jective (the word qualified, and the adverb or adjective qualifying it, are printed in italics):-"With regard to original composition, the youth should, previously to his taking up the pen, fix in his mind what object he has in view.' "Agreeably to this definition, I intend to offer to the reader's consideration some remarks." "Independently of his person, his nobility, his dignity, his relations, and friends, may be urged." "Three months' notice is required previously to a pupil's leaving the school;" here, is required is qualified, therefore, the adverb previously is used. In the sentence, "Three months' notice is required to be given previously to a pupil's leaving the school;" to be given is intended to be qualified, and, therefore, the adverb previously is here also properly employed. f. As a general rule, it must be observed, that when the subject is qualified, an adjective is employed, but when the manner of the verb is indicated, an adverb is used: as, "He feels warm;" that is, in a warm state." He feels warmly the insult offered to him." "He always appears (to be) neat." "He always dresses neatly.' "He lives free from care." "He lives freely at another's expense.' "William has grown (has become) great by his wisdom.' "He has grown greatly in repute.' "The statement seems (to be) exact." "The statement seems exactly in point." "It makes the plough go deep or shallow." This, as well as similar expressions, is elliptical; it may be expressed thus, "It makes the plough cut a deep or shallow furrow." "The rose smells sweet;" is sweet. "The plums taste sour;" have a sour taste. "How black the clouds looked;" were. "Correct thy heart, and all will go right;" that is, "be right." g. An adverb sometimes qualifies a whole clause; as, "Fortunately for us, the night was clear." 366. a. Such is applied to nouns to denote species or nature; as, "Such a scholar;" the adverb so signifies degree, and is applied to adjectives, verbs, or adverbs; as, "So great a scholar;" "trees so large." b. Though this mode may sometimes appear stiff, it is correct. Conversation and familiar writing frequently adopt a freer form, by using such in both instances; as, "Such brave men.' "Such generous actions."-" Men so brave," Actions so generous," will better suit the solemn and dignified styles. 99 66 c. Substantives are often used as adjectives; as, “A stone cistern;" A silver watch. These are sometimes connected by a hyphen, and sometimes not. The hyphen is used when both words are short; as, coal-mine, corn-mill. But when the words readily coalesce, or have a long-established association, the hyphen is not used; as, " Yorkshire, honeycomb." d. Sometimes the adjective becomes a substantive; as, "The chief good." Position of the Adjective. 367. The adjective is generally placed before its substantive; as, "A man.' The following cases are exceptions to this Rule: 1st. When some word or words are dependent on the adjective; as, ledge requisite for a statesman." 2nd. When the adjective is emphatical; as, "Alfred the Great." generous "Know 3rd. When several adjectives belong to one substantive, they may either precede or follow the substantive; as, “A learned, wise, and amiable man;' or, "A man learned, wise, and amiable." The longest adjective is generally placed the last. 4th. When the adjective is preceded by an adverb; as, “ A man conscientiously exact." When time, number, or dimension is specified, the adjective follows; as, "He is four years old;" (better "four years of age.") "An army twenty thousand strong;" "A wall three feet thick." 5th. The verb to be often separates the noun from its adjective; as, "Gaming is ruinous." 6th. When the adjective expresses some circumstance of a substantive placed after an active transitive verb; as, "Vanity often renders a man despicable." 7th. In an exclamatory sentence, the adjective generally precedes the substantive; as, "How contemptible are the pursuits of the gay!" "Great is our God." Sometimes the word all is emphatically put after a number of particulars comprehended under it; as, " Ambition, honour, interest, all concurred." RULE 9. PERSONAL PRONOUNS. LESSON 59. 368. a. Pronouns must agree with the nouns which they represent, in gender, number, and person; as, "Catiline and his party were despicable." "The boys were attentive to their lessons. b. In the following sentence," You draw the inspiring breath of ancient song, Till nobly rises, emulous thy own;" the pronouns you and thy refer to the same person, and should therefore be in the same number; thus, "Till nobly rises emulous your own." c. In the regal style, We, Our, are commonly used instead of I, mine; the same mode is adopted by editors of magazines, newspapers, &c. d. When a part of a sentence is the antecedent to a pronoun, the pronoun must be in the neuter gender, singular number, and third person; as, "Eli was too indulgent to his sons, which was a sin." 369. a. The noun and its pronoun must not be employed as nominatives to the same verb; thus, "The boy he is good," should be "The boy is good." b. Also, the noun and its pronoun must not be the objective to the same verb; thus, "The people, the Lord has destroyed them;" them is superfluous. 