part of a word which does not form a syllable; thus, it is improper to write u in one line and pon in the next, instead of up-on; or delight for de-light; co-nvince for con-vince; bu-ild for build. Either insert the whole word, or such a division as can be made according to the preceding rules. The syllable at the end of the line requires a hyphen (-) to connect it with the remainder of the word given at the beginning of the next line, as in the word de-light.

2. Rules for final and additional Syllables.

LESSONS 6, 7, 8, 9.

46. Rule 1. a.-Monosyllables ending with f, l, or s, preceded by a single vowel, have those consonants doubled; as, muff, ball, loss; except as, goes, has, his, if, of, is, this, thus, us, was, yes.

b. But monosyllables not ending with f, l, or s, preceded by a single vowel, preserve their final consonant single; as, man, fur, fox; except add, bunn, butt, buzz, ebb, egg, fuzz, inn, odd, purr.

c. A final consonant, preceded by a diphthong, or by another consonant, is not doubled; as, beef, coal, scarf. But u following q, or g, doubles the consonant; as, guess, quill.

d. Words of more than one syllable have the final consonant generally single, if preceded by a single vowel; as, alabaster; except words ending in ƒ or s, which are doubled; as, rebuff, harness.

e. Chard is used as a final letter only in words of more than one syllable, when i or ia precedes it, as physic, maniac;-in monosyllables, it is always followed by k, as, duck, trick; except lac, zinc. In derivatives also, c is followed by k, when the pronunciation requires it; as, traffic, trafficker; frolic, frolicking.

47. Rule 2. a. Words ending in y, preceded by a vowel, retain the y upon taking any augment; as, boy, boy-s, boy-ish; joy, joy-ful; annoy, annoy-ance.

Except slain, saith, with laid, paid, said, and their compounds, unlaid, unpaid, unsaid.

b. But words ending in y, preceded by a consonant. change the y into i, upon assuming an augment; and also in forming the plurals of nouns, the persons of verbs, verbal nouns, past participles, comparatives, and superlatives; as, happy, happ-ily, happ-iness; duty, dut-ies; try, tri-est; carry, carr-ier, carr-ied; holy, hol-ier, hol-iest. -c. But ing and ish retain the y that i may not be doubled; as, carr-y, carry-ing; baby, bab-y-ish.

d. The termination ty is changed into te before the affix ous; as, bounty bount-eous.

48. Rule 3. a. -Words ending in silent e retain the e on receiving an additional syllable beginning with a consonant; as, pale, pale-ness; abate, abate-ment. Except in du-ly, tru-ly, aw-ful, judg-ment, abridg-ment, acknowledg-ment, lodg-ment, argu-ment, and wholly, in which the final e is rejected.

b. Words ending in silent e reject the e when the additional syllable begins with a vowel (as ing, ish, able, y, &c.); as, place, plac-ing; cure, cur-able; slave, slav-ish; rose, ros-y.

c. But when e is preceded by e or g soft, and also in the words sale and tithe, it is retained before able and ous, but not before ible; as, peace, peace-able; charge, charge-able; courage, courage-ous; sale, sale-able; tithe, tithe-able. But reduce, reduc-ible; and also practic-able, gracious, spacious, from practice, grace, space.

d. E is changed into i before ty; as, humāne, human-ity; except surety, safety, duty: final ie is changed into y before an affix beginning with i; as, die, dy-ing. e. The e is retained in a few words when receiving an augment beginning with a vowel, to prevent ambiguity; as, in singe-ing, from singe, to scorch, to distinguish it from singing, the participle of sing; and in dyeing, colouring, to distinguish it from dyiny of a disease.

f. Words ending in ee omit one e when the additional syllable begins with e; as, see, seeth; but retain it before ing and able; as, see-ing, free-ing, agree-able. 49. Rule 4. a. Monosyllables and words accented on the last syllable, ending with a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, upon assuming another syllable beginning with a vowel, have the final consonant doubled; as, scan, scan-ning; mud, mud-dy; to begin', a begin'-ner; to remit', a remit'-tance.

b. But when a diphthong precedes the final consonant, or the accent is not on the last syllable, the consonant is not doubled; as, boil, boil-ing; need, need-y; to vis ́-it, a vis'iter; to táper, táper-ing. But woollen, woolly.-c. No doubling takes place before a consonant augment; thus, blot, blot-s.

d. Words ending in / or p, though not accented on the last syllable, have frequently, but very improperly, the 7 or p doubled; as, traveller, worshipper. The land p ought, in these instances, to be single.-The influence of the accent will be seen from the following:- confér, conférr-ing, confer-ence.

e. The following will illustrate the entire rule:

1. a. Consonant doubled.

