mechanics' institute and subscription library, and the benevolent institutions require no special notice. The principal source of wealth is the herring fishery, which fosters an extensive curing trade; but ship-building is also carried on, and there are several iron foundries, breweries, and distilleries, as well as a large paper-mill in the vicinity. The harbour, formerly small and shallow, has been greatly enlarged and improved in the course of the present century, at the joint expense of the town and the Fishery Board; but the entrance is rendered somewhat dangerous by the number of craggy islets and sunken rocks. Dunbar unites with Haddington, Jedburgh, Lauder, and North Berwick in returning a member to Parliament. In 1875-6 the value of real property was £11,832. Population in 1871, 3320.

The castle of Dunbar, mentioned as early as 856, from the strength of its position became of great importance as a bulwark against English invasion, and a town grew up under its protection, which was created a royal burgh by David II. It was captured by Edward I., who defeated the forces of Balio in the neighbourhood of the town in 1296; it afforded shelter to Edward II. on his flight from Bannockburn; and it was besieged in 1837 by the English under Montague earl of Salisbury, but was successfully defended by Black Agnes of Dunbar, countess of March and a member of the Douglas family. In the 15th century it was chosen as her usual residence by Joanna Beaufort, the widow of James I. of Scotland; and in the 16th it served on several occasions as a retreat for the unfortunate Queen Mary. An Act of Parliament had been passed in 1488 ordering the demolition of the castle, but it was reserved for the Regent Murray to effect its destruction in 1567. A battle popularly known as the "race of Dunbar" was fought in 1658 between Cromwell and Leslie, and resulted in the total rout of the Scotch.

DUNBAR, WILLIAM, one of the most distinguished of the early poets of Scotland, is supposed to have been born about 1460. Comparatively little is known about his personal history, but, from an allusion in one of his poems, Le seems to have been a native of Lothian. In his fifteenth or sixteenth year he was sent to the university of St Andrews, where he received the degree of B.A. in 1477, and that of M. A. in 1479.

Of the events of his life for nearly twenty years after this we possess little information. He mentions, however, in his poems that he had been employed as a preaching friar of the order of St Francis, and as such had made good cheer in every flourishing town in England had ascended the pulpit at Dernton and Canterbury, and had crossed th sea at Dover, and instructed the inhabitants of Picardy. He also mentions that this mode of life compelled him to have recourse to many a pious fraud, from whose guilt no holy water could clear him. After this he appears to have entered the service of James IV., by whom he was sent on numerous embassies to foreign princes. In 1491 he was residing at Paris, most likely in connection with the Scottish embassy there. The knowledge of the Continent he thus obtained must have had considerable influence in imparting greater strength and energy to his poetical conceptions.

In the year 1500 Dunbar obtained from the king a yearly pension of £10, until he should be promoted to one of greater value. In 1501 he went to England with the ambassadors sent to conclude the negotiations for the marriage of the young King James with the Princess Margaret, daughter of Henry VII. During the festivities on this occasion Dunbar was styled "the Rhymer of Scotland," and received from Henry a present of £6, 13s. 4d. in December, and a similar sum in January of the subsequent year. On his return to Edinburgh a sum of £5 was paid to him in addition to his salary. In honour of this 1 Flyting with Kennedy, line 110.

In a poem to the king he reminds him that he had been employed not only in France, England, and Ireland, but also in Germany, Italy, and Spain. (Notes by Laing, vol. i, app. 263).

marriage Dunbar composed his well known poem, The Thrissil and the Rois, another in honour of the city of London, and several others in which he described the personal attractions of the young queen. After this he lived much at court writing poems, although at the same time he hoped to obtain preferment in the church. In 1504 he first performed mass before the king, whose offering on that occasion was £4, 18s., a larger sum than that usually paid on the occasion of a priest's first mass. In 1507 his pension was augmented to £20, and three years afterwards it was raised to £80, to be paid during his life, or until he should be promoted to a benefice of £100 or more. In 1511 he seems to have been in the train of Queen Margaret when she visited the northern part of Scotland, as one of his poems, descriptive of her reception at Aberdeen, is evidently written by an eye-witness.

