(a) Or. 17.
(a) Or. 10.
(m) Or. 11.
(m) Or. 12.
(m) Or. 13.

SPURIOUS.

Rhetorical Forgeries.

On the Treaty with Alexander.
Fourth Philippic.

Answer to Philip's Letter.

Philip's Letter.

On the Assessment (σúvrakis).

II. FORENSIC SPEECHES.
A. IN PUBLIC CAUSES.
GENUINE

Or. 22. In (kard) Androtionem
Or. 20. Contra (pós) Leptinem.....
Or. 24. In Timocratem........
Or. 23. In Aristocratem...
Or. 21. In Midiam..
Or. 19. On the Embassy..
Or. 18. On the Crown..

image the majesty of the state, and enforce weighty counsels
with lofty and impassioned fervour. A true artist, he (a) Or. 7. On Halonnesus (by Hegesippus)..........
grudged no labour which could make the least part of his
work more perfect. Isocrates spent ten years on the
Panegyricus. After Plato's death, a manuscript was found
among his papers with the first eight words of the Republic
arranged in several different orders. What wonder, then,
asks the Greek critic, if the diligence of Demosthenes was
no less incessant and minute? "To me," he says, "it
seems far more natural that a man engaged in composing
political discourses, imperishable memorials of his power,
should neglect not even the smallest details, than that the
veneration of painters and sculptors, who are darkly showing
forth their manual tact and toil in a corruptible material,
should exhaust the refinements of their art on the veins, on
the feathers, on the down of the lip, and the like niceties."
It may be surmised that much of the admiration professed
for Demosthenes in modern times has been conventional.
The clumsiest and coarsest forgeries which bear his name
long received among general readers their share of the
eulogy. A soundly critical study of his text is not yet
sixty years old. To this day popular books occasionally
show traces of the notion that everything which the
manuscripts ascribe to him was written by him. But
modern study has long since learned to recognize the surest
traits of his style; not, indeed, with the exquisite percep-
tion of his old Greek critics, yet sufficiently, as a rule, for
the discrimination of genuine work from false, and on a
firmer diplomatic basis. The modern world can never
catch again the finer tones of that great music as they still

echoed on the ear of Greece in her calm after-time

when all the winds were laid,

And every height came out, and jutting peak
And valley, and the immeasurable heavens
Brake open to their highest ;

but men can still hear the voice of a prophet whose
resonant warnings rise above confused sounds of strife;
they can still feel the energy, the anguish, the indignation
which vibrate through his accents; and they can acknow-
ledge, with an admiration undiminished by the lapse of
twenty centuries, the power of his words to quicken the
sense of honour in craven hearts, to raise the votaries of
selfish luxury to the loyalty of prolonged self-sacrifice, to
nerve irresolute arms for an inevitable struggle, and, when
all has been lost, to sustain the vanquished with the
thought that, though a power above man has forbidden
them to prevail, yet their suffering has saved the lustre of
a memory which they were bound to guard, and has left
them pure before the gods.

More than half of the sixty-one speeches extant under the name of Demosthenes are certainly or probably spurious. Much difference of opinion still exists in particular cases, especially as regards two or three of the private speeches. The results to which the preponderance of opinion now leans are given in the following table. Those marked a were already rejected or doubted in antiquity; those marked m, first in modern times :--

I. DELIBERATIVE SPEECHES.

352

SPURIOUS.

(a) Or. 58. In Theocrinem.....
(a) Or. 25, 26. In Aristogitona I. and II. (Rhetorical

forgeries).

B. IN PRIVATE CAUSES.
GENUINE.

Or. 27, 28. In Aphobum I. et II......
(m) Or. 30, 31. Contra Onetora I. et II..
Or. 41. Contra Spudiam
(m) Or. 55. Contra Calliclem

Or. 54. In Cononem..
Or. 36. Pro Phormione.

