it separate better. The three last receipts were given me by a lady who had passed the greater part of her life in India, and who had them from native cooks.

2170. INDIAN SYRUP.-(A delicious summer drink.) Five pounds of lump sugar, two ounces of citric acid, a gallon of boiling water: when cold add half a drachm of essence of lemon and half a drachm of spirits of wine, stir it well and bottle it. About two table-spoonfuls to a glass of cold water. 2171. CHUTNEY.-One pound of salt, one pound of mustard seed, one pound of stoned raisins, one pound of brown sugar, twelve ounces of garlic, six ounces of cayenne pepper, two quarts of unripe gooseberries, two quarts of best vinegar. The mustard seed, gently dried and bruised; the sugar made into a syrup with a pint of the vinegar; the gooseberries dried and boiled in a quart of the vinegar; the garlic to be well bruised in a mortar. When cold, gradually mix the whole in a large mortar, and with the remaining vinegar thoroughly amalgamate them. To be tied down close, the longer kept the better. This is excellent.

2172. CURING OF HAMS AND BACON.-It is simply to use the same quantity of common soda as saltpetre one ounce and a half of each to the fourteen pounds of ham or bacon, using the usual quantity of salt. The soda prevents that hardness in the lean of the bacon which is so often found, and keeps it quite mellow all through, besides being a preventive of reast. This receipt has been very extensively tried amongst my acquaintance for the last fifteen years, and invariably approved.

2173. COL. BIRCH'S RECEIPT for rheumatic gout or acute rheumatism, commonly called the CHELSEA PENSIONER.-Half an ounce of nitre (saltpetre), half an ounce of sulphur, half an ounce of flower of mustard, half an ounce of Turkey rhubarb, quarter of an ounce of

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powdered gum guaiacum. Mix. A teaspoonful to be taken every other night for three nights, and omit three nights, in a wine-glassful of cold water,-water which has been well boiled.

2174. OINTMENT FOR THE PILES or Hæmorrhoids.-Take of hogs' lard, four ounces, camphor two drachms, powdered galls, one ounce, laudanum, half an ounce. Mix; make an ointment to be applied every night at bed-time.

2175. OINTMENT FOR SORE NIPPLES.-Take of tincture of tolu two drachms, spermaceti ointment half an ounce; powdered gum two drachms. Mix. Make an ointment. The white of an egg mixed with brandy is the best application for sore nipples; the person should at the same time use a nipple shield.

2176. OINTMENT FOR BROKEN CHILBLAINS or CHAPPED HANDS, &c., -Sweet oil, one pint; Venice turpentine, three ounces; hogs' lard, half a pound; bees' wax, three ounces. Put all into a pipkin over a slow fire, and stir it with a wooden spoon till the bees' wax is all melted, and the ingredients simmer. It is fit for use as soon as cold, but the longer it is kept the better it will be. It must be spread very thin on soft rag, or (for chaps or cracks) rubbed on the hands when you go to bed. A visitor to a large poor district has never known this to fail.

2177. FOR A COUGH.-Syrup of poppies, oxymel of squills, simple oxymel, in equal parts, mixed, and a teaspoonful taken when the cough is troublesome. It is best to have it made up by a chemist. The cost is trifling.

2178. BUGS.-Spirits of naphtha rubbed with a small painter's brush into every part of a bedstead is a certain way of getting rid of bugs. The mattrass and binding of the bed should be examined, and the same process attended to, as they generally harbour more in these parts than in the bedstead. Three pennyworth of naphtha is sufficient for one bed.

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2179. WASHING.-(Supremacy of soap-suds over lime-(See 272, 342, 1293.) To save your linen and your labour, pour on half a pound of soda two quarts of boiling water, in an earthenware pan; take half a pound of soap, shred fine; put it into a saucepan with two quarts of cold water; stand it on a fire till it boils; and when perfectly dissolved and boiling, add it to the former. Mix it well, and let it stand till cold, when it has the appearance of a strong jelly. Let your linen be soaked in water, the seams and any other dirty part rubbed in the usual way, and remain till the following morning. Get your copper ready and add to the water about a pint basin full; when lukewarm put in your linen and allow it to boil twenty minutes. Rinse it in the usual way, and that is all which is necessary to get it clean and to keep it in good colour. The above receipt is invaluable to housekeepers. If you have not tried it, do so without delay.

