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he found much congenial matter. Delacroix never went to Italy; he refused to go on principle, lest the old masters, either in spirit or manner, should impair his originality and self-dependence. His greatest admiration in literature was the poetry of Byron; Shakespeare also attracted him for tragic inspirations; and of course classic subjects had their turn on his easel.

He continued his work indefatigably, having his pictures very seldom favourably received at the Salon. These were sometimes very large, full of incidents, with many figures. Drawing of Lots in the Boat at Sea, from Byron's Don Juan, and the Taking of Constantinople by the Christians, were of that character, and the first named was one of his noblest creations. In 1845 he was employed to decorate the library of the Luxembourg, that of the Chamber of Deputies in 1847, the ceiling of the Gallery of Apollo in the Louvre in 1849, and that of the Salon de la Paix in the Hotel de Ville in 1853. He died on the 13th August 1863; and in August 1864 an exposition of his works was opened on the Boulevard des Italiens. It contained 174 pictures, many of them of large dimensions, and 303 drawings, showing immense perseverance as well as energy and versatility. DELAGOA BAY (i.e., in Portuguese, the Bay of the Swampy Land), an inlet on the east coast of South Africa, between 25° 40′ and 26° 20′ S. lat., with a length from north to south of about 60 miles, and a breadth of about 20. It is protected by a series of islands stretching north from the mainland; and in spite of a bar at the entrance, and a number of shallows within, it forms a valuable harbour, accessible to large vessels at all seasons of the year. The surrounding country is low and very unhealthy, but the island of Inyak has a height of 240 feet, and is used by the natives as a kind of sanatorium. A river 12 or 18 feet deep, variously known as the Manhissa, the Unkomogazi, or King George's River, enters at the north; several smaller streams, the Matolla, the Dundas, and the Tembi, from the Lobombo Mountains, meet towards the middle in the estuary called the English River; and, of greatest importance of all, the Umzati, which has its head-waters in the Draken Berg of the Transvaal settlement, disembogues in the south. The bay was discovered by the Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama in 1498; and the Portuguese post of Lorenzo Marques was established not long after to the north of the English River. A Dutch settlement was founded in 1720; but in 1730 it was abandoned. In 1822 Captain Owen, únding that the Portuguese seemed to exercise no jurisdiction to the south of Lorenzo Marques, hoisted the English flag and appropriated the country from the Dundas or English River southwards; but, when he visited the bay again in the following year, he found the Portuguese governor, Lupe de Cardenas, in possession, and expelled him. Between the English and Portuguese Governments the question of possession was left undecided till the claims of the republic of Transvaal brought the subject forward. In 1835 the discontented boers, under Orich, had attempted to form a settlement on the bay; and in 1868 the Transvaalian president, Martin Wessel Petronius, incorporated the country on each side of the Umzati down to the sea. The whole matter in dispute between the three powers was submitted to the arbitration of M. Thiers, the French president; and on April 19, 1875, his successor Marshal Macmahon declared in favour of the Portuguese. In December 1876 the Lisbon Government sent out an expedition of artizans and military workmen to Lorenzo Marques, with a battery of six guns for the defence of the settlement.

See Owen's "Narrative of Voyages," &c., in Journal of Roy. Geogr. Soc. 1833: Botello, Mem. estat. sobre os dominios Portu guezes na Africa Oriental, 1885; Report of the Min. of Marine and

the Colonies of Portugal, 1863-64; "Baie de Delagoa," in Bulletin de la Société de Géogr. 1873.

DELAMBRE, JEAN BAPTISTE JOSEPH (1749–1822), an eminent mathematician and astronomer, was born at Amiens, September 19, 1749. He commenced his studies in the gymnasium of that town under the celebrated poet Delille, with whom he maintained an intimate friendship till his death. Having obtained an exhibition founded by one of his ancestors for the benefit of the town of Amiens, he was enabled to prosecute his studies for a time at the Collége du Plessis in Paris. The expiry of this privilege, however, left him to struggle with great privations. During the interval in which he was awaiting permanent employment he devoted himself to historical and literary studies. He undertook extensive translations from Latin, Greek, Italian, and English, and at the same time entered on the study of the mathematical sciences. For about a year he supported himself by teaching at Compiègne. On his return to Paris in 1771 he obtained the situation of tutor in the family of D'Assy, the receiver-general of finance. By this time he had resolved to give himself specially to the study of physics and astronomy.