After the disaster of Flodden, in 1513, Dunbar's fortunes seem to have changed, and no further mention of him occurs as receiving pension. That he may have obtained church preferment is quite possible, but the probability is that the early death of the king, and the unpopularity of the queen and the little influence she had after her marriage with the earl of Angus, may have led to neglect of Dunbar in his old age. His poems contain many allusions to the unequal division of the world's goods. He was alive in 1517, as in that year he wrote a poem on the occasion of the Regent Albany passing into France, in which be laments the distracted state of public affairs in Scotland.3 He is supposed to have died about the year 1520, when he had attained his sixtieth year.

The

The poems of Dunbar, "the darling of the Scottish muse," are about a hundred in number, for the most part of no great length. The Thrissil and the Rois, written, as before remarked, on the occasion of the marriage of James IV., is an allegory in which he describes the amity between England and Scotland in consequence of that event. Golden Targe is a moral poem of great power of imagery, in which the ascendency of love over reason is shown to be general-the golden shield of reason being insufficient to ward off the shafts of Cupid. The Twa Maryit Wemen and the Wedo, a tale in which the poet overhears three females relating their experiences of married life, is an imitation of Chaucer's Wife of Bath. The Freiris of Berwik, a tale, is also in the Chaucerian style. The Flyting of Dunbar and Kennedy is perhaps the most obscure of his poems, though it seems to have been very popular, and frequently imitated in the 16th century. Several of his smaller poems show a quick appreciation of peculiarities of character, but some of them-such as the tournament, or Justis betuix the Tailyeour and Sowtar-though ludicrous, are very coarse. In one called Of a Dance in the Queenis Chalmer, he describes himself as one of the performers :

Thain cam in Dunbar the makkar,
On all the flure thair was nane frakkar,
And thair he dansit the dirrye dantoun,
He hoppet like a pillie wantoun

For luiff of Musgraiffe, men tellis me, He trippet quhile he tint his pantoun; A mirrear dance mycht na man see. Another Dance, that of the Sevin Deidlie Synnis-in which Mahoun, prince of devils, is described as holding a carnival with Pride, Ire, Envy, Covetousness, Idleness, Treachery, Gluttony, each with a train of followers, while a company of fiends stand by enjoying the sport, encouraging

There is considerable doubt about the period of Dunbar's death, as the poem relative to the Regent Albany may have been attributed to him by mistake. Mr Laing has conjectured that he may have accompanied King James, and been killed along with him in the battle of Flodden, where so many ecclesiastics perished. The volume of the accounts of the Treasurer from 1513 to 1515, which might have settled this and other important points, has been lost.

the performers with various hot applications-is as extravagant a piece as can well be conceived. In contrast, however, he wrote several poems of a religious character, e.g., Off the Nativitie of Christ; Off the Passioun of Christ; Off the Resurrection of Christ; and The Maner of Passyng to Confessioun, &c.

More fortunate than Douglas and some of the carlier Scottish poets, Dunbar had the satisfaction of seeing his principal works in print. The Thrissil and the Rois, The Golden Targe, The Flyting with Kennedy, and the ballad of Lord Barnard Stewart were printed by Chepman and Myllar in 1508, and are the first specimens of typography that issued from the Scottish press. Several of his poems were preserved in the Asloane MS., written in 1575, the Bannatyne MS. 1568. preserved in the Advocates' Library, the Maitland MS. in the Pepysian Library, and the Reidpeth MS. in the University Library, Cambridge. Of these detached some appeared in collections edited by Allan Ramsay, John Pinkerton, and Lord Hailes, in the course of the last century, but at length the works of Dunbar were collected and published in 1834 by Dr David Laing (2 vols. 8vo, with a supplement, 1875), having a biography and valuable illustrative notes. In 1873 a minute analysis of the language of Dunbar was published at Bonn by Dr

Johannes Kaufmann of Elberfeld.

