Few, if any, parts of England possess a more abundant | able remains exist, except at Corfe and Sherborne, both of treasure of prehistoric remains, than are to be found them brought to ruin in the great Civil War, but both throughout this county, though the march of agricultural retaining picturesque and highly interesting traces of their progress inevitably tends to their obliteration. Vestiges of former magnificence. peaceful British occupation may constantly be traced on The three principal churches of the county are the abbey. those portions of the Downs which are still uninclosed, church of Sherborne, a rich specimen of Third Pointed archiwhilst a series of magnificent hill-forts crown all the most tecture, restored in recent years at immense cost, and with prominent heights, and probably served as camps of refuge admirable taste; Wimborne Minster, with its two stately for the harassed tribes and their cattle in times of war and towers of different periods and its massive Norman nave; invasion. The grandest of these, called Maidun Castle, is and the noble but unfinished abbey-church of Milton, now supposed to be the Dunium of Ptolemy, the stronghold or also carefully restored, and presenting some rich examples Acropolis of the Durotriges, whose gigantic ramparts may of the Decorated period. Besides these, there are noticebe seen outlined against the sky between the Weymouth | able churches at Bere-Regis, Dorchester (St Peter's), and and Bridport roads, about two miles south from Dorchester. Fordington, Maiden-Newton, Piddletrenthide, Cerne, BeaIts inner area covers about 44 acres, its outer area about minster, Powerstock, &c.; but, generally speaking, the 116, the difference being absorbed in its stupendous double, ecclesiastical buildings of the county, though not uninteand sometimes triple, entrenchments, some 60 feet high, and resting, cannot boast of special grandeur or beauty. extraordinarily steep. Other grand examples of these hill- At Milton abbey, originally founded by King Athelstan, fortresses may be seen at Eggardun and Pilsdun to the and also at Forde-Abbey, handsome portions of the westward, at Chalbury and Flowers-barrow to the eastward, monastic buildings are incorporated in the modern and at Rawlsbury, or Bulbarrow, Hod (inclosing an mansions; and there are monastic remains of varying in equilateral Roman camp), and Hameldun, overlooking the terest at Cerne, Abbotsbury, Bindon, and elsewhere. At valley of the Stour, and at Badbury, Woodbury, &c., in the Sherborne some of the conventual buildings are to be traced more central parts of the county. It has been conjectured within the precincts of the flourishing grammar school. with great probability that some of these last were among The dialect of the county, perfectly distinguishable from the oppida subdued in the expedition of Vespasian; and it those of Wiltshire and Somersetshire, yet bearing many is not unlikely that in that remarkable chain of tumuli, or common marks of its Saxon origin, has been admirably barrows, which are visible along the crest of the Ridgeway, illustrated, both philologically and poetically, by a living now tunnelled for the lines of railroad which connect author, the Rev. Wm. Barnes, whose poems in the vernacu Weymouth and Dorchester, may have been deposited the lar have won the eulogium of several eminent critics, whilst ashes of certain nameless heroes who fought the battles their Doric simplicity and tenderness and truth is heartily either of invasion or resistance. Such barrows are widely appreciated by high and low in the cou...y. distributed elsewhere through the county, and when opened have usually been found to contain little more than burnt bones, corroded metal, and rude cinerary arns, with occasional marks of subsequent Roman interments. A few monoliths, cromlechs, and stone circles have also been recorded.

