24. The influence of health on a man's career.

25. Habits of economy.

26. The value of a good reputation.

27. The possibilities to a man who might live and retain his faculties 1000 years.

230. Public Speaking.

1. Public extemporaneous speaking is the delivery of sentiment without previous written preparation.

2. The speaker employs the same elements as in conversation, but upon an enlarged scale. To these he may, as occasion requires, add depth and fullness to his quality, producing the grand tones of the Orotund; he may increase his force, raise his pitch, and indulge in a greater variety of stress, movement, and pauses than in ordinary conversation. In addition to these departures he may energize and embellish his delivery by gesture and facial expression; and, generally, he may play upon the accidental elements in arousing the emotions of an audience more than would be proper in the most animated conversation.

3. Of all professions recognized by civilized man, probably none requires in its perfection so many and varied accomplishments as that of oratory. The public lecturer who leads the van in the march of science for the improvement of society, the statesman, who guards the nation's rights and shapes his country's destiny, the man of God, who seeks to purify the human heart and save a fallen race - all must wield the wondrous power of speech.

4. How far the orators of the past have possessed

this comprehensive art of arts is largely answered in the social, governmental, and religious freedom of the nineteenth century.

231. General Requisites.

1. The orator should have a liberal education. 2. He should be actuated by the noblest impulses. 3. He should be endowed with the highest attributes of humanity.

4. He should possess the most extended information upon all subjects. To this end, he should have frequent practice in reading, conversation, speaking and writing.

5. Every physical organ should be subordinate to the will.

6. The summation of all these qualifications, Cicero tells us, marks the perfect man.

232. Specific Rules for Extemporaneous Speaking. 1. Have something to say worth hearing.

2. Know more of your subject than do any of your auditors.

3. Be wide awake and thoroughly in earnest.
4. Believe and feel intensely all you say.

5. Merge yourself into the thoughts you are uttering.

6. Look into the eyes of your hearers, not over their heads.

7. Cultivate facility and elegance of expression by using good language at all times.

8. Endeavor to hold your hearers that they may not wander from the subject.

SPECIFIC RULES FOR EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEAKING. 301

9. Be yourself: you can not personate another with your ideas.

10. Never lose control of your thoughts, your breath, or your speech.

11. Avoid all forms of slang: no speaker ever exhausted the English language.

12. Have a complete mastery of all the elements of elocution thus your body and limbs are made subjective to the mental powers.

13. Think only of what you are going to say: your grammar, rhetoric and elocution will suggest the

manner.

14. If you have five or ten minutes for preparation, think of the proposition only.

15. Command a faultless articulation, an accurate pronunciation, and an absolute control of the essential elements of vocal expression.

16. Carefully study the speeches known to be extemporaneous of eminent orators: consider the time, place, and circumstance of their delivery.

17. Study the models furnished by Demosthenes, Cicero, Fox, Sheridan, Burke, Webster and Clay.

18. Avoid great force in the beginning by studied distinctness and deliberate movement. Your audience must be led by measured tones of persuasion gradually up to the more intensified forms of expression.

19. In passing from one sentiment or emotion to another, strive to feel the emotion before attempting its utterance; words without feeling awake no responsive chord among your hearers.

20. Commit and frequently recite aloud a few excellent passages abounding in decided sentiment, absorbing emotion and vehement passion. The possession of the words gives the mind opportunity to dwell upon the thoughts, and thus their frequent conception and utterance trains the nerves, muscles and vocal organs to command the required expression at will

21. Stop the moment you are done.

233. Speaking from Notes.

1. When the speaker has sufficient time to collect and arrange his thoughts, he should endeavor to think of all he wishes to say upon the subject, and write the heads of his thoughts as they occur, and afterward arrange them in the most appropriate order.

2. In general, the most pleasing and entertaining matter should appear first. The auditors are never so critical as when the speaker steps upon the platform. An unfavorable impression once made is too difficult to overcome to justify the speaker's giving it an occasion.

3. The closing thoughts should possess merit and originality, and should be spoken with such sincerity, vigor and eloquence that an audience shall respect at least the advocate, if not the sentiment he utters.

4. Do not be tedious. Do not labor to exhaust your theme. When you can no longer talk without stopping to think what next to say, you are done, and should stop at once.

KEY

Containing the appropriate elements with which the selections found in this book and numbered should be read.

In all dramatic selections, that is, such as involve personation, — the elements are varied and subject to many changes. To such the predominant elements only are given.

The sign (+) after a Quality, indicates a tendency toward the Orotund if it be a normal quality, or toward the Pectoral if it be an abnormal quality; after Force, an increase; after Pitch, an elevation; after Movement, an increase. The sign (-) after the Quality, shows a tendency toward the Pure Tone or toward the Aspirate; after Force, a decrease; after Pitch, a depression; after Movement, a slower rate.