the lungs, then exhale through the mouth gently and gradually in the sound of the letter h, giving out only sufficient breath to keep the sound audible.

8. EXPULSIVE BREATHING. Inhale as before, and expel the air forcibly but gradually through the mouth in the sound of the letter h.

9. EXPLOSIVE BREATHING. Inhale as before to your utmost capacity, and send forth the breath from the mouth as suddenly as possible in the sound of the letter h.

SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS.

1. Of the foregoing exercises, the Abdominal Method is the most important.

2. Keep the chest expanded at all times; be careful not to elevate the shoulders.

3. Breathe fully and vigorously pure air; this will give you increased mental energy and activity.

4. The abdominal walls should be supported by the abdominal muscles.

5. Permit no air to enter the mouth; inhale through the nostrils. Gaping and yawning result from imperfect respiration; attention to proper breathing for a few months will dispense with their necessity.

6. Do not read or speak when the lungs are exhausted. 7. Waste no breath; use a pure tone quality. [See 46.]

8. Acquire such control of respiration that you can utter three hundred syllables without taking breath. TEST: Read the 1st and 2nd paragraphs of "Two BOOT-BLACKS," or all of No. 11, page 52, in one breath.

MISCELLANEOUS RESPIRATORY EXERCISES.

1. The following breathing exercises are designed, in connection with appropriate calisthenics and gesture, to develop a strong, vigorous physique, intellectual activity, and command of voice, and to protect the student from lung and throat diseases.

2. To secure the greatest benefit from their practice they should receive constant attention. In order that the student may practice some method at all times without interference with other duties, they are made to embrace the utmost variety of forms of respiration. He who aspires to the greatest command of his natural powers should attend to all.

3. Stand erect; expand and project the chest; do not elevate the shoulders; inhale through the nostrils. This position is termed active chest; maintain it in standing, walking, and sitting.

4. When walking assume the active chest. Hold the shoulders firm. Imagine yourself drawn forward by some unseen power with a cord about your waist.

5. When you retire lie upon your back, slightly project the chest, tightly compress the lips, inhale deeply and evenly until you fall asleep. This practice will in a few weeks become a habit, and as a result of its observance you will sleep soundly and awake refreshed, without the unpleasant taste so common to mouth breathers and snorers.

6. Select any composition with many long and involved sentences, and endeavor to read it without

permitting any air to enter the mouth, inhaling always through the nostrils.

7. Take a full breath and vocally prolong the syllable ah, at first ten seconds, and gradually increase the time until you can continue the sound sixty seconds without discomfort or a perceptible tremor of voice

8. Assume active chest. Inhale and exhale a number of times as in abdominal breathing, after which repeat the alphabet, distinctly pronouncing each letter, as many times as you can without taking breath. Practice will enable you to repeat the alphabet from eight to ten times with a single breath.

9. Repeat the vowels ă ĕ í Ŏ ŭ in rapid succession as many times as you can in one breath, keeping count by marking with a pencil. In addition to the respiratory benefit accruing from this exercise it gives command of the Radical Stress (page 112), an accomplishment of great importance to the speaker.

10. Assume the active chest. Inhale and exhale vigorously for a few minutes, then laugh out explosively the syllables ha! ha! ha! Continue the exercise from twenty to thirty seconds without taking breath.

11. No medicated tonic is equal to copious inhalations of pure air. Upon going into the fresh air after rising from sleep, never fail to engage in a vigorous respiratory exercise, including all forms of breathing. When opportunity is afforded add the whole arm movement on page 240, or any other muscular motion permitting rhythmic execution.

PART II.

8. ARTICULATION.

1. ARTICULATION is the utterance of the elementary sounds of a language by the proper organs of speech. 2. A distinct and ready articulation is not natural to all, and can be acquired only by frequent and longcontinued drill upon elementary sounds, either alone or in combination. No elocutionary exercise should be ended without devoting some portion of it to the development of a clear, sharp-cut and decided articulation.

3. An elementary sound is a sound produced by a single impulse of the voice.

4. The organs employed in the production of elementary sounds are, the Lips, Teeth, Tongue, Palate and Nasal organs, assisted by the respiratory organs.

5. Vocals, or Tonics, consist of tone unmodified by the organs of speech.

6. Subvocals are tones produced by the voice [See Art. 39.] and speech organs combined.

7. Aspirates are mere breathings modified by the organs of speech.

8. Vowels must be distinguished from vocals. Sounds are divided into vocals, subvocals and aspir

ates. Letters are divided into vowels and consonants. 9. Labials, or lip-sounds, are made by the lips. 10. Linguals, or tongue-sounds, are made by the tongue.

11. Linqua-dentals, or tongue-teeth-sounds, are made by the tongue and teeth.

12. Linqua-nasals, or tongue-nose-sounds, are made by the tongue, the sound passing through the nose. 13. Palato-nasals, or palate-nose-sounds, are made by the palate, the sound passing through the nose. 14. Palatals, or palate-sounds, are made by the palate.

15. The English Language contains forty-four elementary sounds, classified according to the organs employed in producing them, as follows:

9. Vocals.

a long, as in āte.
ǎ short, as in ăt.
à middle, as in ask.
ä Italian, as in ärm.
a broad, as in all.
â double, as in âir.
ē long, as in ēve.

ĕ short, as in ělk.

ẽ modified by r, as in err.

i long, as in ice.
I short, as in ink.
ō long, as in ōld.
Ŏ short, as in odd.
o long oo, as in prove.
short oo, as in woman.

ū long, as in use.

ú short, as in us.