(m) Or. 39. Contra Boeotum de Nomine

Or. 37. Contra Pantænetum

(m) Or. 38. Contra Nausimachum et Diopithem.....

SPURIOUS.

Or. 60 (emirápios) and Or. 61 (pwrinós) are works of rhe toricians. The six epistles are also forgeries; they were used by the composer of the twelve epistles which bear the name of Aschines. The 56 poolua, exordia or sketches for political speeches, are by various hands and of various dates. They are valuable as being compiled from Demosthenes himself, or from other classical models.

The ancient fame of Demosthenes as an orator can be compared only with the fame of Homer as a poet. Cicero, with generous appreciation, recognizes Demosthenes as the standard of perfection. Dionysius, the closest and most 354 B.C. penetrating of his ancient critics, exhausts the language of admiration in showing how Demosthenes united and elevated whatever had been best in earlier masters of the Greek idiom. Hermogenes, in his works on rhetoric, refers to Demosthenes, as prop, the orator. The writer of the treatise On Sublimity knows no heights loftier than those to which Demosthenes has risen. From his own younger contemporaries, Aristotle and Theophrastus, who founded their theory of rhetoric in large part on his VII.

Or. 15. For the Rhodians...

Or. 1. First Olynthiac.

349

Or. 2. Second Olynthiac..

349

Or. 3. Third Olynthiac.

348

Or. 5. On the Peace..

Or. 6. Second Philippic

Or. 8. On the Affairs of the Chersonese.........

341

The extant scholia on Demosthenes are for the most part poor. Their staple consists of Byzantine erudition; and their value depends chiefly on what they have preserved of older criticism. They are better than usual for the IIepè Στεφάνου, Κατὰ Τιμοκράτους; best for the Περὶ ΠαραπρεσBeías. The Greek commentaries ascribed to Ulpian are especially defective on the historical side, and give little essential aid. Editions:-Scholia et Ulpiani commentarii in Demosth., ed. C. Müller, in Oratt. Att., Par., 1846-7; Scholia Græca in Demosth. ex codd. aucta et emendata, Oxon, 1851.

Editions and Commentaries.-In the vast literature of De

mosthenes, only a few books can be named here as specially notable or useful for the English student. Editio princeps, Aldus, Venice, 1549, chief ed., 1572; J. Taylor, Cambridge, 1748; J. Reiske 1504; Aldina posterior (more correct), 1527; Jerome Wolf, Basel, (with notes of J. Wolf, J. Taylor, J. Markland, &c.), Leipsic, 1770-5; revised ed. of Reiske by G. H. Schafer, Lond., 1823-6; I. Bekker, in Orat. Att. (the first edition which was based on Codex, see above), Leipsic, 1823-1828; G. H. Dobson, in Oratures Attici, Lond. 1828; Baiter and Sauppe, in Oratt. Attici, 1850; Dindorf (in Teubner), 1867; Whiston, with English notes, 18591868.

