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narrowly avoiding morasses, and being frequently prostrated by jungle and wide-spreading tree-roots, to say nothing of the terror produced by the menacing looks, and attitude of the cud chewing herds, whose slumbers I unceremoniously disturbed; when, at length, I arrived amongst the higher pastures. None of the thirteen little chapels" constructed on the ordinary route did I behold, neither could I perform matins at Notre Dame des Nieges, or Our Lady of the Snows. I was pretty well saturated with morning dew by the time I reached the "Kulm," or, summit; and as I stood, wrapped in my plaid, waiting for the sun, and mist-magnified in bold relief against the reddening sky, I must have appeared to some of the shivering tourists, whose night-capped heads were ever and anon thrust out of the windows of the wooden Kulm Inn, like another spectre of the Brocken, or other uncomfortable shade of that ilk. Nevertheless, I was rewarded with a brilliant sunrise, and almost forgot my coldness and fatigue whilst gazing upon the changing hues reflected on the distant snows of the Oberland, and the gradually unfolding beauties of a prospect embracing a circumference of 300 miles, and including, it is said, no less than fourteen lakes, fringed in one direction by the hazy outline of the Jura range; in another, by the mysterious Schwartzwald, or Black Forest; but in that quarter to which the eye almost intuitively turns, bounded by the semicircular array of mountain peaks, which in succession became sun-tinted, according to their relative altitudes. The atmosphere was freezing in its intensity; and the 200 or 300 persons who (according to Murray) "often collect on the Rhigi Kulm" at the period of dawn, were on this particular morning, reduced to two or three, who emerged from their dormitories too late to witness the first blush of day. After the glory had departed, I spent a melancholy hour before any domestic made himself visible, and a similar period elapsed before the cravings of "the inner man" could be appeased. Strange that these

gross appetites of ours will make themselves felt even when we imagine that our entire being is suffused with other influences of a nature wholly averse to the material! But so it is. We placidly gaze at the rapidly-fading massive front of the Jungfrau, whilst seated at the table of "mine host" of the Wengern Gasthaus; and the first thing thought of after planting the foot on the summit of Mont Blanc, is the cold fowl and champagne, unless (which is frequently the case) the tourist at once indulges in a short nap on the cold snow! But I digress. A few arrivals from the lower inn (the Rhigi Staffel), made the breakfast table somewhat more cheerful-it never can be thoroughly so!-and then, so far as the unfolding of the curtain of vapour would permit, we regaled our more spiritual selves with the wondrous prospect; after which I made a speedy descent to Küssnacht, on the Lake of Lucerne.

EMMANUEL KANT:

AS A TYPE OF THE MAN OF CONSCIENCE.

BY J. D. MORELL, ESQ., M.A.,

Author of "The History of Modern Philosophy," and "Philosophy and Education," in the Popular Lecturer for 1856.

THE question of Personality is a vital question to every one of us. The term itself sounds, no doubt, very abstract, and very metaphysical, just at first; but there is nothing, assuredly, which has so immediate a practical bearing upon our worth, our happiness, our whole destiny as men,- -as the personality we each aim at, and actually develope, in the battle of life. To give any metaphysical disquisition on the nature and essence of personality, is far enough from my present purpose: suffice it, to point out the fact that different types of personality do actually exist in the world; that they exist more or less distinctively in every one of us; and that they have a very direct bearing upon the whole destination of those who possess them.

It is a point by no means easy to decide, how it is that the different types of human personality originate. Some of them appear undoubtedly to be connate with the individual himself. Take, for example, the contrast of the bold and the timid personality: the one manifests, from the earliest age, selfreliance, determination, the power of command, insensibility to danger, both the readiness and the ability that are requisite to assert his own rights and

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defend his own position in the natural strife and contest of human society. The other, on the contrary, is timid, shrinking, reserved, possessing little confidence in his own powers, and yielding his place (perhaps unjustly) to others far inferior to himself. Here then is a difference which appears to be stamped upon the very substance and structure of the entire constitution, physical and mental; and which is traceable clearly to causes that precede the very first effect of circumstances upon the life and character.

Other types of human personality, on the contrary, we can trace distinctly to the influence of circumstances and habits over the mind and disposition of the individual. As an instance of this, there are the social types: there is, for example, the mere mercantile, money-producing, acquisitive type,-one upon which the continued act of buying, and selling, and getting gain, has enstamped a peculiar tracery of its own. I do not doubt for a moment but that the commercial life may become, under proper circumstances, just as noble a life as any other-just as philanthropic in its aims, and grand in its results; but it is equally certain that there is a whole class of men in this our country, in whom every single faculty and desire has become subordinated to this one pursuit-the pursuit of gain for its own sake. A distinctive type of character has thus been originated, in which every thing gives way to policy and custom; by which superior intelligence is ever suspected, and voted a positive nuisance; in which moral principle has become pulverised, not by any great acts of wicked defiance (such as Milton's Satan might have committed), but by the perpetual dropping of numberless little deceptions; in which, in a word, the man becomes at length the living soul of a warehouse or a shop, and neither knows nor cares aught of the universe beyond it.

Another instance of acquired personality is seen in the effect which the military life has upon the mind

and character. I am speaking now of the military character in its excess and abuse; stripped (as it too often is) of its natural openness, generosity, and valour; and unsoftened by the high considerations of patriotism and humanity. Where this is the case, the whole soul becomes moulded into shape by the one ruling idea of conventional honour. To this character all offences are light and easy, except offences against convention; and the whole man appears to revenge the necessity under which he is placed, of yielding strict obedience to military rule, by the licence he allows himself in regard to all other rules, whether human or divine.

Looking, again, to the purely intellectual side of human character, we see many different types appearing here. I will mention only one; and that is, the subtle, reasoning, speculative character,-where we see the sharpness of the intellect cutting to the root, and then preying upon all the higher and purer sentiments of our nature. And astonishing it is, sometimes, to observe how the most generous emotions can fade away; how the moral principles can lose their hold; how the will can yield itself gradually a slave to the cravings of sense, while the pure intellect is weaving its airy webs, or pursuing its path along the road of science, from one conclusion to another.

We are dealing, however, in these remarks, too much with generalities. My object in presenting a few such phenomena to your notice, has been simply to shew you in the outset what I mean by a typal character. I am going to consider such a typal character; that, namely, which bears the stamp of CONSCIENCE as the distinctive mark upon its front; and the personality in which we are to regard this character as being remarkably embodied, is that of EMMANUEL KANT.

It is not my purpose to occupy attention at present with any detailed account of Kant's biography.