fectly social by being made utterly public; | the elaborate mechanical accoutrement of while it will be obliged to derive a more the lens, the magnets, the prism, the wire; dignified novelty from the multiplication - and when the new intellectual emotions of species of beauty, instead of seeking already beginning to stir in us are fully freshness in mere variations of departure organized, it will be clearly seen that from type in individual examples, as so technicality in every department of inquiry often happened of old. The fear of its has in it the germ of beauty; that, if any vulgarization is needless. To suffer that branch of knowledge is not yet interestapprehension is to lack the presentiments ing, wonderful, fascinating, it is because it which all robust minds must have of the has not been sufficiently mastered by the glittering line of its illimitable progress: new means; the apparatus is not yet nor can its chiefest marvels ever become adequate. Beauty will be the witness and too common, since they require for their the joyous celebrant of all Science, when producing little rites of preparation in the the latter is fully mechanicalized, and Art, disposing of apparatus, and also gentle in this way, is made perfectly rational. consecrations of attention in the beholder. The fundamental merit of the new Art is its being thoroughly organic and vital. No longer a mere adjunct, a loosely attached embellishment only, Art will actually root and intertwine itself in common industry and general science, when these are fully mechanicalized, flashing its surprises and entrancements on the path of both at every step of their progress.

Finally, the Art of Science brings with it a new ideal, which is what constitutes it Art in the highest sense. As well as being actually explanatory, the new Art is critical, is so positively and absolutely; passing judgment upon the real phenomena. One, as yet, can only pluck up courage to whisper it, but the sunset often misses its best effects, the iris is scarcely ever perfect, the snow-flake frequently fails Two results must follow. Art will of being a complete crystal. A curious, a beautify ordinary labour. The very per- higher, a wider, a deeper pathos is given formance of the lightened tasks of indus- to all the endless operations of the unitry must come to gratify the senses with verse, now that scientific Art, by disclosing high and gentle exercises; and, through to us the mechanical ideal of Nature, renthem, delight new-formed intellectual ders us spectators of her attempts, her tastes, by perpetual exhibitions of perfect struggles, her partial triumphs, also of her accuracy, of unfailing efficiency, and the catastrophes. The destiny of partial atabsence of all indecision and waste of tainment only, which was thought to pereffort; this, instead of the fitful, strug-tain to man alone, is seen to touch all gling, violent exercises of the old muscular things: it affects the cell of the plant, and passions called forth by the partial suc- the crystal of the rock, as well as the beatcesses of manual work. It may require ing human heart. Here the new Art puts an effort, at present, fully to apprehend this prospect, but it is unquestionable that mechanical manufacture, from its natural tendency to improve upon itself, will exhibit an ever-growing finish, a delicacy, a lightness, and a consequent elegance of operation. When these qualities, upon a The general conclusion, then, to which certain stage of their development being we come is, that Art in the future will reached in each department, are once con- progressively cease to be imaginative in sciously noted, there will henceforward be the mythological sense, becoming Expericonstituted a lower, but a real and ascend-mental; and that it must share in the ing beautification of common toil. In this universal process of mechanicalization way only will the curse of labour be pro- characterizing the period on which we gressively eased. The other great result have entered, availing itself more and will be that the new Art will perfectly more of apparatus. Music, in which, from emotionalize Science. Hitherto, so much the necessity of the case, this process is so of human knowledge has been without much more advanced than in other Arts, interest of its own, it could scarcely be is, unquestionably, the Art which is furacquired by any drudgery, and could not thest developed. By-and-by, when the full be retained at all. It will be for Experi-introduction of iron into building has, mental Art to amend this. By-and-by, with its magical lightness, modified into when men have fully familiarized them- an undreamt-of elegance our sense of reselves with the possession and use of what sistance, balance, and the necessity of bulk we have termed complementary organs, in construction, Architecture will complete

on its most wonderful aspect. It is not vainly sentimental, not simulative only, like the old; it is actually operative; and what may be the limits of its effective interference in rectifying the fortunes of things, who can say?

the revolution it has begun. Then, op-ating in her coolness.
tics will ultimately furnish a direct Art of
Decoration, by means of an apparatus of
prism, polariscope, tube, and wire, by the
side of which the old brush and palette
will seem as rude as would the pandean
pipes beside a full modern musical orches-
tra. Finally, perfected photography will
give us a historical record to which the
interest of actuality will attach.

