Mortuary Monuments and Burial Grounds of the Historic PeriodSpringer Science & Business Media, 2004 - 274 pages For too long graveyard studies have been seen as an eccentric byway rather than a specialist subject area with as much to contribute as the study of ceramics, building types or faunal remains. As a category of material evidence with variety of form, decoration and text, it is suitable for many forms of analysis. Graveyard memorials form a rich seam of archaeological evidence, but publication is often in a local format. The situating of mortuary studies within the local is both valuable and stimulating, but it can mean that valuable studies of interest to others are not discovered. This practical volume focuses on the study of historic burial ground monuments but also covers some below ground archaeology, as some projects will involve the study of both. The linking between above and below ground data has rarely been achieved, and the integration of graveyard data within settlement and landscape archaeology has also been likewise rarely attempted. Some areas covered are: -A brief history and theoretical approached to historic mortuary archaeology; -Attitudes to death, the body and remembrance; -How to carry out a study; -Conservation, education, and display. Mortuary Monuments and Burial Grounds of the Historic Period will be an incomparable source for academic archaeologists, cultural resource and heritage management archaeologists, government heritage agencies, and upper-level undergraduate and graduate students of archaeology focused on the historic or post-medieval period, as well as forensic researchers and anthropologists. |
Contents
Introduction | 1 |
1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF HISTORICAL MORTUARY ARCHAEOLOGY | 2 |
121 Memorials and Carving Traditions | 3 |
123 Maturing Memorial Research | 4 |
2 THEORETICAL APPROACHES | 5 |
22 Functionalist Approaches | 7 |
23 Structuralist Approaches | 8 |
25 Symbolic Studies | 9 |
42 Distribution of Carvers Products | 119 |
5 CONCLUSIONS | 120 |
Social Structures | 121 |
2 STATUS | 122 |
3 FAMILY STRUCTURES | 124 |
32 Male Roles | 127 |
33 Female Roles | 128 |
35 Family Relationships | 129 |
26 Other Recently Developed Approaches | 10 |
3 SUMMARY | 11 |
Folk Traditions and High Culture Funerary and Commemorative Practice to the Early 18th Century | 13 |
11 The Good Death | 14 |
21 Mourning Dress and Funeral Expenditure | 15 |
31 Location | 17 |
312 North American Burial Grounds | 18 |
32 Spatial Arrangement | 19 |
322 North American Burial Patterns | 20 |
33 Burial | 21 |
4 INTERNAL MEMORIALS | 22 |
41 Materials | 23 |
5 EXTERNAL MEMORIALS | 24 |
51 Materials | 25 |
522 Posts Posts and Rails and Grave Boards | 26 |
524 Additional Elements | 29 |
526 Tombs | 30 |
527 Pedestal Monuments | 31 |
53 Decoration and Symbols | 32 |
533 Folk Art Motifs | 33 |
A Maturing Industry The Mid18th Century to Early 20th Century | 35 |
1 THE FUNERAL | 36 |
12 Increasing Commercialization | 39 |
13 Popular Fears Regarding Burial | 40 |
22 Other Mourning Material Culture | 41 |
4 BURIAL GROUNDS AND CEMETERIES | 42 |
412 Rural Locations in Colonial Contexts | 43 |
413 War Cemeteries | 44 |
414 Urban Locations | 45 |
42 Intrasite Spatial Arrangement | 47 |
422 North American Rural Burial Grounds | 48 |
423 Urban Churchyards and Cemeteries | 49 |
5 INTERNAL MEMORIALS | 54 |
51 Materials | 55 |
52 Form and Style | 56 |
6 EXTERNAL MEMORIALS | 58 |
611 Wood | 60 |
613 Ceramics | 62 |
621 External Mural Monuments | 63 |
623 Raised Platform | 64 |
624 Headstones | 65 |
625 Crosses | 66 |
626 Pedestal Monuments | 68 |
627 Tombs | 69 |
628 Ledgers | 71 |
6211 Mausolea | 72 |
6272 Loculi | 73 |
6213 War Memorials | 74 |
7 DECORATION AND SYMBOLS | 75 |
8 TEXT | 80 |
9 CONCLUSIONS | 81 |
A Marginalized Activity From After World War I | 83 |
1 THE FUNERAL | 84 |
12 Changes in Organization | 85 |
13 Coffins and Caskets | 86 |
2 MOURNING | 87 |