practice, down to the latest Byzantines, the consent of tions. The fullest authority on the MSS. is Th. Voemel, theorists, orators, antiquarians, anthologists, lexicographers, | Notitia codicum Demosth., and Prolegomena Critica to his offered the same unvarying homage to Demosthenes. His edition published at Halle (1856-7), pp. 175-178. work busied commentators such as Xenon, Minucian, Basilicus, Ælius Theon, Zosimus of Gaza. Arguments to his speeches were drawn up by rhetoricians so distinguished as Numenius and Libanius. Accomplished men of letters, such as Julius Vestinus and Alius Dionysius, selected from his writings choice passages for declamation or perusal, of which fragments are incorporated in the mis cellany of Photius and the lexicons of Harpocration, Pollux, and Suidas. It might have been anticipated that the purity of a text so widely read and so renowned would, from the earliest times, have been guarded with jealous care. The works of the three great dramatists had been thus protected, about 340 B.C., by a standard Attic recension. But no such good fortune befell the works of Demosthenes. Alexandrian criticism was chiefly occupied with poetry. The titular works of Demosthenes were, indeed, registered, with those of the other orators, in the catalogues (onTopikol Tívakes) of Alexandria and Pergamus. But no thorough attempt was made to separate the authentic works from those spurious works which had even then become mingled with them. Philosophical schools which, like the Stoic, felt the ethical interest of Demosthenes, cared little for his language. The rhetoricians who imitated or analyzed his style cared little for the criticism of his text. Their treatment of it had, indeed, a direct tendency to falsify it. It was customary to indicate by marks those passages which were especially useful for study or imitation. It then became a rhetorical exercise to recast, adapt, or interweave such passages. Sopater, the commentator on Hermogenes, wrote on μεταβολαὶ καὶ μεταποιήσεις τῶν Δημοσθένους χωρίων, "adaptations or transcripts of passages in Demosthenes." Such manipulation could not but lead to interpolations or confusions in the original text. Great, too, as was the attention bestowed on the thought, sentiment, and style of Demosthenes, comparatively little care was bestowed on his subject-matter. He was studied more on the moral and the formal side than on the real side. An incorrect substitution of one name for another, a reading which gave an impossible date, insertions of spurious laws or decrees, were points which few readers would stop to notice. Hence it resulted that, while Plato, Thucydides, and Demosthenes were the most universally popular of the classical prosewriters, the text of Demosthenes, the most widely used perhaps of all, was also the least pure. His more careful students at length made an effort to arrest the process of corruption. Editions of Demosthenes based on a critical recension, and called 'ATTikiavá (ȧvríypapa), came to be distinguished from the vulgates, or δημώδεις ἐκδόσεις.

Particular Speeches.-De Falsa Legatione, R. Shilleto (3d ed.), 1864; G. H. Heslop, 1872. De Corona, A. Holmes, 1871; G. Á. and W. H. Simcox (with Eschines In Ctesiph.), 1873. In Midiam, A. Holmes (after Buttmann), 1868; Olynthiacs and Philippics, G. H. Heslop, 1868. Select Private Orations [Part I. Contra Phormionem, Lacritum, Pantænetum, Boeotum de Nomine, id. de Dote, Dionysodorum: as to the last two, see list of speeches above. Part II. Pro Phormione, Contra Stephanum I. II., Nicostratum, Cononem, Calliclem], F. A. Paley and J. E. Sandys, Cambridge, 1874-5.-Indices to Demosthenes, Reiske, ed. Schäfer, Lond. 1823.

Illustrative Literature.-Arnold Schäfer, Demosthenes und seine Zeit, 3 vols. Leipsic, 1856-8, a masterly and exhaustive historical work; K G. Böhnecke, Demosthenes, Lykurgus, Hyperides, und ihr Zeitalter, Bert. 1864: Bouillé, Histoire de Demosthène, ed. Par. 1868; T. Forsyth, Hortensius, 1874; Brodribb, Demosthenes (in Classics for English Readers), 1877; Nicolai, Griechische Literanedy's Translations (3 vols., Bohn) are models of scholarly finish, turgeschichte (esp. for bibliography of Demosthenes). C. R. Kenand the appendices on Attic law, &c., are of great value. Transla tions of the Speech on the Crown, by W. Brandt, (1870), and Sir R. (R. C. J.) Collier, (1876).

DEMOTICA, a town of European Turkey in the province of Adrianople and sanjak of Gallipoli, situated 25 miles south of the provincial capital, at the foot of a conical hill which rises on the right bank of the Maritza near its junction with the Kizildeki. It is the seat of a Greek archbishop; and, besides the ancient citadel and palace on the top of the hill, it possesses several Greek churches, a mosque, and public baths. Charles XII. of Sweden resided at Demotica for more than a year after the battle of Pultowa. The town was in great part burned down in 1845.