370. a. Personal Pronouns must not be used for these and those. Personal Pronouns are used instead of nouns; these and those have always nouns either expressed or understood; it is, therefore, improper to say, "Give me them books;" we should say, "Give me those books." b. At the beginning of a sentence, when there is a particular reference to an antecedent, they may be employed; as, "The generals have differed among themselves. They have referred the dispute to their sovereign." When there is no reference to an antecedent, but a noun is understood, those may be employed; as, "Those that sow in tears," that is, Those persons, &c. c. In the singular, however, we say either he who, the man who, or that man who. 371. a. It is and it was, are often used in a plural construction, to express the persons or things which may be the cause of any effect or event; as, "It was the seditious that caused the disturbance." It would, however, be better to say, "The seditious caused the disturbance." b. When the cause of any effect or event is not implied, this mode of expression jective (the word qualified, and the adverb or adjective qualifying it, are printed in italics):-"With regard to original composition, the youth should, previously to his taking up the pen, fix in his mind what object he has in view.' Agreeably to this definition, I intend to offer to the reader's consideration some remarks." "Independently of his person, his nobility, his dignity, his relations, and friends, may be urged." "Three months' notice is required previously to a pupil's leaving the school;" here, is required is qualified, therefore, the adverb previously is used. In the sentence, "Three months' notice is required to be given previously to a pupil's leaving the school;" to be given is intended to be qualified, and, therefore, the adverb previously is here also properly employed. f. As a general rule, it must be observed, that when the subject is qualified, an adjective is employed, but when the manner of the verb is indicated, an adverb is used: as, "He feels warm;" that is, in a warm state." He feels warmly the insult offered to him." "He always appears (to be) neat." "He always dresses neatly. "He lives free from care." "He lives freely at another's expense.' "William has grown (has become) great by his wisdom." "He has grown greatly in repute. 33 "The statement seems (to be) exact." "The statement seems exactly in point." "It makes the plough go deep or shallow." This, as well as similar expressions, is elliptical; it may be expressed thus, "It makes the plough cut a deep or shallow furrow." "The rose smells sweet;" is sweet. "The plums taste sour;" have a sour taste. "How black the clouds looked;" were. "Correct thy heart, and all will go right;" that is, "be right." g. An adverb sometimes qualifies a whole clause; as, “Fortunately for us, the night was clear." 366. a. Such is applied to nouns to denote species or nature; as, "Such a scholar;" the adverb so signifies degree, and is applied to adjectives, verbs, or adverbs; as, "So great a scholar;" "trees so large." b. Though this mode may sometimes appear stiff, it is correct. Conversation and familiar writing frequently adopt a freer form, by using such in both instances; as, "Such brave men." "Such generous actions."-" Men so brave," "Actions so generous, " will better suit the solemn and dignified styles. c. Substantives are often used as adjectives; as, "A stone cistern;" A silver watch. These are sometimes connected by a hyphen, and sometimes not.- The hyphen is used when both words are short; as, coal-mine, corn-mill. But when the words readily coalesce, or have a long-established association, the hyphen is not used; as, "Yorkshire, honeycomb." d. Sometimes the adjective becomes a substantive; as, "The chief good." Position of the Adjective. 367. The adjective is generally placed before its substantive; as, The following cases are exceptions to this Rule: man." "A generous 1st. When some word or words are dependent on the adjective; as, "Knowledge requisite for a statesman." 2nd. When the adjective is emphatical; as, "Alfred the Great." 3rd. When several adjectives belong to one substantive, they may either precede or follow the substantive; as, “A learned, wise, and amiable man;" or, "A man learned, wise, and amiable." The longest adjective is generally placed the last. 4th. When the adjective is preceded by an adverb; as, “A man conscientiously exact." When time, number, or dimension is specified, the adjective follows; as, "He is four years old;" (better "four years of age.") "An army twenty thousand strong;" "A wall three feet thick." 5th. The verb to be often separates the noun from its adjective; as, "Gaming is ruinous." 6th. When the adjective expresses some circumstance of a substantive placed after an active transitive verb; as, " Vanity often renders a man despicable.' 