4 BURIAL GROUNDS AND CEMETERIES | 89 |
5 INTERNAL MEMORIALS | 93 |
61 Materials | 94 |
62 Forms | 95 |
627 Headstones | 96 |
622 Flat Monuments | 97 |
624 Kerbs | 98 |
626 Loculi | 99 |
63 Decoration and Symbols | 100 |
64 Text | 101 |
7 CONCLUSIONS | 102 |
Production and Consumption | 105 |
12 Mourning Paraphernalia | 107 |
22 Production and the Role of Carvers | 110 |
221 Identifying Specific Carvers | 111 |
23 Commissioning and Production of Monuments | 113 |
3 TEMPORAL CHANGE | 116 |
4 SPATIAL CHANGE | 117 |
4 INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES | 131 |
6 SOCIAL HIERARCHIES | 132 |
62 Pauper Burial | 133 |
8 EMULATION | 134 |
9 CONCLUSIONS | 135 |
Identities | 137 |
1 RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION | 138 |
11 Christian Denominations | 139 |
112 Orthodox | 140 |
113 Protestant | 141 |
12 Other Religions | 142 |
123 Other NonChristian Groups | 143 |
13 Combined Burial Grounds | 144 |
2 ETHNICITY | 145 |
3 LINGUISTIC GROUP | 147 |
4 VOCATIONAL IDENTITY | 148 |
41 Religious Leaders | 150 |
42 Military | 151 |
43 Other Identities | 153 |
434 Achievement | 154 |
5 CONCLUSIONS | 155 |
Attitudes toward Death the Body and Remembrance | 157 |
1 THE MANNER OF DEATH | 158 |
2 ATTITUDES TOWARD THE BODY | 159 |
21 Interment | 160 |
212 Postdepositional Movement | 162 |
213 Body Theft | 163 |
214 Ossuaries | 164 |
23 The Unburied Body | 165 |
25 Symbolism and Epitaphs | 168 |
252 Warning Epitaphs | 171 |
254 Salvation Texts | 172 |
255 Remembrance Symbols | 173 |
256 Remembrance Texts | 174 |
4 CONCLUSIONS | 178 |
Carrying Out a Study | 179 |
11 Dating | 180 |
112 Burial Grounds | 182 |
113 Burials | 184 |
122 Burial grounds | 186 |
13 Classification of Memorials | 187 |
132 Decoration | 188 |
2 PROJECT FIELDWORK PLANNING | 189 |
21 types of Study | 190 |
221 Preliminary Assessment | 191 |
222 Permission | 192 |
24 Etiquette in the Burial Ground | 193 |
3 SAMPLING | 194 |
32 Sample Size versus Sample Detail | 195 |
34 Excavation | 196 |
41 Surface Mapping | 197 |
412 Carrying out the Mapping | 198 |
42 Geophysical Survey | 200 |
5 RESEARCHING MEMORIALS | 201 |
512 Reading the Inscription | 202 |
513 Coded Information | 203 |
521 Photography | 204 |
522 Drawings | 205 |
7 EXCAVATION | 207 |
8 CONCLUSIONS | 210 |
Conservation Education and Display | 211 |
11 Landscape Conservation | 212 |
12 Memorials | 213 |
2 HISTORIC BURIAL GROUNDS IN EDUCATION | 217 |
21 Mathematics | 220 |
24 Social History | 221 |
27 Literature | 222 |
4 CONCLUSIONS | 228 |
Examples of Recording Systems | 229 |
Useful Addresses | 233 |
235 | |
261 | |
Other editions - View all
Common terms and phrases
19th century African American analysis archaeological architectural became body Britain burial areas burial grounds carved carvers Catholic cemeteries chest tombs church Church Street graveyard churchyards coffin colonial commemoration communal conservation considered context created crosses death deceased decoration designs detailed Dethlefsen early 20th century elaborate elements emphasize England erected Europe evidence example excavation external memorials Figure funeral funerary Gothic revival grave gravestones graveyard headstones historic burial human remains identified important individual inscribed inscriptions interments Ireland Kellington kerbs landscape later 18th ledgers linked Litten loculi marble markers masons material culture mausolea Monasterboice monuments mortality symbols mortuary motifs mourning Mytum North America North Yorkshire noted particular pattern Pembrokeshire period photographs placed plaques plots popular population range rarely recording regional relatively religious remembrance rural Sloane social spatial Spitalfields stone studies style survive Tashjian tradition trends types vaults Whilst wooden
References to this book
New Jersey Cemeteries and Tombstones: History in the Landscape Richard F. Veit,Mark Nonestied Limited preview - 2008 |