DUNBLANE, a market-town in Perthshire, Scotland, formerly the seat of a bishopric, pleasantly situated on the banks of the Allan. Its cathedral is one of the few specimens of Gothic architecture in Scotland which escaped destruction at the Reformation. It is said to have been founded in 1142, and was nearly rebuilt by Clemens, bishop of Dunblane, about 1240. The whole building is of the Early Pointed style of architecture, except the tower, which is Early Norman. The cathedral remains unroofed, with the exception of the choir and chapter house. The choir has been used as the parish church since the Reformation, but lately alterations have been made by the removal of a thick partition wall and galleries, and the erection of a light partition wall containing two windows, the gift of Sir William Stirling Maxwell, Bart. One of the bishops of Dunblane was Leighton, who left his library, which is still preserved, to the clergy of the diocese. About a mile and a half to the cast of the town is Sheriffmuir, where a battle was fought in 1715 between the earl of Mar, in the command of the troops of the Pretender, and the royal forces under the duke of Argyll. Dunblane Las no charter. A sheriff court and commissary courts are held there, and there is a large district prison. There is a market on Thursdays, and several fairs are held annually. At Cromlix, a mile and a half to the north, there are two mineral springs, aud not far from the town an elegant hydropathic establishment has been erected. The population in 1871 was 1921.

DUNCAN, ADAM, FIRST VISCOUNT (1731-1804), an illustrious' naval commander, was born July 1, 1731, at Lundie, in Forfarshire, Scotland. After receiving the rudiments of his education at Dundee, he was in 1746 placed under Captain Haldane, of the "Shoreham " frigate, and in 1749 he became a midshipman in the "Centurion." In 1755 he was appointed second lieutenant of the " 'Norwich," a fourth-rate; but on the arrival of that ship in America, whither, with the rest of Keppel's squadron, it had convoyed

General Braddock's forces, he was transferred to the "Centurion." Once again in England, he was promoted to be second lieutenant of the "Torbay," 74, and after three years on the home station he assisted in the attack on the French settlement of Goree, on the African coast, in which he was slightly wounded. He returned to England as first lieutenant of the "Torbay ;" and in 1759 was made a commander, and in 1761 a post-captain. His vessel, the

1 Of these the only copy known to exist is preserved in the Advocates' Library, Edinburgh. This unique volume was reprinted in 1827 under the title The Knightly Taie of Golagrus and Gawane, and other ancient poems printed at Edinburgh by WV. Chepman and Androw Myllar in

the year 1508, 4to.

On

"Valiant," was Commodore Keppel's flag-ship in the expedition against Belleisle in that year, and also in 1762, when it took an important part in the capture of Havana. In 1778, on the recommencement of war with France, Captain Duncan was appointed to the "Suffolk," whence before the close of the year he removed to the "Monarch," one of the Channel Fleet. On January 16, 1780, in an action off Cape St Vincent, between a Spanish squadron under Don Juan de Langara and the British fleet under Sir George Rodney, Captain Duncan in the "Monarch" was the first to engage the enemy; and in 1782, as captain of the "Blenheim." he took part in Lord Howe's relief of Gibraltar. From the rank of rear-admiral of the blue, received in 1789, he was gradually promoted until, in 1799, he became admiral of the white. In February 1795 he hoisted his flag as commander-in-chief of the North-Sea fleet, appointed to harass the Batavian navy. in consequence of the wide-spread mutiny in the British Towards the end of May 1797, though, fleet, he had been left with only the "Adamant," 50, besides his own ship the "Venerable," 74, Admiral Duncan proceeded to his usual station off the Texel, where lay at anchor the Dutch squadron of fifteen sail of the line, under the command of Vice-Admiral De Winter. From time to time he caused signals to be made, as if to the main body of a fleet in the offing, a stratagem which probably was the cause of his freedom from molestation until, in the middle of June, reinforcements arrived from England. October 3 the admiral put into Yarmouth Roads to refit and victual his ships, but, receiving information early on the 9th that the enemy was at sea, he immediately hoisted the signal for giving him chase. On the morning of the 11th De Winter's fleet, consisting of four seventy-fours, seven sixty-fours, four fifty-gun ships, two forty-four-gun frigates, and two of thirty-two guns, besides smaller vessels, was sighted lying about nine miles from shore, between the villages of Egmont and Camperdown. The British fleet numbered seven seventy-fours, seven sixty-fours, two fifties, two frigates, with a sloop and several cutters, and was slightly superior in force to that of the Dutch. Shortly after mid-day the British ships, without waiting to form in order, broke through the Dutch line, and an engagement commenced which, after heavy loss on both sides, resulted in the taking by the British of eleven of the enemy's vessels. When the action ceased the ships were in nine fathoms water, within five miles of a lee shore, and there was every sign of an approaching gale. So battered were the prizes that it was found impossible to fit them for future service, and one of them, the "Delft," sank on her way to England, In recognition of this victory, Admiral Duncan was, on October 21, created Lord Viscount Duncan of Camperdown, and baron of Lundie, with an annual pension of £3000 to himself and the two next heirs to his title. In 1800 Lord Duncan withdrew from naval service. He died August 4,