Of the period of Roman occupation many relics exist. The Via Iceniana, or Icknield Street, with various vicinal off-shoots, passes through the centre of the county, and connects its chief town Dorchester, or Durnovaria, with Old Sarum and Exeter. An indisputable though scanty fragment of the Roman wall of Dorchester still exists; and the avenues, called the walks, which surround the town appear to follow its ancient course, the trees being planted sometimes on the agger and sometimes in the vallum. A tesselated pavement, some 20 feet square, was exhumed in 1858 in the grounds of the county prison, and is preserved in its chapel; and various fragments of a similar character, as well as many coins of the later emperors, and other metallic and fictile antiquities, have been and still are not unfrequently brought to light, wherever the ground is disturbed. Roman pavements have been found elsewhere, one at Rampisham in 1799, one at Frampton of unusual size and beauty in 1794, and others at Weymouth, Sherborne, Dewlish, &c. The amphitheatre, near the Dorchester railway station, has been generally attributed to the time of Agricola, and constructed very probably for the nnusement of the Roman soldiers by the enforced labour of their captives. It is more perfect than any other remaining in this country, and has been calculated to suffice for nearly 13,000 spectators. The Roman stations in Dorsetshire which antiquarians pretty nearly agree in identifying are Landinis or Londinis, Lyme Regis; CancaArixa, Charmouth; Durnovaria, Dorchester; Clavinio, Weymouth, or a place in the immediate neighbourhood; Morinio, Wareham, or Hamworthy; Bolvelaunio, Poole; Bindogladia, Wimborne, or (Sir R. C. Hoare) Gussage Cow down; Ibernio, Bere. Of medieval castles no consider

This county has afforded titles to various noble families,
besides the dukes and earls of Dorset, duke of Portland
to that of Bentinck, earl of Dorchester to that of Damer,
Shaftesbury to that of Ashley-Cooper, Viscount Brid-
port to that of Hood, Baron Melcombe to Bubb
Dodington; whilst Blandford, Weymouth, Woodsford,
Encombe, &c., are swallowed in the higher titles of their
noble possessors.

Amongst its more eminent natives may be reckoned
Cardinal Morton, Archbishops Stafford and Wake, Bishops
Sprat and Stillingfleet, Matthew Prior, Sir George Summers,
Sir James Thornhill, &c.

The county rates have been recently assessed on an
annual income of £1,095,736.

A curious ancient Survey of the county was written by a Rev.
Mr Coker, about the middle of the 17th century, and published
from his MS. in 1732.
appeared, by the Rev. John Hutchins, in 2 vols. folio; a second
In 1774 a very valuable County History
edition in 4 vols. folio, in 1803; and a third, greatly improved,
and brought down to the present date, also in 4 vols. folio, in 1874.
No other county in England, perhaps, possesses so full and accurate
a topographical and genealogical survey as this. The antiquities
of the county have likewise been satisfactorily elucidated in various
publications by Mr Sydenham, Mr C. Warne, F.S.A., Dr Wake
Smart, and others.
(C. W. B.)

DORSET, THOMAS SACKVILLE, LORD BUCKHURST, FIRST
EARL OF (1536-1608), was born in at Buckhurst in the
parish of Withyham in Sussex. His father, Sir Richard
Sackville, the friend of Roger Ascham, was connected with
the Boleyn family, and thus distantly with Queen Elizabeth;
his mother was Winifrede, daughter of Sir John Bruges or
Bridges, of London. In his fifteenth or sixteenth year he
was entered at Hart Hall, Oxford; but it was at Cambridge
that he completed his studies and took the degree of master
of arts. On leaving the university, where he had already
obtained the reputation of a poet, he proceeded to the Inner
Temple, and though the statement made by some authori-
ties that he became a barrister is not supported by the
registers, his connection with the society was not without
result. He had already at the age of nineteen married

from the mainland in 1421, by an inundation which swept | to state and justify their doctrines. It was also agreed to away 72 villages, and about 100,000 inhabitants. Concerning its origin there is no authentic information, but it is certainly one of the oldest cities of Holland, and probably dates from the 10th century. It was surrounded by walls in 1231 by Florent IV., count of Holland, who made it his residence, and granted it many important privileges. In 1457, almost the entire town, including the church of Notre Dame, founded in 1366, and other public buildings, was destroyed by fire. One of the first towns in the Netherlands to embrace the Reformed religion, and to throw off the yoke of the Spanish king, it was chosen in 1572 as the meeting-place of the deputies by whom the independence of the United Provinces was first asserted; and in 1618 and 1619 it became intimately associated with the theological history of Europe, as the seat of the great synod which declared against the Arminian party. Among its celebrities are the De Witts and Ary Scheffer the artist. The town hall is a handsome building, and the principal church is an old Gothic structure 300 feet long by 125 wide, with a heavy square tower, and numerous monumental stones, some of great antiquity. ne hall in which the synod was held is now demolished. The houses are generally of an antique fashion, with the gables turned outwards, and many of them date from the period of the Spanish occupation. Dort possesses a good harbour, from which two canals lead to the centre of the town. It carries on an extensive trade in corn, flax, salt fish, train oil, and the timber which is brought down the Rhine; and it has shipbuilding docks, saw-mills, sugar-refineries, tobaccofactories, linen-bleacheries, salt-works, and white-lead works. Population in 1850, 20,878, and in 1874, 25,577.

