BY THE SAME AUTHOR.

ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION; or, THE PRESERVATION OF FAVOURED RACES IN THE STRUGGLE FOR LIFE; Fifth Edition (Tenth Thousand), with Additions and Corrections. 1869. MURRAY.

THE VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION. In two vols. With Illustrations. 1868. MURRAY.

ON THE VARIOUS CONTRIVANCES BY WHICH BRITISH AND FOREIGN ORCHIDS ARE FERTILISED BY INSECTS; and on the GOOD EFFECTS OF CROSSING. With numerous Woodcuts. MURRAY.

A NATURALIST'S VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD; or, A JOURNAL OF RESEARCHES INTO THE NATURAL HISTORY AND GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRIES visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle,' under the command of Captain FITZROY, R.N. Eleventh Thousand.

MURRAY.

LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET,

AND CHARING CROSS.

THE EVIDENCE OF THE DESCENT OF MAN FROM SOME

LOWER FORM.

Nature of the evidence bearing on the origin of man-Homologous

structures in man and the lower animals-Miscellaneous points

of correspondence - Development - Rudimentary structures,

muscles, sense-organs, hair, bones, reproductive organs, &c.—

The bearing of these three great classes of facts on the origin of

The difference in mental power between the highest ape and the

lowest savage, immense. Certain instincts in common -The

emotions-Curiosity — Imitation — Attention-Memory— Ima-

gination Reason Progressive improvement - Tools and

weapons used by animals - Language Self-consciousness-

Sense of beauty-Belief in God, spiritual agencies, superstitions

-

CHAPTER III.

34-69

COMPARISON OF THE MENTAL POWERS OF MAN AND THE

LOWER ANIMALS-continued.

The moral sense Fundamental proposition-The qualities of social

animals Origin of sociability Struggle between opposed in-

stincts-Man a social animal-The more enduring social instincts

-

conquer other less persistent instincts-The social virtues alone

regarded by savages-The self-regarding virtues acquired at a

later stage of development—The importance of the judgment

of the members of the same community on conduct—Trans-

mission of moral tendencies-Summary

Page 70-106

CHAPTER IV.

ON THE MANNER OF DEVELOPMENT OF MAN FROM SOME

LOWER FORM.

-

Variability of body and mind in man-Inheritance-Causes of

variability-Laws of variation the same in man as in the lower

animals-Direct action of the conditions of life-Effects of the

increased use and disuse of parts-Arrested development—Re-

version Correlated variation Rate of increase-Checks to

increase-Natural selection - Man the most dominant animal

in the world—Importance of his corporeal structure The

causes which have led to his becoming erect-Consequent changes

of structure-Decrease in size of the canine teeth-Increased

size and altered shape of the skull-Nakedness-Absence of

a tail-Defenceless condition of man

107-157

CHAPTER V.

ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL

FACULTIES DURING PRIMEVAL AND CIVILISED TIMES.

The advancement of the intellectual powers through natural selec-

tion - Importance of imitation-Social and moral faculties -

Their development within the limits of the same tribe-Natural

selection as affecting civilised nations-Evidence that civilised

nations were once barbarous ..
158-184

CHAPTER VI.

ON THE AFFINITIES AND GENEALOGY OF MAN.

Position of man in the animal series-The natural system genea-

logical-Adaptive characters of slight value- Various small

points of resemblance between man and the Quadrumana —

Rank of man in the natural system - Birthplace and antiquity

of man

- Absence of fossil connecting-links-Lower stages in

the genealogy of man, as inferred, firstly from his affinities and

secondly from his structure-Early androgynous condition of

the Vertebrata-Conclusion

Page 185-213

CHAPTER VII.

ON THE RACES OF MAN.

-

The nature and value of specific characters-Application to the races

of man- Arguments in favour of, and opposed to, ranking the

so-called races of man as distinct species- Sub-species-Mono-

genists and polygenists-Convergence of character-Numerous

points of resemblance in body and mind between the most distinct

races of man-The state of man when he first spread over the

earth - Each race not descended from a single pair-The ex-

tinction of races-The formation of races-The effects of cross-

ing-Slight influence of the direct action of the conditions of life

-Slight or no influence of natural selection-Sexual selection.

214-250

PART II.

SEXUAL SELECTION.

CHAPTER VIII.

PRINCIPLES OF SEXUAL SELECTION.

Secondary sexual characters-Sexual selection-Manner of action

-Excess of males - Polygamy - The male alone generally

modified through sexual selection-Eagerness of the male-

Variability of the male-Choice exerted by the female-Sexual

compared with natural selection-Inheritance at corresponding

periods of life, at corresponding seasons of the year, and as limited

by sex-Relations between the several forms of inheritance—

Causes why one sex and the young are not modified through

sexual selection-Supplement on the proportional numbers of

the two sexes throughout the animal kingdom-On the limita-

tion of the numbers of the two sexes through natural selection

253-320

CHAPTER IX.

SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS IN THE LOWER CLASSES OF

THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

Mollusca

-

These characters absent in the lowest classes-Brilliant colours-

Annelids - Crustacea, secondary sexual characters

strongly developed; dimorphism; colour; characters not acquired

before maturity-Spiders, sexual colours of; stridulation by the

Page 321-340

males-Myriapoda

CHAPTER X.

SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS OF INSECTS.

-

Diversified structures possessed by the males for seizing the females

-Differences between the sexes, of which the meaning is not

understood - Difference in size between the sexes-Thysanura

-Diptera-Hemiptera — Homoptera, musical powers possessed

by the males alone - Orthoptera, musical instruments of the

males, much diversified in structure; pugnacity; colours

Neuroptera, sexual differences in colour-Hymenoptera, pug-

nacity and colours-Coleoptera, colours; furnished with great

horns, apparently as an ornament; battles; stridulating organs

generally common to both sexes ..
341-385

CHAPTER XI.

INSECTS, continued.-ORDER LEPIDOPTERA.

Courtship of butterflies Battles - Ticking noise - Colours com-

mon to both sexes, or more brilliant in the males - Examples-

Not due to the direct action of the conditions of life-Colours

adapted for protection - Colours of moths-Display-Per-

ceptive powers of the Lepidoptera - Variability - Causes of the

difference in colour between the males and females - Mimickry,

female butterflies more brilliantly coloured than the males—

Bright colours of caterpillars-Summary and concluding re-

marks on the secondary sexual characters of insects — Birds

and insects compared ..

-

386-423