Among the extant manuscripts of Demosthenes-upwards of 170 in number-one is far superior, as a whole, to the rest. This is Parisinus Σ 2934, of the 10th century. A com- DEMPSTER, THOMAS (1579-1625), a Scottish scholar, parison of this MS. with the extracts of Ælius, Aristides, and was born at Cliftbog, Aberdeenshire, and was the twentyHarpocration from the Third Philippic favours the view that fourth of twenty-nine children of the same mother. From it is derived from an 'Αττικιανόν, whereas the δημώδεις ἐκδό- his earliest years he gave promise of the learned attainments ras, used by Hermogenes and by the rhetoricians generally, which gained him contemporary celebrity and posthumous have been the chief sources of our other manuscripts. The fame. At a very early age, qualified by the tuition of collation of this manuscript by Immanuel Bekker first placed Thomas Cargill, his classical master in Aberdeen—of whom the textual criticism of Demosthenes on a sound footing. he speaks in his Historia Ecclesiastica as vir literatissimus— Not only is this manuscript nearly free from interpola- he entered Pembroke Hall, Cambridge. After having tions, but it is the sole voucher for many excellent readings. studied there for some time, he went to Paris, but did not Among the other MSS., some of the most important are-- continue his studies, on account of a contagious disease Marcianus 416 F, of the 10th century, the basis of the which closed the schools and prostrated himself. On his Aldine edition; Augustanus I. (N 85), derived from the recovery he hastened to Louvain, where he was selected, last, and containing scholia to the speeches on the Crown along with other young Scotchmen; to go to Rome for the and the Embassy, by Ulpian, with some by a younger furtherance of his education. Through the kindness of writer, who was perhaps Moschopulus; Parisinus Y; Cardinal Cajetan, he became a student in the Roman semiAntverpiensis —the last two comparatively free from addi-nary; but he had hardly begun the art of Latin versifica

66

litions of violence, explains in large measure the looseness and recklessness of statement often found in his writings. His intellectual qualifications entitle him to be considered one of the most learned men whom Scotland has produced." A vast memory, which was the receptacle of many books; an extraordinary familiarity with Greek and Latin, that enabled him to improvise verses in these tongues with the utmost rapidity; and a versatility which made versification, philological discussions, classical criticism, juridical expositions, biographical narratives, and historical annals congenial to him, these endowments give him a high place among the learned. The defects of his writings were mainly due to the passionateness which often clouded his judgment, to a patriotic vanity that led to absurd exaggerations on Scotch subjects, and to the disturbing influence of a restless life. For list of his very numerous writings see Irving's Lives of the Scottish Writers.'