From The Spectator.

AN AMERICAN COOKERY-BOOK.*

THERE is only one proper way of reviewing a cookery-book, and that is to try all the receipts in it. Unfortunately this is not possible for anyone under the rank of a writer in a Quarterly. A weekly newspaper cannot afford so much time to

"She would say, Take a salamander,' as if a general should command a private to catch a Tartar. Or she would casually issue the order, Throw in a handful of something entirely unattainable." It is our misfortune, not Mrs. Harland's fault, if some of her most tempting dishes are out of the reach of ordinary English households. Yet neither this, nor the occasional tendency to culinary heresy on which we shall have to enlarge presently, ought to detract from the real value of the book.

Even if we leave out of sight the several receipts which need exclusively American products, we are struck by the variety of those that remain. The principle upon which the author has proceeded is favourable to such an accumulation, for Mrs. Harland has been steadily collecting receipts for fifteen years, never losing an opportunity of adding to her store, and making each receipt her own by the test of practical experience. A book compiled in this way. ought to inspire us with some confidence. We may not be sure of find

its contributors. Complaints would flow in from all quarters, beginning with the author of the book, communicating them selves to those who would gladly be readers, and being faithfully transmitted by the edi-ing the most approved dishes, such as tor. Imagine the stereotyped answer that haunt the pages of professed cookerywould be given to all inquiries, "The re- books, need an infinite variety of materiviewer is just half-way through the fried als, and are the despair of all save severe fish." If a number of rich dishes taken to- and lofty intellects. But the receipts gether produced dyspepsia, there would be which Mrs. Harland gives us are at once a further delay. Under all the circum- tempting in themselves and within the stances, it is perhaps as well that too much reach of humbler mortals. We may foltime is not given. The old story of the low her without being restricted to the orator whose speech did not bear more choice between meagre simplicity aud lavthan one examination, but was only in- ish expenditure. It is true that it will tended to be heard once, may apply to sometimes be necessary to resort to new other things which look tempting at first, materials, and that old-fashioned cooks though they would soon lose their savour. may hold up their hands in horror. But We do not mean this as any reflection on anything is to be welcomed which saves us the receipts collected by Mrs. Harland, from the monotony too often prevalent many of which we think would stand the even in families which might command the practical test, if indeed it could be applied widest resources. There is no need for at all in England. For certain purely the joint of one day and the cold meat of American products it might be necessary the next if a little care is taken, nor is it to take a voyage across the Atlantic, incumbent upon cooks when they make while ingredients are constantly used anything exceptional to resort to almost which, though attainable here, are not fabulous expense. Mrs. Harland evidently pea and tomato soup and bean and corn soup are attendance and supervision on the part of contemplates no slight amount of personal very simple dishes, the first, requiring only the mistress of the house. We see this in a quart of tomatoes and the latter either the chapter devoted to servants, and also Shaker sweet corn or canned green corn, in the hint given to wives never to do we are reminded of the passage from Dick- their work standing when they can do it ens quoted in Mrs. Harland's preface. as well sitting. There we have an account of the genuine been consistent with her advice, and she Her own practice has English cookery-book, the Complete British tells amusingly of the way in which she Housewife, a lady who was quite exasper- has surprised her husband by preparing ice-creams while he was shaving or dress

common. When we are told that

* Common-Sense in the Household: a Manual of Practical Housewifery. By Marion Harland. New ing. "I have often," she says, "laughed in my sleeve at seeing my John walk

York: Charles Scribner and Co. 1871.