At the College of France he attended the lectures of Lalande, on whose works he had even at that time made a complete commentary. This was first remarked when, in the course of instruction, an occasion presented itself of citing from memory a passage of Aratus. Lalande immediately intrusted to him the most complicated astronomical calculations, and prevailed on D'Assy to establish an observatory at his house, where Delambre applied himself to astronomical observations. In 1781 the discovery of the planet Uranus by Herschel led the Academy of Sciences to propose the determination of its orbit as the subject of one of its annual prizes. Delambre undertook the formation of tables of its motion, and the prize was awarded to him. His next effort was the construction of solar tables, and tables of the motions of Jupiter and Saturn. He took part in the sitting of the Academy of Sciences when Laplace communicated his important discoveries on the inequalities of Jupiter and Saturn; and he formed the design of applying the result of that profound analysis to the completion of tables of the two planets. Delambre turned his attention more especially to the satellites of Jupiter-an undertaking of great difficulty and extent. He had been engaged for several years in the composition of his ecliptical tables, when the Academy of Sciences offered a prize for the subject, which was awarded to him. In the same year (1792) he was elected a member of the Academy.

Immediately afterwards he was appointed, along with Méchain, by the French section of the joint English and French commission to measure an arc from Dunkirk to Barcelona as a basis for the metric system. This undertaking, in itself laborious, was rendered highly dangerous to the personal safety of those engaged in it by the events of the Revolution. Méchain died whilst the work was proceeding; and its successful termination in 1799 was due to the ability and the prudence of Delambre. A full and interesting account of the work was published in his Base du Système Métrique Décimal (3 vols. 1806-10), for which he obtained, by a unanimous vote, the prize awarded by the National Institute of France to the most important work in physical science of the preceding ten years.

Delambre, who had been chosen as an associate of almost every scientific body in Europe, was appointed in 1795 a member of the French Board of Longitude, and in 1803 perpetual secretary for the mathematical sciences in the Institute. In 1807 he succeeded Lalande in the chair of astronomy of the College of France, and he was appointed one of the principal directors (titulaires) of the university.

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For twenty years he performed faithfully and impartially the duties of his office in one of the classes of the Institute. His annual reports, his historical éloges, which have been published, and his exposition of the progress of science are eminently distinguished by profound erudition, literary skill, and, above all, by generous appreciation of the works of others. His literary and scientific labours were very numerous, and, in respect of excellence, of the highest order. His History of Astronomy, published at intervals, and forming when complete six quarto volumes, is a work of prodigious research. It puts the modern astronomer in possession of all that had been done, and of the methods employed by those who lived before him.

His Méthodes Analytiques pour la Détermination d'un Arc du Méridien, his numerous memoirs in the additions to the Connaissances des Temps, and his Astronomie Théorique et Pratique exhibit the finest applications of modern analysis to astronomy and geography.

It is a remarkable fact that Delambre did not apply himBelf to astronomical observations until he had reached the comparatively late age of thirty-five. He was appointed a member of the Royal Council of Public Instruction in 1814; but he lost the place in 1815. He was in Paris when it was taken by the allied armies; and, in a letter written at that time to a friend and pupil, he says that on the day of the siege, in the hearing of the cannonade, he laboured with tranquillity in his study from eight in the morning till midnight. He had a happier fate than Archimedes in a like position, for he was not molested by the victors, and no one was billeted on him, probably from respect to his high reputation. At the creation of the Legion of Honour in 1802 Delambre was made a member of that order. He was appointed chevalier of St Michael in 1817, an officer in the Legion of Honour in 1821; but a long time before, he had been created an hereditary chevalier, with an endowment, which was decreed as a national reward.