1801.

See Charnock, Biographia Navalis, 1794-6; Collins, Peerage of England, p. 378, 1812; W. James, Naval History of Great Britain, 1822; Yonge, History of the British Navy, vol. i. 1863.

DUNCAN, THOMAS (1807-1845), a distinguished Scottish portrait and historical painter, was born at Kinclaven, in Perthshire, May 24, 1807. He was educated at the Perth Academy, and afterwards began the study of the law, which, however, he speedily abandoned for the more congenial pursuit of art. Commencing his new career under the instruction of Sir William Allan, he early attained distinction as a delineator of the human figure; and his first pictures established his fame so completely, that at a very early age he was appointed professor of colouring, and afterwards of drawing, in the Trustees' Academy of Edinburgh. In 1840 he produced one of his finest pieces, Prince Charles Edward and the Highlanders entering Edin

burgh after the Battle of Prestonpans. This painting secured his election as an associate of the Royal Academy in 1843. In that same year he produced his no less famous picture of Charles Edward asleep after Culloden, protected by Flora Macdonald, which, like many other of his pieces, has been often engraved. In 1844 appeared his Cupid and his Martyrdom of John Brown of Priesthill, the last effort of his pencil, with the exception of a portrait of himself, now in the National Gallery in Edinburgh. He particularly excelled in his portraits of ladies and children. He died at Edinburgh, May 25, 1845.

DUNDALK, a parliamentary borough, seaport, and market-town of Ireland, county Louth, on the south bank of the Castletown river, near its mouth in Dundalk Bay, 50 miles north of Dublin. It consists of one long street intersected by several shorter ones. The parish church is an old and spacious edifice with a curious wooden steeple covered with copper; and the Roman Catholic chapel is a handsome building in the style of King's College Chapel, Cambridge. The other public buildings that may be noted are the Exchange Buildings (containing the town hall and a free library), the county court house and prison, the union workhouse and infirmary, and the cavalry barracks. There are several educational establishments in the town. The municipal government is in the hands of town commissioners, and the port is under the control of harbour commissioners. The county assizes are held in the town, as well as quarter and petty sessions; and it returns one member to Parliament. A brisk trade, chiefly in agricultural and dairy produce, is carried on, and the town contains some manufactories. Distilling and brewing are the principal industrial works, and there are besides a flax and jute spinning mill, salt works, &c. The port and harbour of Dundalk have recently been undergoing extensive improvements. The course of the river has been straitened, and the bar and harbour deepened, so that vessels of considerable draught can now come up to the town. reign of Edward II. Dundalk was a royal city, and Edward Bruce proclaimed himself king there in 1315. Population in 1851, 9995; and in 1871, 11,377. Area, 1386

acres.