tion when serious illness required that he should leave Rome for change of climate. By way of Switzerland, he travelled to the Netherlands, and made a short stay at Tournay, to which he returned to teach humanity after a period of study at the university of Douai, where he distinguished himself in poetical and philosophical competitions, and took the degree of M.A. As his prospects in Tournay were discouraging, he went back to Paris, graduated as doctor of canon law, and became a regent in the college of Navarre, while yet, as he himself states, in his seventeenth year. Destined to be a wanderer through life, he soon quitted Paris to settle in Toulouse, where his stay was shortened by certain influential individuals, whose resentment he had excited by his advocacy of university rights. At Nîmes, his next restingplace, he was, by twenty-three of the twenty-four judges, chosen to the professorship of eloquence in the Protestant university or academy, whieh circumstance colours in some degree the conjecture of Bayle, that his zeal for the Romish DEMURRAGE, in the law of merchant shipping, is the faith had somewhat cooled. Having retained his chair for sum payable by the freighter to the shipowner for detention little more than the two years of litigation into which he of the vessel in port beyond the number of days allowed had been dragged by one of the unsuccessful candidates for the purpose of loading or unloading. The contract who had libellously assailed him, and against whom the between the parties generally specifies the amount per day Parliament of Toulouse decided, Dempster made a journey to be paid as demurrage, and the number of days for which into Spain, whence, after a brief engagement as preceptor the ship may be detained at that rate. If it should be to a son of the famous Saint-Luc, he departed for his detained longer than the specified time of demurrage, the native land. As he did not experience a favourable recep- freighter will be entitled to damages, the measure of which tion either from his relatives or from the clergy, he remained will (in general, but not necessarily) be the sum agreed but a short time, and again betook himself to Paris. There upon between the parties for demurrage. If no time is he spent seven years with advantage to his reputation and specified for unloading a ship, the "usual customary time" purse, as regent in different colleges. His connection with will be implied. But when there is positive contract that that of Beauvais, over which he presided for a time, was the goods are to be taken out by a fixed day, any delay brought to a close by a high-handed procedure illustrative beyond that time, not caused by the act of the shipowner of his fierce courage, and suggestive of his fitness for other himself, will make the freighter liable for demurrage, than literary contests. In the year 1615 he accepted the whether the delay is caused by him or not. So an agreeinvitation of King James to come to London, and was ment to load, not mentioning time, according to the honoured and rewarded by that sovereign. But dis- customary manner, is an agreement to load within a reasonappointed of preferment, which clerical and episcopal pre-able time according to the usage of the port; and any delay judices influenced the king to withhold, he again left England for Italy. On his arrival in Rome he was at first suspected of being a spy, but when his claims were ascertained, he was so fortunate as to receive letters of recommendation from the Pope and other influential personages to the duke of Tuscany, which issued in his appointment to the professorship of the Pandects in the university of Pisa. Writings of this date attest his competency for the chair. After his inaugural lecture his reputation and emoluments increased. In the following year, on a visit to England, his disputatious spirit brought him into collision with an English ecclesiastic, whose representation of the quarrel led the grand duke to require that Dempster should either apologize or leave the country. Rather than make the prescribed apology he quitted Florence with the intention of settling in Scotland; but he was prevailed upon by Cardinal Capponi to stay at Bologna, and in a few days, by the influence of the cardinal, was appointed to the chair of humanity, which he filled with the utmost efficiency and increase of fame. Honours, civil and literary, were bestowed upon him, and it seemed as if his wanderings and reverses had together come to an end. But the crowning calamity of his life then befell him. His light-headed wife (he married her in London in 1615), whose beauty had always been a snare to her, eloped with one of his students; and the mental distress and bodily fatigue consequent on his pursuit of the fugitives, during the dog days, predisposed him to fever, which attacked him and proved fatal. He died at Bologna in 1625, in his forty-sixth year. Morally his chief defect was the fierceness of his temperament, which involved him in many broils, and made his sword and pen alike formidable. His natural impetuosity, which so easily broke forth in ebul

|

beyond that time, though caused by circumstances beyond the control of the freighters, will make them liable. In calculating the number of lay-days (i.e., the days allowed for loading, &c., and not chargeable with demurrage), Sundays will be taken into account, unless it is otherwise specified or there is a custom to the contrary. The contract to pay demurrage in a charter-party is between the freighters and the shipowner; but if demurrage is mentioned in the bill of lading, the consignee will be held to take the goods under an implied obligation to pay the demurrage, and the master may sue for it in his own name. CHARTER-PARTY.

See

DEMURRER, in English law, is an objection taken to the sufficiency, in point of law, of the pleading or written statement of the other side. In equity pleading a demurrer lay only against the bill, and not against the answer; at common law any part of the pleading could be demurred to. And now in all cases any party may demur to any pleading of the opposite party, or to any part of a pleading setting up a distinct cause of action, ground of defence, set off, counter-claim, reply, or as the case may be, on the ground that the facts alleged therein do not show any cause of action or ground of defence, &c. (Judicature Act, 1875— Rules of Court, Order 28).