7th. In an exclamatory sentence, the adjective generally precedes the substantive; as, "How contemptible are the pursuits of the gay! "Great is our God." Sometimes the word all is emphatically put after a number of particulars comprehended under it; as, "Ambition, honour, interest, all concurred." RULE 9. PERSONAL PRONOUNS. LESSON 59. 368. a. Pronouns must agree with the nouns which they represent, in gender, number, and person; as, "Catiline and his party were despicable." "The boys were attentive to their lessons. b. In the following sentence, "You draw the inspiring breath of ancient song, Till nobly rises, emulous thy own;" the pronouns you and thy refer to the same person, and should therefore be in the same number; thus, "Till nobly rises emulous your own." c. In the regal style, We, Our, are commonly used instead of I, mine; the same mode is adopted by editors of magazines, newspapers, &c. d. When a part of a sentence is the antecedent to a pronoun, the pronoun must be in the neuter gender, singular number, and third person; as, "Eli was too indulgent to his sons, which was a sin." 369. a. The noun and its pronoun must not be employed as nominatives to the same verb; thus, "The boy he is good," should be "The boy is good." b. Also, the noun and its pronoun must not be the objective to the same verb; thus, "The people, the Lord has destroyed them;" them is superfluous. 370. a. Personal Pronouns must not be used for these and those. Personal Pronouns are used instead of nouns; these and those have always nouns either expressed or understood; it is, therefore, improper to say, "Give me them books;" we should say, "Give me those books." as, b. At the beginning of a sentence, when there is a particular reference to an antecedent, they may be employed; "The generals have differed among themselves. They have referred the dispute to their sovereign." When there is no reference to an antecedent, but a noun is understood, those may be employed; as, "Those that sow in tears," that is, Those persons, &c. c. In the singular, however, we say either he who, the man who, or that man | who. 371. a. It is and it was, are often used in a plural construction, to express the persons or things which may be the cause of any effect or event; as, "It was the seditious that caused the disturbance." It would, however, be better to say, "The seditious caused the disturbance." b. When the cause of any effect or event is not implied, this mode of expression should be, "His assertions are true, though they are paradoxical.”—c. A noun of time is also sometimes used in the plural after it is; as, " It is now three months since I saw him." 372. a. The words than and as do not govern any case of a pronoun, but the pronoun is either the nominative case to some verb, or the objective governed by a verb or preposition; thus, "Wiser than I (am)." "He respected him more than me;" that is, "more than he respected me.” Were we to say, "He respected him more than 1;” it would mean, "than I respected him.” b. Than should not govern who in the objective; thus, "Than whom" should be "Than he." 373. a. The interjections, O! Oh! Ah! are followed by the objective case of a pronoun of the first person; as, "Oh me!" "Ah me!" but by the nominative case of the pronoun in the second person; as, “O thou, who dwellest.” b. Oh is used to express the emotion of pain, sorrow, or surprise, and is detached from the word; as, "Oh! the deceitfulness of sin ! c. O is used to express wishing, exclamation, or a direct address to a person, and is generally prefixed only to a noun or pronoun; as, "O virtue!" 374. a. In the position of the personal pronouns, the second is placed before the third and first, and the first is placed the last; as, "Thou and he;" "Thou and I;" "He and I;" "You and I." b. The neuter pronoun it is sometimes understood; thus, we say, "As appears;' that is, "as it appears." It is sometimes employed to express-First, The subject of any discourse or inquiry; as, "It has happened unfortunately;" "Who was it that spoke to him?" Second, The state or condition of any person or thing; as, "How is it with you?" Third, The persons or things that may be the cause of any effect or event; as, "It was I;" "It was thou;" "It was he who did it;" "It was either the man or woman that spoke;" "It was he who assisted them." 375. a. The relative must be in the same number and person as its antecedent, and the verb must agree with it accordingly; as, " He is unworthy of confidence who has betrayed his trust." "The men, who officiated, were very kind." b. In the former sentence, he is the antecedent, and who the relative; in the latter sentence, men is the antecedent, and who the relative. The relative is of the same gender as its antecedent; but, in English, it undergoes no variation of form to express either gender or number. 376. a. The Relative is the nominative case, when it is the subject of the verb; in the possessive, when it denotes the possessor; and in the objective, when it is the object |