2180. LEECH BAROMETER.Take an eight-ounce phial, and put in it three gills of water, and place in it a healthy leech, changing the water in summer once a week, and in winter once in a fortnight, and it will most accurately prognosticate the weather. If the weather is to be fine, the leech lies motionless at the bottom of the glass, and coiled together in a spiral form; if rain may be expected, it will creep up to the top of its lodgings and remain there till the weather is settled; if we are to have wind, it will move through its habitation with amazing swiftness, and seldom goes to rest till it begins to blow hard; if a remarkable storm of thunder and rain is to succeed, it will lodge for some days before almost continually out of the water, and discover great uneasiness in violent throes and convulsive-like motions; in frost as in clear summer-like weather it lies constantly at the bottom; and in snow as in rainy weather it pitches its dwelling in the very mouth of the

phial. The top should be covered over with a piece of muslin.

2181. LIFE BELTS.--An excellent and cheap life belt, for persons proceeding to sea, bathing in dangerous places, or learning to swim, may be thus made :-Take a yard and three quarters of strong jean, double, and divide it into nine compartments. Let there be a space of two inches after each third compartment. Fill the compartments with very fine cuttings of cork, which may be made by cutting up old corks, or (still better) purchased at the corkcutters. Work ilot holes at the bottom of each compartment to let the water drain out. Attach a neck-band and waist strings of stout boot-web, and sew them on strongly.

2182. ANOTHER. Cut open an old boa, or victorine, and line it with fine cork-cuttings instead of wool. For ladies going to sea these are excellent, as they may be worn in stormy weather, without giving appearance of alarm in danger. They may be fastened to the body by ribands or tapes, of the colour of the fur. Gentlemen's waistcoats may be lined the same way.

2183. PURE AND CHEAP BREAD. -Our informant states that for more than twelve months he has ground his own flour by a small hand-mill, which produces 171b. of good meal bread for 20lb. of wheat (quite good enough for any one to eat), and that since himself and family have used this bread they have never had occasion for medical advice. They also use the same meal for puddings, &c. price of a mill is £4. 10s. There are mills which grind and dress the wheat at the operation. To grind 20lbs. of wheat would take a boy, or a ser vant, about forty or fifty minutes. Such mills can be obtained at the agricultural machinery department of the Crystal Palace, or at 266, High Holborn.

The

The saving in the cost of bread amounts to nearly one-third, which would soon cover the cost of the mill, and effect a most important sav.

ing, besides promoting health, by avoiding the evil effects of adulterated flour. (See 113, 461, and 2077).

2184. PEASE POWDER.-Pound in a marble mortar half an ounce each of dried mint and sage, a drachm of celery seed, and a quarter of a drachm of cayenne papper; rub them together through a fine sieve. This gives a very savoury relish to pease soup and to gruel, which, by its help, if the eater of it has not the most lively imagination, he may fancy he is sipping good pease soup. A drachm of allspice, or black pepper, may be pounded with the above as an addition, or instead of the cayenne. 2185. HORSERADISH POWDER.The time to make this is during November and December; slice it the thickness of a shilling, and lay it to dry very gradually in a Dutch oven (a strong heat soon evaporates its flavour); when dry enough, pound it and bottle it.

2186. DOMESTIC SURGERY. This will comprise such hints and advice as will enable any one to act on an emergency, or in ordinary trivial accidents requiring simple treatment; and also to distinguish between serious and simple accidents, and the best means to adopt in all cases that are likely to fall under a person's notice. These hints will be of the utmost value to the heads of families, to emigrants, and to persons who are frequently called upon to attend upon the sick. We strongly recommend the Parent, Emigrant, or Nurse, to read over these directions occasionally, to regard it as a duty to do so at least three or four times a year, so as to be prepared for emergencies whenever they may arise. When accidents occur, people are too excited to acquire immediately a knowledge of what they should do; and many lives have been lost for want of this knowledge. Study, therefore, at moderate intervals the Domestic Surgery, Treatment of Poisons, Rules for the Prevention of Accidents, How to Escape from Fires, the Domestic Pharma

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copæia, &c., which will be found in various pages of Enquire Within. And let it be impressed upon your mind that THE INDEX will enable you to refer to anything you may require IN A MOMENT. Don't trouble to hunt through the pages; but when you wish to ENQUIRE WITHIN, remember that the INDEX is the knocker, by which the door of knowledge may be opened. Such things as may require further elucidation will be treated of in The Monthly Interview.