DORT, SYNOD OF, an assembly of the Reformed Dutch Church, with deputies from France, Switzerland, the Palatinate, Scotland, and England, called to decide the theological differences existing between the Arminians (or Remonstrants) and the Calvinists (or Counter Remonstrants), was held at Dort or Dordrecht in the years 1618 and 1619. During the life of Arminius a bitter controversy had sprung up between his followers and the strict Calvinists, led by Francis Gomar, his professorial colleague at Leyden; and, in order to decide their disputes, a synodical conference was proposed, hut Arminius died before it could be held. At the conference held at the Hague in 1610, the Arminians addressed a remonstrance to the States-general in the form of five articles, which henceforth came to be known as the five points of Arminianism. This conference had no influence in reconciling the opposing parties, and another, held at Delft in the year 1613, was equally unsuccessful. In 1614, at the instance of the Arminian party, an edict was passed by the States-general, in which toleration of the opinions of both parties was declared, and further controversy forbidden; but this act only served, by rousing the jealousy of the Calvinists, to fan the controversial flame into greater fury. Gradually the dispute pervaded all classes of society, and in nearly all the towns both parties began to hold large meetings, and to indulge in threatening words and gestures, until finally, in Nov. 1617, Prince Maurice of Orange, in order finally to decide the controversy, called a synod which met at Dort in Nov. 1618 This synod was strictly national-called by the national authority to decide a national dispute, and not intended to have more than a national influence. The foreign deputies were invited to attend, only to assist by their advice in the settlement of a controversy which concerned the Netherland church alone, and which the Netherland church alone could decide. At the fourth sitting it was decided to cite Simon Episcopius and twelve other Remonstrants to appear within 14 days before the synod,

allow the Arminian deputies to take part in the deliberations, only on condition that they forbore to consult with, or in any way assist, their cited brethren, but this they refused. During the interval between the citation and the appearance of the accused, the professorial members of the synod were instructed to prepare themselves to be able to coufute the Arminian errors, and the synod occupied itself with deliberations as to a new translation of the Bible, for which a commission was named, made arrangements regarding the teaching of catechisms, and granted permission to the missionaries of the East Indies to baptize such children of heathen parents as were admitted into their families. At the 25th sitting Episcopius and the others cited appeared, when Episcopius surprised the deputies by a bold and outspoken defence of his views, and even went so far as to say that the synod, by excluding the Arminian deputies, could now only be regarded as a schismatic assembly. The Remonstrants were asked to file copious explanations of the five points in dispute, but objecting to the manner in which they were catechized, they were, at the 57th sitting, dismissed from the synod as convicted "liars and deceivers." The synod then proceeded in their absence to judge them from their published writings, and came to the conclusion that as ecclesiastical rebels and trespassers they should be deprived of all their offices. The synodical decision in regard to the five points, and the sentence against the Remonstrants was, at the 144th sitting, read in Latin before a large audience in the great church. The Remonstrants were required to subscribe the condemnation, and many of them refusing were banished. The synod was concluded on 29th April 1619, by a magnificent banquet given by the chief magistrate of Dort.

DORTMUND, a town of Germany, capital of a circle of the same name, in the district of Arnsberg, and Prussian province of Westphalia, is situated on the Emscher, in 51° 31' 25" N. lat. and 7° 27′ 9′′ E. long. Among the chief structures may be mentioned the large railway station, the workshop and factories of which give employment to upwards of 1000 hands, the Reinoldikirche, with a choir built in 1421-1450, the old Marienkirche, and the Gothic Dominican church. To the W. of the station is one of the ancient linden trees of the Königshof, where the meetings of the supreme court of the formidable Vehmgericht, or secret tribunal of the Middle Ages, were held. In the vicinity of Dortmund are collieries, in the working of which several thousands of persons are engaged. Since the discovery of iron-ore in the coal district, in 1850, many forges and blast-furnaces have been erected. The manufactures include tobacco, iron and steel, machinery, porcelain, earthenware, oil and flour, and woollen, linen, and cotton fabrics. In 1875 the town had 47 breweries, which fur nished more than 6 millions of gallons of beer. The population in 1875 was 57,742.