through the cellar in search of some mis- tempting and original. Again, there is laid basket or box, whistling carelessly, exquisite skill in making pine-apple or without a suspicion that his favourite deli- peach ice-cream, with freshly cut bits of cacy was coolly working out its own solidi- the fruit stirred in while the cream is fication under the inverted barrel on freezing. If it be not a profanation to which I chanced to be leaning at his en- imitate pâté de foie gras, Mrs. Harland's trance." The many similar surprises plan of preparing calf's liver, and insertwhich, according to Mrs. Harland, are to ing in it little bits of tongue, which resembe prepared for husbands will do much, ble truffles, is ingenious, and is said to be if there is such a thing as gratitude, to add successful. Among many dishes which are to the happiness of families. We might worthy of remark, and which we cannot mention several dishes given in the book stop to enumerate, the receipts for chicken with which we should be quite ready to be soup and baked salmon struck us as surprised at any time. Our only fear is worthy of notice. These, at all events, that if we were to speak of them in the might be tried in England; we cannot household, we should be told with a shrug expect to see peach sauce with roast game, of the shoulders that they were purely and therefore we decline to speculate on American. its merits. For the same reason we might It is possible that English people will pass over the question of serving roast not be disposed to adopt the receipts for chickens with crab-apple jelly and roast squirrel soup or stewed squirrels, though ducks with grape jelly, but we question Mrs. Harland says she has eaten some of whether this is not the point at which the first, which was really delicious. Per- Mrs. Harland touches on heresy. She may haps, too, the book prescribes too lavish think such an accusation is merely a sign an employment both of cream and of of envy, and we do not say that in some oysters. We are thus somewhat tantal-cases it would not be difficult to refute the ized when we are told that after using charge. But when Mrs. Harland gravely cream sauce for salmon we shall never be avers that mock-turtle soup is more deliquite content with any other. Similarly cious than real turtle, we are forced to the receipt for what are called "Cream admit, though with sadness, that there is oysters on the half-shell" makes us more one point in which she is inexcusably than ordinarily savage with present prices. wrong. It must be a consolation to her Yet we are not bound to abstain alto- to feel that others are in a much worse gether from dishes in which the oyster position. What must have been the state bears a part, and oyster soup, veal olives of mind of the cook she mentions who with oysters, and other compounds might always talked of Yorkshire pudding as well be imported. Mrs. Harland rises in auction pudding? What is to be said of a flight of poetical picturesqueness in de- the nation which has neither hares nor scribing lobster soup. She tells us to pheasants: the name of hare being given pound some of the coral into a fine even to the wild rabbit, and that of pheasant to paste about the consistency of boiled rufiled grouse? But the lowest depth of starch, and then to "stir very carefully all was reached by an Eastern woman who into the hot soup, which should in the had removed to the West, and who was process blush into a roseate hue." Another not ashamed to write the following letter equally tempting picture is given of the to Mrs. Harland: "My husband shot a salmon trout of the Adirondacks, which fine deer this morning, but I never could ought to be eaten within an hour of leav- endure venzon. Can you tell me of any ing the lake. "He should be so well way of cooking it so as to make it toleralooked after," we are told, "that his royal bly eatable?" We hope that Mrs. Harrobe hardly shows a seam or rent, and the land's book will at least have the effect of red spots are still distinctly visible." He extirpating such barbarism. is then to lie in a creamy bath, to which he will take kindly, and nothing is to "mar his native richness, the flavour he brought with him from the lake and wildwood." If it is not often that Mrs. Harland indulges in such raptures, there are other receipts in her book upon which they might well be bestowed. Such an invention as tomato salad, with a great lump of ice stirred in the dressing till it is almost frozen, is in the highest degree