2. b. Consonant single.

Blot,
Blot-test,

permit', repel',

Blot-ting,

permit'-test, repel-lest.
permit'-ting repel-ling.

Deal-est,

recoil-est,

súffer.est.

Deal-ing,

recoil-ing,

suffer-ing.

Blot-ted,

permit-ted, repel-led.

Deal-ed,

recoil-ed,

suffer-ed.

Blot-ter,

permit-ter, repel-ler.

Deal-er,

recoil-er,

suffer-er.

Mud-dy,

sun-ny, fen-ny.

Rain-y,

gloom.y

leak-y.

3. With a consonantal augment-Blot-s; seal-s; suffer-s.

50. Rule 5. a. Words ending in any double consonant except ll, retain both consonants upon assuming an augment, beginning either with a vowel or a consonant; as, stiff-ly from stiff, odd-ity from odd, harmlessness from harmless.

b. But words ending in ll, generally, if not always, drop one before a consonant; as, before ness, less, ly, and ful; as, full, ful-ness; skill, skil-less, skil-ful. But illness, still-ness, shrill-ness, small-ness, tall-ness, and words in all, are exceptions.

51. Rule 6. a. Compound words are generally spelled in the same manner as the simple words of which they are composed; as, glass-house, there-by, up-hill.-b. But words ending in ll in their simples, generally drop one 7, when joined to other words; as, al-mighty, al-ready, always, hand-ful.-c. But, when all, hill, mill, and well, form the termination of a compound word, the ll is generally preserved; as, in re-call, be-fall, up-hill, wind-mill, fare-well. So also in words in which the union is only partial; as, all-sufficient.

52. a. Much has been done of late to reduce the orthography of the English language to a greater degree of uniformity; but the deviations from analogy, though greatly diminished, are still numerous. A perfect uniformity of spelling would render the acquisition of the language not only easier to foreigners, but also to our own countrymen.

b. The words of the English language having been derived from such a variety of sources, a question might be raised whether all words terminating in syllables of the same or nearly the same sound should be spelled with the same letters. Uniformity would certainly plead for such a mode, and would prevail, were not respectable usage as well as derivation frequently at variance with such a plan. In cases of this kind the only safe principle which can be adopted is to reduce, under one uniform mode of termination, all words which can be so classified without violating established usage, or the just principles of derivation. Thus,

1. Words formerly ending in ie in the singular, as glorie, bountie, retain the ie only in the plural, and change it into y in the singular; as, bounty, bounties.

2. Many words derived from the French, and which formerly ended in re, have now substituted er for re; as, chamber, disaster, but the following retain re, as metre, mitre, nitre, spectre, sceptre, theatre, sepulchre, centre. The derivatives of these are spelled in the same manner; as, mitred, nitrous, sceptred.

3. Shortly after the revival of letters in Europe, many words in Latin terminating in or, and French words terminating in eur, were introduced into English by changing or and eur into our; thus, errour, honour. This practice was adopted by Johnson in his dictionary. Since his day, the rejection of u is very properly becoming the custom of good writers; thus, error, author, honor. The following words, however, are written with u, as neighbour, succour, vigour. In all the adjectives of these words, u has for some time been omitted; as, laborious, erroneous, honor.able, author-itative, vigor-ous.

4. Much irregularity prevails with regard to words ending in or and er; thus, some would write instructor, others instructer. The termination or in these words is becoming more general; as, visitor, cultivator, objector. Sometimes er implies a difference of meaning; thus, sailor, a mariner, sailer is applied to a vessel.