Dortmund, the Throtmanni, Trutmanna, Trutmonia, Tremonia, and Trotmunde, of early history, was already a town of some imIn 1005 it was the scene of an ecclesiportance in the year 800. astical council, and in 1016 and 1180 of imperial diets. The town was walled in the 12th century, and in 1387-88 successfully withstood the troops of the archbishop of Cologne, who besieged it for 21 months. About the middle of the 13th century it joined the Hanseatic League. At the close of the Thirty Years' War the population had become reduced to 3000. In 1803 Dortmund lost its rights as a free town, and was annexed to Nassau. The French occupied it in 1806, and in 1808 it was made over by Napoleon to the grand duke of Berg, and became the chief town of the department of Ruhr. Through the cession of Westphalia by the king of the Netherlands, May 31, 1815, it became a Prussian town.

DORY, or JOHN DORY (Zeus faber), an Acanthopterygian fish belonging to the family Scombrida, held in such esteem by the ancient Greeks that they called it Zeus after their principal divinity. Its English name is probably a corrup

wine, brandy, cattle, wool, flax, and other agricultural products; and it manufactures lace, gauze, cottons, linens, thread, earthenware, soap, salt, and beer. The origin of the town is a matter of dispute; but it rose into importance in the Middle Ages under the Counts of Flanders, passed afterwards into the possession of the dukes. of Burgundy, and thus became subject to the Spanish crown. In 1667 it was captured by the French under Louis XIV.; and though the allies under Marlborough and Eugene obtained possession in 1710, it was retaken by the French in 1711, and finally incorporated with France in 1714. Population in 1872, 21,703.

DOUARNENEZ, a town and watering-place of France, in the department of Finistère, to the S. of a bay of the same name. Its sardine fishery, which is carried on from the end of June to the beginning of December, gives occupation to about 800 boats, and between 3000 and 4000 men; the average number of sardines caught each year is 360,000,000, worth 9,000,000 francs. Population, 7180 in 1872.

tion of the French jaune dorée, and has reference to the prevailing golden-yellow colour of the living fish. The body in the dory is much compressed, and is nearly oval in form, while the mouth is large and capable of extensive protrusion. It possesses two dorsal fins, of which the anterior is armed with long slender spines, and the connecting membrane is produced into long tendril-like filaments; while a row of short spines extends along the belly and the roots of the anal and dorsal fins. The colour of the upper surface is olive brown; the sides are yellowish, and are marked with a prominent dark spot, on account of which the dory divides with the haddock the reputation of being the fish from which Peter took the tribute money. It is an inhabitant of the Atlantic coasts of Europe, the Mediterranean, and the Australian seas. It is occasionally abundant on the coasts of Devon and Cornwall, and is also found, though more sparingly, throughout the British seas. It is exceedingly voracions, feeding on mollusks, shrimps, and the young of other fish; and Couch states that from the stomach of a single dory he has taken 25 flounders, some 2 inches long, 3 fatherlashers half grown, and 5 stones from the beach, one an inch and a half in length. They are often taken in the fishermen's nets off the Cornwall and Devon coast, having entered these in pursuit of pilchards. They are seldom found in deep water, preferring sandy bays, among the weeds growing on the bottom of which they lie in wait for their prey, and in securing this they are greatly assisted by their great width of gape, by their power.1858-59 he was a member of the council of the Northern of protruding the month, and by the slender filaments of the first dorsal fins, which float like worms in the water, while the greater part of the body is buried in the sand, and thus they entice the smaller fishes to come within easy reach of the capacious jaws. The dory often attains a weight of 12 b, although those usually brought into the market do not average more than 6 or 7 b. It is highly valued as an article of food.

DOTIS. See TOTIS.