2187.-1. DRESSINGS.-Dressings are substances usually applied to parts for the purpose of soothing, promoting their reunion when divided, protecting them from external injuries, as a means of applying various medicines, to absorb. discharges, protect the surrounding parts and securing cleanliness.

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2188. Certain instruments are quired for the application of dressings in domestic surgery, viz.-Scissors, a pair of tweezers, or simple forceps, a knife, needles and thread, a razor, a lancet, a piece of lunar caustic in a quill, and a sponge.

2189. The materials required for dressings consist of lint, scraped linen, carded cotton, tow, ointment spread on calico, adhesive plaster, compresses, pads, poultices, old rags of linen or calico, and water.

2190. The following rules should be attended to in applying dressings:-1. Always prepare the new dressings before removing the old one. 2. Always have hot and cold water at hand, and a vessel to place the foul dressings in. 3. Have one or more persons at hand ready to assist, and tell each person what they are to do before you commence, it prevents confusion; thus one is to wash out and hand the sponges, another to heat the adhesive plaster, or hand the bandages and dressings, and, if requisite, a third to support the limb, &c. 4. Always stand on the outside of a limb to dress it. 5. Place the patient in as easy a position as possible, so as not to fatigue him.

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6. Arrange the bed after changing the dressings, but in some cases you will have to do so before the patient is placed on it. 7. Never be in a hurry when applying dressings, do it quietly. 8. When a patient requires moving from one bed to another, the best way is for one person to stand on each side of the patient, and each to place an arm behind his back, while he passes his arms over their necks, then let their other arms be passed under his thighs, and by holding each others' hands, the patient can be raised with ease, and removed to another bed. If the leg is injured a third person should steady it, and if the arm, the same precaution should be adopted. Sometimes a stout sheet is passed under the patient, and by several people holding the sides, the patient is lifted without any fatigue or much disturbance.

2191. Lint may be made in a hurry, by nailing the corners of a piece of old linen to a board, and scraping its surface with a knife. It is used either alone or spread with ointment. Scraped lint is the fine filaments from ordinary lint, and is used to stimulate ulcers and absorb discharges; it is what the French call Charpie.

2192. Scraped Lint is made into various shapes, for particular purposes. For example, when it is screwed up into a conical or rude-like shape, it is called a tent, and is used to dilate fistulous openings, so as to allow the matter to escape freely, to plug wounds, so as to promote the formation of a clot of blood, and thus arrest bleeding. When it is rolled into little balls they are called boulettes, and are used for absorbing matter in cavities, or blood in wounds. Another useful form is made by rolling a mass of scraped lint into a long roll, and then tying it in the middle with a piece of thread; the middle is then doubled and pushed into a deep-seated wound so as to press upon the bleeding vessel, while the ends remain loose and assist in forming a clot, or it is used in deep-seated

ulcers to absorb the matter and keep the edges apart. This form is called the bourdonnet. Another form is called the pelote, which is merely a ball of scaped lint tied up in a piece of linen rag, commonly called a dabber. This is used in the treatment of protrusion of the navel in children.

2193. Carded Cotton is used as a dressing for superficial burns, and care should be taken to free it from specks, as flies are apt to lay their eggs there, and generate maggots.

2194. Tow is chiefly employed as a padding for splints, as compresses, and also as an outer dressing where there is much discharge from a surface.

2195. Ointments are spread on calicoes, lint, or even thin layers of tow by means of a knife; they should not be spread too thick.