The life of continued and hard study which Delambre led at last affected his health. The disease by which he was cut off became apparent in the month of July 1822. His total loss of strength, with frequent and long continued fainting-fits, gave warning of a fatal result, which occurred on the 19th August 1822.

The following is a list of his works which appeared separately:Tables de Jupiter et de Saturn (1789); Tables du Soleil, de Jupiter, de Saturn, d'Uranus, et des Satellites de Jupiter, pour servir à la 3me édition l'Astronomie de Lalande (1792); Méthodes Analytiques pour la Détermination d'un Arc du Méridien (1799); Tables Trigonométriques Décimales, par Borda, revues, augmentées, d publiées par M. Delambre, (1801); Tables du Soleil, publiées par Le Bureau des Longitudes (1806); Base du Système Métrie Décimal, &c. (3 vols. in 4to, 1806-1810); Rapport Historique sur les Progrès des Sciences Mathématiques depuis 1789, &c. (1810); Abrégé d'Astronomie, ou Leçons Elémentaires d'Astronomie Théorique et Pratique, in 8vo; Astronomie Théorique et Pratique (3 vols. in 4to, 1814); Tables Ecliptiques des Satellites de Jupiter (1817); Histoire de l'Astronomie Ancienne (2 vols. in 4to, 1817); Histoire de l'Astronomie du Moyen Age (1819, 1 vol. in 4to); Histoire de l'Astronomie Moderne (1821, 2 vols, in 4to); Histoire de Astronomie au Dixhuitième Siècle (1 vol. 4to, 1827). In addition to these, he furnished a very considerable number of memoirs (about 28) on various points of astronomy to the Connaissances de Temps, beginning with the year 1788. He also contributed to the Memoirs of the Academies of Stockholm, St Petersburg, Berlin, and Turin, and to those of the first class of the French Institute; and he composed éloges on many of his contemporaries at their death.

DE LA RIVE, Auguste (1801–1873), a Swiss physicist, distinguished chiefly for his researches on the subject of electricity, was born at Geneva on the 9th October 1801. He belonged to a good family closely connected with that of the Count Cavour, and he inherited his taste for natural science from his father, an eminent physician and chemist. After an unusually brilliant career as a student, he was ap

pointed at the early age of twenty-two to the chair of natural philosophy in the Academy of Geneva. For some years after his appointment he devoted himself specially to the investigation of the specific heat of gases, and to observations for determining the temperature of the earth's crust. In the latter inquiry he availed himself of an artesian well that had been bored to a depth of 700 feet, and his observations were adopted by Poisson as the basis of his calculations. The comparatively new subject of electricity, however, received much of his attention from the first, and it gradually became the chief object of his scientific work. His name is associated with original discoveries in connection with magnetism, electro-dynamics, the connection of magnetism with electricity, the properties of the voltaic arc, and the passage of electricity through extremely rarefied media. His researches on the last-mentioned subject led him to form a new theory of the aurora borealis, which, though not free from difficulties, is on the whole the most probable explanation of a very obscure phenomenon. The most valuable practical result of his scientific discoveries was the process of electro-gilding carried out by Messrs Elkington & Ruolz from a memoir which he communicated to the Académie des Sciences. By making it known in this way he voluntarily renounced all the profits of his discovery. Between 1853 and 1858 De la Rive published a complete treatise on electricity in three octavo volumes, which was regarded as 9 work of high authority, and was at once translated into English, German, and Italian. Its author's scientific reputation received the usual recognition in his election to the membership of most of the learned societies of Europe. In 1842 he received the grand prize of 3000 francs from the Académie des Sciences for his discovery of the electro-gilding process; and in 1864 he received the highest honour open to the scientific men of Europe in his nomination as one of the eight foreign associates of the Academy. De la Rive's birth and .fortune gave him considerable social and political influence. distinguished for his hospitality to literary and scientific men, and for his interest in the welfare and independence of his native country. In 1860, when the annexation of Savoy and Nice had led the Genevese to fear French aggression, De la Rive was sent by his fellow-citizens on a special embassy to England, and succeeded in securing a declaration from the English Government, which was communicated privately to that of France, that any attack upon Geneva would be regarded as a casus belli. On the occasion of this visit the university of Oxford conferred upon De la Rive the honorary degree of D.C.L. When on his way to pass the winter at Cannes he died suddenly at Marseilles, on the 28th November 1873.