DENAIN, a town of France, in the department of Nord, and arrondissement of Valenciennes, 14 miles to the east of Douai, on the Scheldt Canal and the railway between Anzin and Somain. A mere village in the beginning of the present century, it has rapidly increased since 1850, and now, according to the census of 1872, possesses about 10,500 inhabitants, who are mainly engaged in coal mines, iron-smelting works, sugar factories, and distilleries. The village was the scene of the decisive victory gained, in

The live stock of the county in the same years was distributed thus:

Sheep. 273,721

Pigs.

Horses.

24,240

11,395

258,464

24,438

11,789

Cattle.

1873.......58,122
1876.......56,975

Farmers' Clubs, such as the Denbighshire and Flintshire, the Vale of Conway, and the Cerrigydrudion. But the railways have done still more. The Vale of Llanrwst, the Vale of Clwyd, and the Denbigh and Chester lines have linked their respective districts to the great trunk line of the London and North Western; whilst the Denbigh, Ruthin, and Corwen, the Corwen and Rhuabon, the Wrexham and Connah's Quay, and yet again the Rhosllanerchrugog and the Glyn Ceiriog tramways, have done the same for the Great Western,-thus opening all the main arteries of the county alike to external and internal comthe picturesque Vale of Llangollen also runs the great munication, and vastly developing its resources. Down Holyhead Road-in its day the principal means of com

munication between London and Ireland, and for engineering skill, excellency of workmanship, and beauty of scenery probably still unsurpassed in the United King dom.

1712, by Marshal Villars over the allies commanded by Prince Eugene; and the battle-field is marked by a monolithic monument inscribed with the verses of VoltaireRegardez dans Denain l'audacieux Villars Disputant le tonnerre à l'aigle des Césars. DENBIGH, a maritime county of North Wales, is In the valleys, and indeed far up the sunny slopes about 40 miles in its extreme length from N.W to S.E., of the hills, the latest improvements in agriculture by 36 at its greatest and 8 at its least width, where it is may be observed, and the reaping hook and the flail divided into two unequal portions. It embraces a super-machines. This progress has been largely due to several are fast disappearing before the reaping and the thrashing ficial area of 392,005 statute acres, or 612 square miles. The population in 1871 amounted to 105,102 persons, 52,866 males and 52,236 females; in 1861 it numbered 100,778, and in 1851, 92,583. The county was formed 27 Hen. VIII., out of the lordships of Denbigh, Ruthin, Rhos, and Rhyfoniog, corresponding roughly with the district called Perfeddwlad (or the midland between the Conway and the Clwyd), and the lordships of Bromfield, Yale, and Chirkland, which at an earlier period had been comprised in the possessions of Gruffydd ap Madoc, the lord of Dinas Bran. It is bounded on the W. in its northern division by the River Conway, from one of its ancient mouths in Llandrillo Bay to its source in the Migneint mountains, in the southern by the Berwyn chain, and on its extreme E by the line of the Dee, the Ceiriog, and a portion of Offa's Dyke. The intervening surface is very irregular, and its physical character highly diversified. The N.W. portion is occupied by the bleak, bare table-land of the Hiraethog hills, which slope on the west to the valley of the Conway and on the east to the Vale of Clwyd, by which they are divided from the Clwydian range and the hills of Yale. On the N. it stretches along the bays of Colwyn and Abergele, and on the S. it is separated from Merionethshire by the Yspytty and Llangwm range. From this watershed flow tributaries of the Clwyd, the Conway, and the Dee-viz., the Elwy, the Aled, the Clywedog, the Merddwr, and the Alwen. The valleys along which some of these streams flow are, from their fertility and natural beauty, in striking contrast to their bleak surroundings. Among these may be specified the beautiful gorge of the Elwy and the broad fertile plain of the Vale of Clwyd. Of the other division, which extends from near Farndon Bridge in the N.E. to the Rhaiadr in Mochnant S. W., that portion which lies between the Rhuabon hills and the Dee is extremely rich in minerals as well as in agricultural produce; the other portion, from the Berwyn to Offa's Dyke, is comparatively wild and barren, save the pretty valley of the Tanat, the cup-like plain of Llansilin, and the lower reaches of the Ceiriog. One of the feeders of the Tanat rolls down a waterfall named Pistyll Rhaidr, which is 240 feet high; and another rises in the little lake of "Llyncaws," which nestles beneath Moel Sych, 2716 feet, the highest point in the Berwyn range, and indeed in the county. There are also a few lakes in the Hiraethog district, the largest of which-Aled and Alwen-give rise to rivers of the same names.