5. Words ending in ense or ence. Uniformity would recommend ense, but cus

recompence. But in all the derivatives s is employed-defensive, expensive offensive, pretension, recompensing.

6. Many words formerly ending in ant, ance, are now written with ent, ence; as, dependent, dependence. Those which formerly began with en are now frequently written with in; as inquire. But en is retained in many, as, entice, entire. At present, there are two adjectives, dependant, in the power of another, and dependent, hanging from. Dependent, the noun, means one who lives in subjection to another, a retainer.

7. When a verb ends in se or sy, its corresponding noun must end in ce or sy; thus, advise, advice; to practise, a practice; to devise, a device; to prophesy, a prophecy.

8. Many verbs end in ise or ize. The spelling of the primitive, when known' should be adopted; but when not, uniformity would recommend the use of ise though custom (especially in words derived from the Greek) inclines to ize; as, civilize. Another reason for preferring ise is, that many of the nouns of these verbs end in ism; as, galvanism, anglicism.

9. With respect to the termination ction or rion in many nouns, the former is preferable; as, connection, inflection, reflection.

10. In the words befall, recall, install, enthrall, it has been recommended that the double / should be retained, as it forms a guide to the correct pronunciation of these words.

11. New terms introduced must conform as much as possible to orthographical analogy; thus, systemize from system is preferable to systematize; as in modernize, civilize, &c.

12. Many words are now spelled differently from what they were some time ago: thus choose, jail, are used in preference to chuse, gaol, which are obsolete in all good works.

13. Dr. Johnson's Dictionary has, hitherto, been considered the standard for the signification, and Walker's for the pronunciation of words. But as Johnson's Dictionary contains many orthographical inconsistencies which ought to be rectified, several modern writers have, with great propriety, deviated in these instances from his mode of spelling. Dr. Webster, of New York, lately published an elaborate Dictionary of the English language, in which he has avoided the irregularities of Johnson's orthography, and improved his definitions. But time alone will show to what extent these alterations will be adopted. An improved edition of Walker, by Mr. Smart, has recently appeared. Richardson's Dictionary (large) has obtained some celebrity. Maunder's Dictionary (small) possesses considerable merit.

Directions for acquiring a Knowledge of Orthography.

LESSON 10.

53. Direction 1. - Let the Rules and Observations given from No. 43. to 52. be carefully impressed on the memory, and applied not only to the correction of the assigned Exercises, but whenever opportunity occurs, till the whole is quite familiarized to the mind.

54. Direction 2.- The practice of Dictation should be regularly pursued.

Too much importance cannot be attached to the advantages resulting from this mode. Many persons are able to spell well orally, but fail to do so in writing. Practice alone will obviate this.

55. Direction 3. -The Transcription or Dictation of lists of difficult words, or words liable to be mis-spelled. Of this kind are the following:

1. Words similar in sound, but different in spelling and signification; as,

Adze, s. a cooper's axe.

Ale, s. strong beer.

Altar, s. of a church;

Aught, s. anything;

Practice, s. the habit of doing anything;
Pop'ulace, s. the common people;

Adds, v. does add, joins ;
Ail, v. to feel pain or grief;
Alter, v. to change.

Ought, v. what one is obliged by duty.
Practise, v. to do habitually.
Populous, a. full of people.

2. Words differently spelled, but pronounced nearly alike; as,

Accidence, s. the rudiments of Grammar; Accidents, s. unforeseen events.

3. Words of similar sound, but differing in respect of

aspiration and import; as,

Add, v. to join ;
Arm, s. a limb;
At, prep. near;

Ill, a. bad, sick;

Had, v. past tense of have.
Harm, s. injury.

Hat, s. covering for the head.
Hill, s. high land.

4. Words spelled alike, but differently pronounced and

applied, according to the accent; as,

Ab'-sent, a. not present;
August, s. the eighth month;

Min'-ute, s. sixtieth part of an hour;
Des'-ert, s. a waste;

Ab-sent', v. to keep away.
Au-gust', a. great, majestic.
Mi-nute, a. small, slender,

De-sert', v. to leave when one is wanted.

5. Words accented on the same syllable, but whose Orthography or Pronunciation, or both, are changed by a