He was

DELAROCHE, HIPPOLYTE, commonly known as PAU (1797-1856), one of the most accomplished painters of the eclectic modern school, was born in Paris, 17th July 1797. He is always spoken of as one of the most fortunate and successful of men, as well as one of the ablest, since he never appeared to encounter any obstacles or to feel any difficulties.

fortune, to some extent, by negotiating and cataloguing, The father of Delaroche was an expert who had made a buying and selling. He was proud of his son's talent, and able to forward his artistic education. The master selected was Gros, then painting life-size histories, and surrounded by many pupils. In this atélier Delaroche met Bonington (an English youth of whose work we see little, but who has had a very considerable influence in France), Roqueplan, Bellangé, Eugène Lami, and others. In no haste to make an appearance in the Salon, his first exhibited picture was a large one, Josabeth saving Joas, 1822. This picture led to his acquaintance with Géricault and Delacroix, with whom he remained on the most friendly terms, the three VII. -6.

forming the central group of a numerous body of historical painters, such as perhaps never before lived in one locality and at one time.

From 1822 the record of his life is to be found in the successive works coming from his hand. He visited Italy in 1838 and 1843, when his father-in-law, Horace Vernet, was director of the French Academy. His studio in Paris was in the Rue Mazarine, where he never spent a day without some good result, his band being sure and his knowledge great. His subjects, definitely expressed and popular in their manner of treatment, illustrating certain views of history dear to partisans, yet romantic in their general interest, were painted with a firm, solid, smooth surface, which gave an appearance of the highest finish. This solidity, found also on the canvas of Vernet, Scheffer, Leopold Robert, and Ingres, was the manner of the day. It repudiates the technical charm of texture and variety of handling which the English school inherits as a tradition from the time of Reynolds; but it is more easily understood by the world at large, since a picture so executed depends for its interest rather on the history, scene in nature, or object depicted, than on the executive skill, which may or may not be critically appreciated. We may add, that his point of view of the historical characters which he treated is not always just, whatever self-command we may give him credit for.

troubled by ideals, and had no affectation of them. His sound but hard execution allowed no mystery to intervene between him and his motif, which was always intelligible to the million, so that he escaped all the waste of energy that painters who try to be poets on canvas suffer. Thus it is that essentially the same treatment was applied by him to the characters of distant historical times, the founders of the Christian religion, and the real people of his own day, such as Napoleon at Fontainebleau, or at St Helena, or Maria Antoinette leaving the Convention after her sentence.

In 1837 Delaroche received the commission for the great picture, 27 metres long, in the hemicycle of the lecture theatre of the École des Beaux Arts. This represents the great artists of the modern ages assembled in groups on either hand of a central elevation of white marble steps, on the topmost of which are three thrones filled by the architects and sculptors of the Parthenon. To supply the female element in this vast composition he introduced the genii or muses, who symbolize or reign over the arts, leaning against the balustrade of the steps, beautiful and queenly figures with a certain antique perfection of form, but not informed by any wonderful or profound expression. The portrait figures are nearly all unexceptionable and admirable. This great and successful work is on the wall itself, an inner Cromwell lifting the Coffin-wall however, and is executed in oil. It was finished in 1841, and considerably injured by a fire which occurred in 1855, which injury he immediately set himself to remedy; but he died before he had well begun, on the 4th November 1856. Robert Fleury finished the repairs, and the picture as yet shows no sign of decay.