2196. Adhesive Plaster is cut into strips, ranging in width according to the nature of the wound, &c., but the usual width is about three-quarters of an inch. Isinglass plaster is not so irritating as diachylon, and is more easily removed.

2197. Compresses are made of pieces of linen, calico, lint, or tow, doubled or cut into various shapes. They are used to confine dressings in their places, and to apply an equal pressure on parts. They should be free from darns, hems, and knots. Ordinary compresses are square, oblong, and triangular. The pierced compress, is made by folding up a square piece of linen five or six times on itself, and then nicking the surface with scissors, so as to cut out small pieces. It is then opened out, and spread with ointment. It is applied to discharging surfaces, for the purpose of allowing the matter to pass freely through the holes, and is frequently covered with a thin layer of tow. Compresses are also made in the shape of a Maltese cross, and half a cross, sometimes split singly, and at other times doubly; or they are graduated by placing square pieces of folded cloth on one another, so arranged that they de

crease in size each time. They are used for keeping up pressure upon certain parts.

2198. Pads are made by sewing tow inside pieces of linen, or folding linen and sewing the pieces together. They are used to keep off pressure from parts, such as that caused by splints in fractures. 2199. Poultices are usually made of linseed-meal, oatmeal, or bread, either combined with water and other fluids; sometimes they are made of carrots, charcoal, potatoes, yeast, and linseedmeal, mustard, &c., but the best and most economical kind of poultice is a fabric made of sponge and wool felted together, and backed by Indian-rubber. It is called "Markwick's Patent Spongiopiline." It gained a prize medal at the Great Exhibition. The method of using this poultice is as follows:-"A piece of the material of the required form and size is cut off, and the edges are pared or bevelled off with a pair of scissors, so that the caoutchouc may come in contact with the surrounding skin in order to prevent evaporation of the fluid used; for, as it only forms the vehicle, we can employ the various poultices generally used with much less expenditure of time and money, and increased cleanliness. For example, a vinegar poultice is made by moistening the fabric with distilled vinegar; an alum poultice, by using a strong solution of alum; a charcoal poultice, by sprinkling powdered charcoal on the moistened surface of the material; a yeast poultice, by using warmed yeast, and moistening the fabric with hot water, which is to be well squeezed out previous to the absorption of the yeast; a beer poultice, by employing warm porter-dregs or strong beer as the fluid; and a carrot poultice, by using the expressed and evaporated liquor of boiled carrots. The material costs about one-farthing a square inch, and may be obtained of the chemist. As a fomentation it is most invaluable, and by moistening the material with compound camphor liniment or hartshorn, it acts the same as

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a mustard poultice. Full directions will, no doubt, be supplied to those who purchase the material, if inquired for.

2200. BANDAGES.-Bandages are strips of calico, linen, flannel, muslin, elasticwebbing, bunting, or some other substance of various lengths, such as three, four, eight, ten, or twelve yards, and one, one-and-a-half, two, two-and-a-half, three, four, or six inches wide, free from hems or darns; soft and unglazed. They are better after they have been washed. Their uses are to retain dressings, apparatus, or parts of the body in their proper positions, support the soft parts, and maintain equal pressure.

2201. Bandages are simple and compound; the former are simple slips rolled up tightly like a roll of ribbon. There is also another simple kind which is rolled from both ends,—this is called a double-headed bandage. The compound bandages are formed of many pieces.

2202. Bandages for the head should be two inches wide and five yards long; for the neck two inches wide and three yards long; for the arm, two inches wide and seven yards long; for the leg, two inches and-a-half wide and seven yards long; for the thigh, three inches wide and eight yards long; and for the body, four or six inches wide and ten or twelve yards long.

2203. To apply a single-headed bandage, lay the outside of the end next to the part to be bandaged, and to hold the roll between the little, ring, and middle fingers, and the palm of the left hand, using the thumb and fore-finger of the same hand to guide it, and the right hand to keep it firm, and pass the bandage partly round the leg towards the left hand. It is sometimes necessary to reserve this order, and therefore it is well to be able to use both hands. Particular parts require a different method of applying bandages, and therefore we shall describe the most useful separately, and there are different ways of putting on the same bandage, which consist in the manner the folds