In the

DUNDAS, HENRY. See MELVILLE, VISCOUNT. DUNDEE, a royal and parliamentary burgh and seaport, is situated on the east coast of Scotland, in the county of Forfur, on the north bank of the Firth of Tay, twelve miles from the confluence of that estuary with the German Ocean. It is the third town in Scotland as regards population, and the second in commercial importance. Its latitude is 56° 27' N., its longitude 2° 58′ W.; it is distant from Edinburgh 42 miles N.N.E., from Perth 22 miles E., and from Forfar, the county-town. 14 miles S. It extends nearly three miles along the shores of the Tay, and varies in breadth from half a mile to a mile; and the ground gradually rises towards the hill of Balgay and Dundee Law, the summit of the latter being 535 feet above the sea-level. Its general appearance is pleasing and picturesque, and the surrounding scenery very beautiful.

Dundee is. the chief seat of the linen manufacture in Britain, and from a very early time appears to have had a special reputation in this branch of industry. Hector Boece, a native of the town, in his History and Croniklis of Scotland, thus quaintly refers to it: "Dunde, the toun Guhair we wer born; quhair mony virtewus and lauborius pepill ar in, making of claith." It was not, however, till the introduction of steam power, in the beginning of the present century, that there was any remarkable develop ment of flax-spinning in Dundee. The first work of importance was the Bell Mill (which is still extant), built in 1806; and the first power-loom factory was erected in 1836. Side by side with the extension of the linen trade

power-loom factories, employing above 50,000 persons. Some of these buildings are of great size and considerable architectural elegance, those of Messrs Baxter, Messrs Cox, and Messrs Gilroy being especially conspicuous. These three afford employment to above 12,000 hands. The principal textile productions are osuaburgs, dowlas, canvas, sheetings, bagging, jute carpeting, &c.; and the total value of these fabrics annually produced has been estimated at upwards of £7,000,000. Among the other industries of Dundee may be mentioned ship-building, engineering, tanning, and leather manufactures (including shoemaking by machinery), all of which are conducted on a large scale. There are also considerable foundries, breweries, corn and flour mills, and confectionery and fruitpreserving works-Messrs Keiller & Son's "Dundee marmalade" having a most extensive reputation. The prosperity of Dundee is in a large measure due to its commodious harbour and its magnificent docks. harbour works extend about two miles along the river side, and the docks, five in number, cover an area of 35 acres. Although they cannot compare in extent with those of London or Liverpool, they are probably unsurpassed in the kingdom for stability and convenience. They have cost, from 1815, when the works were begun, to May 1877, £800,000; and the harbour revenue amounted in 1876 to £50,751. The principal imports for year ending May 1876 were

The

Eleven of the steamers are in the seal and whale fishing trade, each making two voyages yearly to the Arctic Seas. The principal public buildings are the following :-The Town-House, designed by "the elder Adam," and erected in 1731, a plain but pleasing structure; the Custom-House; the Post-Office; the Town Churches, an imposing_group, surmounted by a noble old tower; St Paul's Free Church, with spire 167 feet high; St Paul's Episcopalian Church, designed by Sir G. G. Scott, with spire 211 feet high; the High School, a fine specimen of Grecian Doric, designed by Angus; Morgan Hospital, erected and endowed by bequest (amounting to nearly £80,000) of the late Mr John Morgan, a native of Dundee, for the board and education of a hundred boys: the Royal Infirmary, a magnificent structure in the Tudor style, designed by Coe and Godwin, and costing about £15,000; the Lunatic Asylum; the New Orphan Institution; the Industrial Schools; the Convalescent Hospital; the Asylum for Imbecile Children; the Deaf and Dumb Institution, the Royal Exchange; the Clydesdale Bank; the court-house and police buildings, with a fine bold portico; the Eastern Club, designed by Pilkington and Bell; the Christian Young Men's Association Buildings; the Theatre Royal, drill hall, newspaper offices, and public baths. To these may be added as deserving of notice the Royal Arch, designed by Mr Rochead, and commemorating Her Majesty's visit to Dundee in 1844, and the Albert Institute, a Gothic building in memory of the late Prince Consort (mainly designed by Sir C. Gilbert Scott), and erected, at a cost of upwards of £20,000, on a site purchased for £8000. Bronze statues of George Kinloch, the first M. P. for Dundee in the Reformed Parliament, and James Carmichael, the engineer, have been erected in Albert Square.