lid and looking at the Body of Charles is an incident only to be excused by an improbable tradition; but the King in the Guard-Room, with villainous round-head soldiers blowing tobacco smoke in his patient face, is a libel on the Puritans; and Queen Elizabeth dying on the Ground, like a she-dragon no one dares to touch, is sensational; while the Execution of Lady Jane Grey is represented as taking place in a dungeon. Nothing can be more incorrect than this last as a reading of English history, yet we forget the inaccuracy in admiration of the treatment which repre sents Lady Jane, with bandaged sight, feeling for the block, her maids covering their faces, and none with their eyes visible among the many figures. On the other hand. Strafford led to Execution, when Laud stretches his lawncovered arms out of the small high window of his cell to give him a blessing as he passes along the corridor. is perfect; and the splendid scene of Richelieu in his gorgeous barge, preceding the boat containing Cinq-Mars and De Thou carried to execution by their guards, is perhaps the most dramatic semi-historical work ever done. The Princes in the Tower must also be mentioned as a very complete creation; and the young female Martyr floating dead on the Tiber is so pathetic that criticism feels hard-hearted and ashamed before it. As a realization of a page of authentic history, again, no picture can surpass the Assassination of the Duc de Guise at Blois. The expression of the murdered man stretched out by the side of the bed, the conspirators all massed together towards the door and far from the body, show exact study as well as insight into human nature. This work was exhibited in his meridian time, 1835; and in the same year he exhibited the Head of an Angel, a study from Horace Vernet's young daughter Louise, the love of whom was the absorbing passion of his life, and from the shock of whose death, in 1845, it is said he never quite recovered. By far the finest productions of his pencil after her death are of the most serious character, a sequence of small elaborate pictures of incidents in the Passion. Two of these, the Virgin and the other Maries, with the apostles Peter and John, within a nearly dark apartment, hearing the crowd as it passes haling Christ to Calvary, and St John conducting the Virgin home again after all is over, are beyond all praise as exhibiting the divine story from a simply human point of view. They are pure and elevated, and also dramatic and painful. Delaroche was not

Personally Delaroche exercised even a greater influence than by his works. Though short and not powerfully made, he impressed every one as rather tall than otherwise; his physiognomy was accentuated and firm and his fine forehead gave him the air of a minister of state. (W. B. Sc.)

DELARUE, GERVAIS (1751-1835), a French historical investigator, and one of the chief authorities on Norman and Anglo-Norman literature.. He was a native of Caen, received his education at the university of that town, and was ultimately raised to the rank of professor. His first historical enterprize was interrupted by the French Revolu tion, which forced him to take refuge in England; but the interruption was the less to be regretted as he found the fullest encouragement from his northern compeers, and had the opportunity of examining a vast mass of original documents in the Tower and elsewhere, which proved of the utmost assistance to his investigations. In the preface to the second volume of his greatest work-the Essais historiques-he speaks feelingly of the kindness he had experienced, and mentions his supreme gratification at receiving the approval of Sir Walter Scott. From England he passed over to Holland, still in prosecution of his favourite task; and there he remained till 1798, when the way was open for his return to France. The rest of his life was spent in his native town, where he was chosen principal of his university. While in England he had been elected a member of the Royal Society of Antiquaries; and in his own country he was made a corresponding member of the Institute, and was enrolled in the Legion of Honour.

Besides numerous articles in the Memoirs of the Royal Society of London, the Mémoires de l'Institut, the Mémoires de la Société d' Agriculture de Caen, and in other periodical collections, he published separately Essais historiques sur les Bardes, les Jongleurs, et ies Trouvères normands et anglo-normands, 3 vols. 1834, and Recherches historiques sur la Prairie de Caen, 1837, and since his death have appeared Mémoires historiques sur le palinod de Caen, 1841; Recherches sur la tapisserie de Bayeux, 1841; and Nouveaux he displays a strong partiality for everything Norman, and rates Essais historiques sur la ville de Caen, 1842. In all his writings the Norman influence on French and English literature as of the very highest moment.