develops all the principal strata that intervene between The geology of the county is full of interest, as it the Lower Silurian and the Triassic series. In the Lower Silurian district, which extends from the southern boundary to the Ceiriog, the Llandeilo formation of the eastern slopes of the Berwyn and the Bala beds of shelly sandstone are traversed east and west by bands of intrusive felspathic porphyry and ashes; northwards from the Ceiriog to the Upper Silurian covers the entire mass of the Hiraethog and limestone fringe at Llandrillo, the Wenlock shale of the Clwydian hills, but verging on its western slopes into the Denbighshire grit, which may be traced southward in a Llanddewi Ystrad Enni in Radnorshire. On its eastern continuous line from the mouth of the Conway as far a slope a narrow broken band of the Old Red crops up along the Vale of Clwyd and in Eglwyseg. Resting upon this the Carboniferous Limestone extends from Llanymynach, its forks into two divisions that terminate respectively in the extreme southern point, to the Cyrny brain fault, and there from each other by the denuded shales of the Moel Famma Great Orme's Head and in Talargoch, and are separated New Red Sendstone, and in the eastern division it is itself range. In the Vale of Clwyd the limestone underlies the overlaid by the millstone grit of Rhuabon and Minera, Wrexham are 4 miles in breadth. Eastward of these a and by a long reach of the coal measures which near broad strip of the Permian succeeds, and yet again between this and the Dee the ground is occupied-as in the Vale of Clwyd--by the New Red.

Soil and Agriculture. On the uplands the soil is too cold and poor, and the seasons too uncongenial to admit of good corn crops; but a more profitable investment The mineral resources of the county under these condi. is made in the rearing of mountain ponies and of sheep at Nantglyn; slates and slabs for ornamental purposes, on tions are naturally considerable. Paving flags are raised and black cattle, which are sold in great numbers to be fattened in the Midland Counties of England, for the a large scale, on Rhiwfelen, near Llangoller; and slates at London market. Less than a third of the surface is under Glyn Ceiriog. The limestone is used largely, and exported cultivation; and the agricultural acreage was thus dis-extensively for building, fluxing, and agricultural purposes; tributed in the years 1873 and 1876-

and at Brymbo there is a fine layer of China stone. Thu sandstones of Cefu Rhuabon are wrought into grindstones, and the grit is used for millstones. The coal measures at Chirk, Rhuabon, and Brymbo are very productive, the number of collieries in 1875 being 61, and the quantity raised

Of the coru crops. oats occupy much the largest amount annually estimated at 1,379,560 tons. In close contiguity to of acreage, and of green crops, turnips.

the coal seams, ironstone is found; and the six furnaces in

blast at Rhuabon and at Brymbo (where John Wilkinson | chambered tomb containing skeletons, which, on compariwas the first to introduce the industry) produced (together son with a similar type found at Perthi Chwareu, gave with one in Flintshire) in the same year 55,099 tons of rise to the title of the "Platy cnemic Men of Denbighpig iron, valued at £232,000. Lead ore is another and shire." stall more important item; the most productive mine has been the Great Minera, which yields profits of about £30,000 a year. The seven mines in the county produced, in 1875, 2600 tons of lead ore, 1954 tons of lead, and 10,873 ounces of silver. One of the latest industries introduced has been the manufacture of dynamite in the valley of the Ceiriog. At the village of Llansantffraid, and at Llangollen, there are woollen factories.