by the nuns of St Clare, having been demolished only a few years ago. The old burying-ground (or "Howff"), now closed, contains many interesting monuments and epitaphs. Three spacious suburban burying-grounds have taken its place-the Western Cemetery, the Eastern Necropolis, and the Balgay Cemetery. Till the middle of the present century, or even later, many of the streets were narrow and irregular, and many of the buildings unhealthy and unsightly; but of late a great change for the better has taken place. Under the Improvement Act of 1871, the narrow gorge

of the Murraygate has been swept away; the ugly and tortuous Bucklemaker Wynd has been transformed into the spacious Victoria Road, with the Victoria Bridge at its upper end; and a dense and dingy mass of buildings between Meadowside and Seagate has been replaced by Commercial Street, which, when completed, will be one of the finest civic thoroughfares in Britain. Many improvements still remain to be accomplished, and although the total cost will probably amount to £400,000, it is expected that there will be ultimately a profit on the street improvements. By the aid of local building societies a large number of working men's houses have recently been erected; and a double line of tramways has been laid from the post-office to the west end of the town.

The most notable of the few antiquities of Dundee is the Old Steeple " (dating from the 14th century), 156 fect high, which has been recently restored, under the direction of Sir G. Gilbert Scott, R.A., at a cost of £7000. Dudhope Castle, the old seat of the Scrymsenures, hereditary constables of the burgh, and granted by James II. to Viscount Dundee, is now used as barracks. The old custom-house, in the Green Market, is a quaint building of the 16th century. The East Port, the sole relic of the ancient walls, is allowed to stand in commemoration of George Wishart the martyr, who, according to tradition, preached from it during the piague in 1544. The pillar of the old town cross, bearing date 1586, has been re-erected. In High Street, Vault, Castle Court, and Fish Street there still remain a few buildings of the 16th and 17th centuries. But the castle, the mint, and the numerous convents have entirely disappeared, the last of the monastic buildings, once occupied

Dundee is well supplied with recreation grounds. The Baxter Park, 35 acres in extent, designed by Sir Joseph Paxton, was presented by Sir David Baxter to the community in 1863; the pavilion contains a marble statue of the donor by Sir John Steell, erected by public subscription. The Balgay Park, a picturesque wooded hill commanding fine prospects on every side, was secured by the police commissioners and opened to the public in 1871. Besides these there are the Magdalen Green, the Barrack Park, the Bleaching Green, and Dundee Law. A magnificent promenade along the river side between Magdalen Point and the Craig Pier has lately been opened. It is called the Esplanade, and incloses a space of 54 acres, which when filled up will give ample station and traffic accommodation for the Caledonian and North British railways, and leave the public a clear carriage-way and foot-path by the river side. The expense of the undertaking (about £40,000) is borne in nearly equal proportions by the two railway companies and the Harbour Trustees. An extensive abattoir and cattle market have recently been constructed by the police commissioners at the east end of the town. Dundee has regular and frequent steam-boat traffic with London, Hull, Newcastle, Liverpool, Leith, and Rotterdam. To render communication with the south more direct, the North British Railway Company designed the Tay Bridge, a colossal work, completed in 1877 (see BRIDGES, vol. iv. p. 340).

The water supply of Dundee is copious and excellent. Thirty years ago works were established at Monikie, but in time the quantity (about 2 million gallons per day) proved insufficient, while the quality deteriorated. The loch of Lintrathen, 20 miles distant, with necessary grounds, was accordingly purchased for £33,108. The surface of the loch, originally 180 acres, has been raised 20 feet, and is now 405 acres in extent; the storage capacity is 257,000,000 cubic feet; the drainage area, 19,000 acres. The main pipe from Lintrathen, 27 inches in diameter, transmitting 8 million gallons per day, conveys the water to Clatto reservoir, four miles from the town, which has an area of 21 acres, and holds 80 million gallons; two pipes from Clatto lead to the service reservoirs. The total cost of the works exceeds £305.000.