DELAVIGNE, JEAN FRANÇOIS CASIMIR (1793-1843), I cast the sheets into the flames, from which they were French poet and dramatist, was born April 4, 1793, at rescued by his brother Germain. A better fate than burnHavre, whence his father sent him at an early age to Paris, ing awaited the piece, and in 1819 it was performed at there to be educated at the Lycée Napoléon. During the the Odéon, then just rebuilt. On the night of the first first years of his attendance at this school he was little else representation, which was warmly received, Picard, the than a dullard, but on reaching the age of fourteen he seems manager, threw himself into the arms of his elated friend, to have undergone a complete change sluggishness gave exclaiming, "You have saved us! You are the founder place to unusual facility in the acquisition of knowledge; of the second French Theatre." This was followed up by a decided taste for literary studies, especially poetry, was the production of the Comédiens (1820), a poor play, with evinced; and he quickly became a distinguished student. little plot, and the Paria (1821), with still less, but conHe read with avidity all the poets, great and small, to taining some well-written choruses. The latter piece whose works access was obtainable, and was known to obtained a longer lease of life than its intrinsic literary spend many an hour snatched from school duties in the merits warranted, on account of the popularity of the elaboration of his own juvenile pieces. Constitutionally of political opinions freely expressed in it-so freely exan ardent and sympathetic temperament, with a mind the pressed, indeed, that the displeasure of the king was natural intelligence of which was quickened by extensive incurred, and Delavigne lost his post. But the duke of miscellaneous reading, and by contact with a world then in Orleans, willing to gain the people's good wishes by coma state of revolutionary ferment, it will be seen that plimenting their favourite, wrote to him as follows,Delavigne had much in his favour when he first sought "The thunder has descended on your house; I offer you popular applause. An opportunity for display soon pre- an apartment in mine." Accordingly he became librarian sented itself. On the 20th of March 1811 the Empress at the Palais-Royal, a position retained during the remainMarie Louise gave birth to a son, christened in his very der of his life. It was here that he wrote the Ecole des cradle king of Rome. This long-desired event was hailed Vieillards, which gained his election to the Academy in with the utmost satisfaction; congratulations reached 1825. To this period also belong Lu Princess Aurélie Napoleon from every quarter of Europe, and fifty millions (1828), and Marino Faliero (1829), a drama in the of human beings did homage to their future sovereign. But romantic style. the poets were dumb. Our young aspirant to fame, there- For his success as a writer Delavigne was in no small fore, seeing the field unoccupied, composed a festal hymn. measure indebted to the stirring nature of the times in It was completely successful; even the critics were pleased. which he lived. The Messiniennes, which fast introduced On being shown the verses, Andrieux, albeit a man little him to universal notice, had their origin in the excitement disposed to flatter, exclaimed, "Bring him to me! He consequent on the occupation of France by the allies in shall make nothing but verses, and these, I hope, good 1815. Another crisis in his life and in the history of his ones." Encouragement such as this augured well for the country, the revolution of 1830, stimulated him to the future; but Delavigne's purse was scantily furnished, and production of a second masterpiece, La Parisienne. bis friends were poor and unable to render any assistance. This song, set to music by Auber, was on the lips of every At this point he was fortunate in securing as a patron Frenchman, and rivalled in popularity the celebrated Count Français of Nantes, who attached him to the revenue Marseillaise. A companion piece, La Tansorienne, was office, but with the single proviso, that he should not written for the Poles, by whom it was sung on the march trouble himself to appear at his post oftener than once a to battle. month.

About this time he competed twice for an academy prize, but without success. A victory, however, was at hand. Amid the throes in which society laboured at the period of Napoleon's downfall, Delavigne, catching inspiration from the mingled hopes and fears which agitated his fellow countrymen, burst upon the world with two impassioned poems, the first entitled Waterloo, the second, Dévastation du Musée, both written in the heat of patriotic enthusiasm, and teeming with popular political allusions. A third, but of inferior merit, Sur le besoin de s'unir après le départ des étrangers, was afterwards added. These stirring pieces, termed by him Messéniennes, sounded a key-note which found an echo in the hearts of all. Twenty-five thousand copies were sold; Delavigue was famous. Nor was his reputation made solely with the populace; his verses were the subject of much discussion in court circles; and in spite of their political tone it was thought necessary to bestow upon him some mark of attention. He was therefore appointed to an honorary librarianship, with no duties to discharge. Thus was he fortunately rendered independent by the offer of one sinecure just as he was deprived of another, for his intercourse with Français had now ceased.