DOUAI, or DOUAY, an ancient and once strongly-fortified town of France, at the head of an arrondissement, in the department of Nord, situated on the Scarpe, at a railway junction 18 miles S. of Lille. Its triple line of fortifications, partly the work of Vauban and partly of more modern structure, includes a considerably larger space than is requisite for the area of its buildings; the streets are consequently spacious, and the number and size of the gardens unusually large. Besides a variety of administrative offices, the town possesses a court of appeal, which holds its sessions in the palace of the ancient parlement of Flandres; it contains also one of the principal cannon foundries of the kingdom, an arsenal, and large artillery establishments, and is further remarkable for the number of its literary and scientific institutions, among which may be mentioned the academy, with its faculties of letters and law, representing the university established in 1562, the college, founded by cardinal Allen, for the education of English Roman Catholic priests, the Government school of artillery, a school of drawing and music, a museum of natural history and antiquities, enriched with sculptured stones and inscriptions from Bevai, a botanical garden, a collection of paintings, and a public library of upwards of 40,000 volumes, and among the rest about 300 incunabula. The church of Notre Dame dates from the 12th and 14th centuries, and preserves a remarkable painting, containing 254 figures, which formerly belonged to the abbey of Anchin, and was apparently the work of Jean Bellegambe; the ancient Carthusian couvent is still extant as an artillery magazine; and the town-house ranks as one of the historical monuments of France, and is architecturally interesting for its ogival windows and its belfry and spire. Railways and canals open up to Douai an extensive trade in corn,

DOUBLEDAY, THOMAS, an English author in political and general literature. He early adopted the views of his friend William Cobbett, and was active in promoting the agitation which resulted in the passing of the Reform Act of 1832. As secretary of the Northern Political Union of Whigs and Radicals, he took a prominent part in forwarding the interests of Lord Grey and the reforming party. In Reform Union; and to the last he was a keen observer of political events. He succeeded his father as partner in an eminent firm of soap manufacturers at Newcastle, but devoted his attention rather to literature than to mer. cantile affairs. On the failure of the firm he obtained the registrarship of St Andrew's parish, Newcastle, a post which he held until appointed secretary to the coal trade. He died at Burham, near Newcastle, December 18, 1870.

Besides poems, dramas, numerous pamphlets, contributions to Blackwood's Magazine, the Eclectic Review, and other periodicals, and leading articles in the Manchester Guardian and the Newcastle Chronicle, Doubleday wrote A Financial, Monetary, and Statistical History of England, 1847 ; A Treatise on Mundane Moral Government, 1852; The True Law of Population, 1853; a romance, The Eve of St Mark, 1857; The Political Life of Sir Robert Peel, 1859 ; and Matter for Materialists, 1870.

DOUBS, an eastern frontier department of France, so named from its chief river, is formed of the ancient German principality of Montbéliard (Mömpelgard), and of part of the province of Franche-Comté. It is bounded E.S.E. by Switzerland, N. by the territory of Belfort and by HauteSaône, and N.W. and S. W. by Haute-Saône and Jura; and lies between 46° 33′ 10′′ and 17° 33′ 45′′ N. lat., and 5°42′ and 7° E. long. The surface is chiefly mountainous, four parallel chains of the Jura crossing it from S.W. to N.E. In the loftiest and most easterly chain the principal summit, Mont d'Or, has an altitude of 4800 feet; in the most westerly the highest points do not exceed 1000 feet. The river Doubs rises at the foot of the Noir Mont, in the arrondissement of Pontarlier, and, after twice traversing the department, passes through Jura, enters Saône-et-Loir, and joins the Saône at Verdun, after a course of 267 miles. It is navigable from Voujaucourt, near Montbéliard, to its mouth. Near Morteau it forms a cataract 88 feet in height. From Voujaucourt to Dôle it constitutes a part of the navigable canal between the Rhone and Rhine. Doubs is well watered by smaller rivers and rivulets. The climate, owing to the differences of elevation, is variable; but it is generally cold and rainy, and the winters are severe. The soil is stony and loamy, and at the higher levels there are numerous peat-bogs. The department may be divided into three regions. The highest, on which the snow usually lies