Dundee possesses a large number of benevolent institutions, as well as 66 "" mortifications (dating from 1656 downwards) for charitable or educational purposes. Among eminent men who were natives of Dundee may be named Hector Boece or Boethius, historian, born about 1465; John and Robert Wedderburn, authors or collectors of the book of Gude and Godlie Ballatis published 1578; Sir George Mackenzie, the celebrated lawyer, born in 1636; Rev. John Willison, author of The Afflicted Man's Companion, born 1680; Viscount Duncan of Camperdown, born 1731; James Ivory, an eminent mathematician, born 1765; and Dr Dick, author of The Christian Philosopher, born 1774. The father of Thomas Hood, author of The Song of the Shirt, was a native of the town, and Hood's first literary production appeared in the Dundee Advertiser, about 1816. Robert Nicoll, "Scotland's second Burns," at one time kept a circulating library in Castle Street, and William Thom, the Inverury poet, rests in the Western Cemetery, where a monument was erected by public subscription over his grave.

Statistics.-The terrible havoc resulting from the siege of 1651 greatly checked the progress of Dundee, but the following century witnessed the beginning of that rapid and healthy growth which of years has been so marked. The following figures show the population at successive periods of 30 years since 1755 :

late

In 1876 the births numbered 5231, deaths 3076, marriages 1222. The birth-rate was 37 and the death-rate 22 per 1000.

The rainfall in Dundee for 1876 was 43 12 inches, which is considerably above the average, in fact, the highest of any recorded year except 1872, when it was 43.70. The number of "wet days 1876 was 230, being 50 above the average. The prevailing winds are westerly.

in

Previous to 1822, Dundee was grouped with Forfar, Perth, Cupar, and St Andrews in returning a member to Parliament; the Reform Act gave it the privilege of a member for itself, and the Act of 1868 added another. For municipal purposes the town, is divided into nine wards, the third of which includes the populous and thriving suburb of Lochee. The town council is composed of the provost, dean of guild, 6 bailies, and 20 councillors; these are also the police and water commissioners. Part of the town being in the parish of Dundee, and part in the united parishes of Liff and Benvie, there are two parochial boards. When the Education Act came into operation (1873) there was class-room accommodation within the burgh for 17,719 pupils, and since then the school board has built or enlarged 10 schools. In 1877 there was accommodation for 20,615 pupils, and the number of children in the town of school age, that is from 5 to 13 years, was estimated at 21,000. The principal educational institution is the high school, where an excellent curriculum is available; and since 1875 classes, taught by professors from St Andrews, have been opened for the study of chemistry, geology, physiology, and literature.

In 1866 the ratepayers cordially adopted the Free Libraries' Act, and advantage has been largely taken of the privileges thus afforded. The library premises are centrically situated in Albert Square, and include a lending library, reference library, museum, and picture gallery, admission being free. In the lending library there are 25,000 volumes, in the reference library 5500. A fine arts exhibition is occasionally held within the free library buildings, and an Art Union for Dundee has just been sanctioned by the Board of Trade. There are 78 places of worship in the town, which may be classified as follows:-In connection with the Established Church, 16; Free Church, 20; U.P. Church, 11; Congregationalist. 6; Episco palian, 5; Roman Catholic, 4; Baptist, 3; other denominations. 13. Lochee, a suburb of Dundee, forming part of the municipality, is situated about two miles to the north by the Coupar-Angus road. Till within recent years only a small country village, it has now a population of 15,000. It contains several flax and jute factories, by far the largest and most comprehensive in the whole district being the Camperdown Linen Works, belonging to Messrs Cox Brothers and Co. They cover an area of 25 acres, and employ up: wards of 5000 persons. The most striking external feature, and one of the prominent landmarks in the district. is the stately chimney-stalk (282 feet high) in the style of the Italian campaniles, built of parti-coloured bricks, with stone cornices.

