Importance of Philadelphia. - Penn's next act (1682) 6 was a treaty with the Indians. According to tradition he met the Red Men under the branches of a wide-spreading elm in what was then the vicinity of Philadelphia. There solemn promises of mutual friendship were made. In accordance, however, with the principles of the Quaker faith, no oaths were taken. Each trusted to the other's simple word.

7

3

1 No person believing in God and living peaceably and justly "shall in any wise be molested." The Great Law, Section 1, Hazard's “Annals of Pennsylvania."

2 This is according to Section 65 of The Great Law; but Section 2 of the same would appear to limit the right to elect members to the assembly to "such as profess and declare they believe in Jesus Christ."

3 On the number of crimes then punishable with death in England, see note I

on page 99.

4 Treason: that is, an open and deliberate attempt to overturn the government by force of arms.

5 The prisons of Europe at that time were dens of idleness and disorder. Instead of reforming the criminal they often taught him new crimes, so that he usually came out of his place of confinement actually worse than he entered it.

6 Some authorities fix the date at 1683, and consider the treaty to have covered the purchase of lands.

7 The treaty was made at Kensington, in the northeastern part of the city. The Treaty Elm was blown down in 1810. So great was the regard for the old tree that during the Revolution, when the British forces occupied Philadelphia, General Simcoe, their commander, stationed a sentinel under it to prevent his soldiers from cutting it down for firewood. The monument marking the spot where it stood is on the west side of Beach Street, north of Columbia Street, Kensington.