Having achieved so signal a triumph in one department of literature, Delavigne was desirous of attaining distinction in another, and accordingly brought out upon the stage a play well-known under the title of Les Vêpres Siciliennes. The manuscript having been refused at the Théâtre Français, the critic of which, a supercilious poetaster, told him that "some day he might write comedy very fairly," the mortified author, like Voltaire on a similar occasion,

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Other works of Delavigne followed each other in rapid succession ;-Don Juan d'Autriche (1835), Une Famille au temps du Luther (1836), La Popularité (1838), La Fille du Cid (1839), Le Conseiller rapporteur (1841), and Charles VI. (1843), an opera partly written by his brother.

But the poet had reached the acme of his reputation, and was now on the decline. In 1843 he quitted Paris to seek in Italy the health his labours had cost him. At Lyons his strength altogether gave way, and on the 11th of December, while listening to his wife, who read aloud one of Scott's novels, he gently expired, murmuring some verses.

By many of his own time Delavigne was looked upon as unsurpassed and unsurpassable. Every one bought his works; nay more, every one read them. If a new play of his was announced at the theatre, it was the affair of a month to secure a seat. Talma aud Mademoiselle Mars felt honoured in receiving from him a part; theatrical managers lay in wait for the fruits of his pen. But the applause of the moment was gained at the sacrifice of lasting fame. Delavigne wrote but for the hour; he was too little the retired, contemplative poet, and too much the busy man of the world. In the region of politics alone does he shine; when he quits this sphere it is to descend to the level of utter common-place.

But as a writer Delavigne had many excellencies. He is never at a loss for language, yet expresses himself in a terse and vigorous style. The poet of reason rather than of imagination, he recognizes his own province, and is rarely tempted to flights of fancy beyond his powers. He wrote always as he would have spoken, from sincere couvie

tion. In private life he was in every way estimable,- | upright, amiable, devoid of all jealousy, and generous to a fault. The best edition of his works is that of Furne, in 8 volumes. (E. S. R.) DELAWARE, one of the States of the American Union (next to Rhode Island, the smallest in extent), is situated on the Atlantic seaboard, forming part of the peninsula between the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays. It covers an area of 2120 square miles. The population in 1840, and at the end of every ten years down to 1870. has been as follows::-

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125,015

1870

J02,221 22,794 It is bounded on the N. by Pennsylvania, on the W. and S. by Maryland, and on the E. by the Atlantic Ocean and the Delaware Bay and River. Its rivers are small and unimportant, and most of them flow into the Delaware Bay or River. The Delaware and Chesapeake Canal connects the two great bays, and makes an easy water transit for produce between Philadelphia and Baltimore. Delaware is an agricultural State; a part of it is in a high state of cultivation. Besides wheat, maize, and other grain, peaches are grown in immense quantities, and sent over the country. Small fruits are also raised for transportation. In the northern parts of the State are numerous manufactories. Wilmington has large machineshops, and cotton, paper,morocco, and carriage factories; and iron-ship building is largely carried on there. New Castle, also. has rolling-mills, and cotton and woollen factories. The flour-mills of Delaware are famous, and the Dupont Gunpowder Works, six miles from Wilmington, are the largest and oldest in the country. The Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railroad runs through the northern part of the State, and the Delaware Railroad goes through the whole length of the peninsula. The Wilmington and Reading Railroad makes a connection with the Pennsylvania coal region. There are five judges in the State, viz, a chancellor, who is also president of the Orphans' Court (the associate judge residing in the county serving with him in the county where the court is held), a chief justice, and an associate judge from every one of the three counties. There is a State school fund, which is further increased by the proceeds of the marriage and liquor licences. Every hundred which, by either taxation or subscription, supports a free school is entitled to its share of the fund. The debt of the State is $1,224,000, and as the cost of the government is moderate, the taxes are small.