Broughty Ferry, three miles distant, towards the mouth of the Firth of Tay, may also be considered as a suburb of Dundee. The name originally Bruch-tay, is believed to be Pictish, and refers to the castle or fortress, which is mentioned repeatedly during the

wars of the 16th century. Its picturesque ruins continued till about 1857, when they were removed to make way for the present fort, which is intended as a defence for the Tay, and which mounts 9 guns, and can accommodate 60 men. Broughty Ferry is a burgh under the General Police Act, which was adopted in 1864, and is partly in the parish of Dundee partly in that of Monifieth. Some thirty years ago it was only a fishing village, although designed and partly laid out with a degree of breadth and regularity in the streets which fishing-villages rarely display. The population in 1861 was 3513, in 1871 it was 5707, and now (1877) it is estimated at 8000. There are nine churches of various denominations. the finest, in an architectural point of view, being the East Free and Some the Episcopalian, the latter designed by Sir G. G. Scott. of the villas on and around Fort Hill, occupied by Dundee metchants, are exceedingly handsome. Reres Hill and the Castle Green have been acquired by the commissioners of police as recreation grounds for the use of the public.

It was here

History.-Dundee is said to have been at one time called Alectum, but of this assertion there is no explicit documentary evidence. The earliest authentic mention of the town is in a deed of gift by David earl of Huntingdon, dated about 1200, which distinctly desiguated tracing it to the Latin Donum Dei. "the gift of God," others to it "Dunde." The origin of the name is disputed,-some alsurdly the Celtic Dun Dhia, the Hill of God, others to Dun taw. the hill or fort on the Tay; the last named derivation is the most probable. Dundee was erected into a royal burgh by William the Lion, and has always been a place of considerable importance, figuring con. spicuously in the early history of Scotland, especially about the time when Bruce and Baliol were contending for the crown. that Wallace was educated; and here he struck the first blow against the English domination. In the great Reformation movement of the 16th century the inhabitants took such a leading and active part as to earn for the town the appellation of "the Scottish Geneva." Few places have been subjected to more frequent or serious calamities. It was twice taken by the English in the reign of Edward I., again in that of Richard II., and a fourth time in that of Edward VI. The marquis of Montrose took it by assault, and set part of it on fire in 1645; and in 1651 it was besieged by General Monk, and, after an obstinate resistance, was taken by storm, and given up to plunder and massacre. It was then probably the most opulent, and was certainly the best fortified town in Scotland, and many people of note from Edinburgh and elsewhere had found refuge within its walls. More than one-sixth of the inhabitauts and garrison, including the brave governor Lumsden, were put to the sword; while the plunder was so great as to fill 60 vessels which were seized in the harbour; but, says Gumble in his life of Monk, "the ships were cast away within sight of the town, and that great wealth perished." Notwithstanding the number of burnings and plunderings to which Dundee has been subjected, the collection of charters, council-records, and other ancient documents preserved in the archives of the Town House is remarkably interesting and complete. There are characteristic despatches from Edward I. and Edward II., the original charter of King Robert Bruce, dated 1327, a papal order from Leo X., and a letter from Queen Mary, dated 1564, providing for extra-mural interments. (C. Č. M.)

DUNDEE, JOHN GRAHAM OF CLAVERHOUSE, VISCOUNT (1643-1689), born in or about the year 1643, was the elder son of Sir William Graham and Lady Jean Carnegie. Of his youth little record has been kept; but in the year 1665 he appeared in St Andrews as a student of St Leonard's College. His education was upon the whole good, as appears from the varied and valuable correspondence of his later years. Young Graham was destined for a military career; and, having remained in St Andrews for about four years, he proceeded abroad as a volunteer in the service of France. Thereafter, in 1672, he went to Holland, and obtained the post of cornet in one of the cavalry regiments of William, prince of Orange. In 1674 he was raised to the rank of captain, as a reward for having rescued the prince from a marsh where his horse had foundered during a retreat. Shortly afterwards. William having at his disposal the command of one of the Scotch regiments in Holland, Graham made application for the post. He was not appointed, and resigned his cominission. In the beginning of 1677 he returned to England, bearing, it is said, letters of strong recommendation from Willian to Charles II. and the duke of York.

Early in 1678 he accepted a lieutenancy in a troop of horse under the command of his relative the marquis of Montrose. Promotion immediately followed. He was ex