From The Saturday Review. PROSPECTS OF ITALY. Or a truth, the stars in their courses have fought for Italy. It seems but yesterday that she was the accidental aggregation of a few miserable fragments, the victim of half a dozen petty despots, the prey

of a score of scheming Jesuits, and the pity, of the Italian army come from a section of sympathizing Europe. She is now, to of the middle classes which is far from all appearance, a consolidated nation, a rich, and to which the pleasures of the recognized member of the political system, capital are wholly unknown. They have with the dignity and responsibility of in- been generally well instructed, they inherit dependence. A change so sudden and so the intelligence which is common to all great cannot fail to excite some doubts of Italians, and they may be supposed to be its permanence. Nor are these doubts patriotic. Have they the requisite degree removed by a consideration of the means by of courage and self-reliance? Our own which it was brought about. There is not Crimean experience forbids us to doubt an Italian who pretends that it was won the valour and full efficiency of the only by the strong arm or resolute cour- Piedmontese quota. For generations the age of Italians. It becomes therefore an in- Piedmontese have been soldiers. For genteresting question whether their own con-erations the House of Savoy supplied genduct will enable them to preserve all those advantages which the co-operation of fortune with the interposition of friends first acquired for them.

erals and soldiers in every European dispute. If the Italian army were officered exclusively by Piedmontese there could be no doubt of its discipline and prowess. But the other elements which enter into

There is no possibility of discussing this question without reference to the charac-its composition somewhat dash one's confiter of the Italian people. On the virtues dence in the general efficiency of its officers. or vices of the people themselves depends They may not be pleasure-hunters, or vothe stability or instability of Italian inde- luptuaries, or, in one sense of General pendence. They may possess the good- Trochu's epithet, "corrupt." But they will of England, they may have the sup- may have great faults, and among these port of a party in France, or they may there may be one form of corruption. The rouse the armed intervention of Germany; fact is that in Italy at large, irrespective but all these external forces will fail them of Piedmont, the rural peasantry is the in the hour of need, unless they themselves soundest and stoutest part of the popula have the virtue to assert and the forti- tion; the most hardy, the most healthy, tude to maintain the position to which the most temperate, and the most couragoodwill and good luck have raised them.geous. The upper class is effete — debilThat there is much courage, endurance, itated by pleasure, frivolity, and corrupand patriotism among Italians, no one can tion and driven by universal slight from doubt. The kingdom of Italy contains any control of public affairs. It is melanmany races and many classes. The vice choly for a stranger to witness the oband corruption of its great cities are re- scurity and insignificance to which the lieved by the virtues of its villages and its bearers of grand historical Italian names peasantry. In no population of Europe have been too generally consigned. They are the elements of martial prowess more are nonentities -except in Piedmontclearly defined than in the rough moun- among their own dependants: they are taineers who till the slopes of the Southern always excepting Piedmontese ciphers Alps. If other races of the Peninsula are in the State; they are unknown in the inferior to the hardy Piedmontese in war- Senate or the Chamber of Deputies. Their like aptitude, they are far from being en- voice is never heard in the great debates tirely deficient in the qualities which make which establish the future position of Italy, good soldiers. No capable commander which define the relations of Church and could fail to turn to account the intelli- State, which prove the aptitude of Italians gence of the Milanese, the enthusiasm of for constitutional government. They are the Romagnese, and the fierce impetuosity unknown among the leaders who have of the Calabrian peasantry. Here are the given honour, and are now giving strength, materials of as good an army as can be to the army of Italy. Great questions got together anywhere. Well led and have yet to be solved: great difficulties well disciplined, such an army would be are certain to arise; great battles may capable of keeping any invader at bay. have to be fought; but the orators, the The question is, Would it be well led? statesmen, and the generals will not issue from the families whose names are associated with the traditional glories of Pisa, Genoa, Florence, or Venice. A different and lower class will contribute the Italian statesmen of the future a different, and perhaps a foreign race will contribute

This brings us to the old question. What are the training and habits of the men from whom would come the officers of the army? If they are represented by the flâneurs of the great cities, the answer is clear and fatal. But most of the officers