On the 28th of August 1609 Henry Hudson sailed into the Delaware Bay; but, finding the water shallow and difficult to navigate, he made no exploration, leaving that honour to the Dutch navigators,-Hendrickson in 1616, and in 1623 Mey, whose name is borne by the eastern cape of the bay. There is a tradition that Lord De la Warr, when on his way to Virginia in 1610, anchored in the bay, but it is not authentic. It was in 1626 that Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, by the advice of a Hollander, William Uesselinx, issued letterspatent for a settlement on the west shore of the Delaware River-called by the Indians Poutaxat, and by the Dutch South River-for a trading-post. The queen dowager, the royal council, the nobility, the bishops and clergy, as well as large numbers of the people, contributed money for the colony; but the long war with Germany, and the death of the king, caused the scheme to fail. In 1639 Queen Christina sent out a colony under the charge of a Dutchman, Peter Menewe, who first landed at the mouth of the

Delaware, near the present town of Lewes, which they named Paradise Point. Here they made a purchase from the Indians of all the land on the west side of the river, from Cape Henlopen, at the mouth of the bay, to Trenton Falls; and as none of the Swedes understood the Indian language, the deeds were written in Dutch, and sent to Sweden for preservation. The first settlement the Swedes made in their newly acquired country, which they called New Sweden, was near the Delaware River, where the Christine and Brandywine Creeks join, and where the city of Wilmington now stands. Here they built a fort, which they called Christiana. The Dutch had a few weak settlements on the Jersey shore, but they also claimed the west bank of the river, and wrote a remonstrance to Menewe, though they did not, perhaps could not, interiere with the colony, which Minnewitz governed for three years, appointing at his death a successor. The Dutch proved troublesome neighbours, and as a retaliation for the building of Fort Christiana, they built Fort Casimir, six miles below the Swedish settlement. Still Governor Stuyvesant and the Swedish governor, Printz, were on amicable terms; and when the former visited his new fort on the west side of the Delaware, the two promised to be neighbourly and friendly, and to act as allies if needful. But in 1654, Governor Rising was sent from Sweden with a large number of colonists; and his first act was to take Fort Casimir, which he did without bloodshed, renaming it the Fort of the Holy Trinity, in honour of Trinity Sunday, when he captured it. This brought Governor Stuyvesant from New York, with six or seven vessels, and as many hundred men, who not only retook Fort Casimir, but marched to Fort Christiana and captured it also. Stuyvesant compelled the Swedes to swear allegiance to the Dutch Government, and those who refused the oath were forced to leave the country. Thus the colony of New Sweden was obliterated, and the Dutch became owners of the west shore of the Delaware River, having at Fort Casimir, which they called New Amstel, a governor of their own, though under the jurisdiction of the governor of Manhattan (New York). In 1664 Sir Robert Carr, after capturing Manhattan, sailed up South River, and took New Amstel, changing the name of the river to Delaware, and New Amstel to New Castle on Delaware; though the Swedish chronicler affirms-" there has never been a castle in it." For nine years was the colony held by the English, Carr being governor under Governor Lovelace of New York. Lord Baltimore had claimed, during the Dutch administration, all the lower part of the territory, within two miles of New Amstel, and whilst Governor Lovelace was in office he still urged his claim. In 1673 the Dutch admiral Eversten stormed New York, took it without capitulation, and again there was a Dutch governor on the Delaware. This rule was short, for in the very next year all the English colonies were ceded back to England by the Peace of Westminster. Yet the settlement on the Delaware seemed doomed to change its owners; for, becoming the property of the duke of York by a special grant, there was a governor sent to New Castle in the name of the duke, who himself never visited his possessions in America. In 1682 the duke gave, or nominally sold, "the three lower counties" to William Penn, so that they became a part of Pennsylvania. At first an effort was made that the "three lower counties" should send their delegates to the Pennsylvania assembly, which should legislate for the whole; but as the interests of the two sections of the province were different, the "three lower counties" insisted upon a separate assembly held at New Castle. After Penn's death, in 1718, there was a lawsuit between his heirs and those of Lord Baltimore, as to the boundary line between their possessions. The suit was carried into the

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