--

the Italian commanders of the future. Nor | as it sounds, would be not wholly unwaris the reason far to seek. The education ranted on the part of a stranger, who of highborn and wealthy Italians is fatal studied only the outer life of great Italian to manliness of character, energy of pur- cities. Nothing in any country can be pose, and vigour of action. It is sufficient morally worse than Naples, unless indeed for a foreigner to have only a superficial it be Paris; and Florence and Rome are acquaintance with Naples, Florence, and only in degree less bad than Naples. The Rome to see that the men who will reno- open indecency in the streets, the disgustvate and restore Italy cannot come from ing abominations of certain shops, the its noblesse. He will see on all sides the taint and tone of immorality which offend signs of idleness, luxury, and pleasure. the eyes and ears of visitors to Naples, He will see lazy men lounging away hours are such as to justify the most unfavourand days in vacuous gossip at the doors able descriptions and the most gloomy of cafés and casinos. He will see crowds prophecies. Were the battle of Italian inof boys, liberated from school, with no oc- dependence to be waged only by the mancupation for their minds and no healthy nikins who strut, gossip, and jostle ladies recreation for their bodies, emulating the off the trottoirs in Naples, Rome, or Florinsipid chatter and senseless curiosity of ence, the issue of the conflict would be as the elder flâneurs. He will see an absence certain as it would be rapid. But those of earnest study or earnest sport, of all who judge and prophesy thus gloomily that stimulates or strengthens the brain forget one great fact. Rome, Naples, and or the muscle, of the love of knowledge or Florence are the capitals of sovereignties the spirit of competition. If he goes to which are now absorbed in Italy; and the theatre or to certain evening recep- they do not make up Italy. They make tions, he will be struck by the monotonous up a very small part of Italy. The men contention of the two sexes to vary the who are conspicuous by their presence in dulness of life by galvanic efforts to stim- the streets of these cities, would be conulate the sensation of love-making. In a spicuous by their absence from the army word, in his outdoor life, and in certain by which their country was to be decircles of society, he will see only the re- fended. It is also to be hoped that they flex of much which is peculiar to Paris, would be equally absent from the councils and which emanates from Paris, and for which deliberated and decided on the which alone Paris is known to thousands plan of national defence. of foreigners. And he will see, especially There are reasons and excuses for this at Naples, a degree of public nastiness and state of things. The nobility of Italy are indelicacy from which, since the days of not so responsible for it as the former the Second Empire, Paris is free, though despots of Italy. The Italy to which they many people can remember the time when now belong is younger than the infancy of Paris exhibited as many disgusting abom- a minor. The Italy in which they were inations as any city of Italy. He will also born was a disintegrated system of petty see military officers walking about, whose States, suspicious, ignorant, and afraid of appearance would not lead him to think each other. Each of these States had its highly of the vigour and resolution of the own Court, magistracy, police, customs, leaders of the Italian army. The sum of officers, and spies. The policy of each his conclusions will be that such a people was to fear treason on the part of its subhave a flabby moral fibre; that they are jects, and to treat them as if their treason not the race which could oppose a virile had been proved. Jealous Courts and and strenuous resistance to a resolute in- vigilant spies made timid subjects and corvader; that they are too fond of pleasure, rupt judges. The magistrates were eager too absorbed in frivolity, to bear either to condemn those whom the Court disthe dangers or the inconveniences of a liked and the spies denounced. Against protracted campaign, and that, if they the arts of the informer and the pliability were only seriously attacked, they must of the judge there were only two successinevitably succumb. Others would add ful weapons of defence - bribery and that, even if an enemy failed to master falsehood. Oaths were bought to swear them by force of armas, he could sap them by dint of the corruption which infects them as a people, and from which, the result of long subjection, a few years of national independence have been wholly insufficient to emancipate them.

down the informer, and the venality of the Bench was enlisted on the part of suspects who could pay better than the Government which accused them. Under such a system lying and corruption were not only necessary but reputable acThis judgment, hard and unpalatable complishments. While the Government