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G. Diurnal and seasonal variation in mixing layer depth, especially in relation to effective stack height.

VI. Air Pollution Background

A. Current observational results from sampling stations.

B. Projected growth of area.

VII. Potential for Increased Emissions From the Source Because of Site Expansion and Consequent Effects.

McCormick (58) has suggested sources of meteorological observations and climatological data. However, in some situations where representative meteorological observations are unavailable, a field observational program may be conducted to obtain data, in situ, or to test the representativeness of observations from the nearest weather station.

Meteorological assistance with respect to industrial site selection problems may be obtained from professional meteorologists who advertise their services in the professional directory section of the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. The executive director of the society, 45 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass. 02108, can provide a current list of certified consulting meteorologists.

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10. METEOROLOGICAL CONTROL

When the potential site for a large power plant has some shortcomings, it may be possible to consider meteorological control. Either of two basic methods might be evaluated. The first method is switching to a fuel with a lower sulfur content. The switch might be made from coal to gas, or to low-sulfur coal. Since 1954 the TVA has maintained a low-sulfur coal supply and has received special air stagnation forecasts for the purposes of meteorological control (11). The second method is to transfer the electrical load requirement to another power plant outside of the critical stagnation area.

Meteorological control should be considered only as a last resort for the following reasons: 1. It is usually not economical.

2. Considerable difficulty may be encountered in stopping or restarting some processes.

3. Success depends upon plant location, and for a given location favorable meteorological conditions might not be sufficiently frequent.

4. Changes in the physical environment, such as the development of a nearby plant facility or community, may create unforeseen problems.

5. Meteorological forecasts inherently have some degree of uncertainty.

Meteorological control should not generally be accepted for the operation of a new power plant, in lieu of a completely satisfactory geographic location.

REFERENCES

(1) Smith, W. S. and C. W. Gruber. "Atmospheric Emissions from Coal Combustion-An Inventory Guide," DHEW, PHS, 999-AP-24, 1966, p. 14.

(2) Landers, W. S. "Trends in Steam Station Design Affecting Air Pollution." 66-PWR-1, ASME, United Engineering Center, 345 East 47 Street, New York, N.Y. 10017, 1966.

(3) Sporn, P., and T. T. Frankenberg. "Pioneering Experience with High Stacks on the Ohio Valley Electricity Corporation and the American Power System." (Proceedings: International Clean Air Congress, London, October 1966.) (Expanded version of this paper appears in "The Tall Stack," a collection of papers by Philip Sporn, Retired President, American Electric Power Co., New York, N.Y., 1967.) (4) Stone, G. N., and A. J. Clarke. "British Experience with Tall Stacks for Air Pollution Control on Large Fossil-Fueled Power Plants." American Power Conference, Illinois Institute of Technology, April 27.

(5) Japanese Reference. (Will be supplied upon request)

(6) Thomas, F. W., S. B. Carpenter, and F. E. Gartrell. "Stacks-How High": Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, 13 (5): 198–204, May, 1963.

(7) Ibid., reference 1, p. 40.

(8) Turner, D. B. "Workbook of Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates." DHEW, PHS, 999-AP-26, 3T-34, 1967, 84 p.

(9) Stern, A. C. (Editor). Air Pollution (Volume 1). New York, Academic Press, 1967, (ch. 8, G. H. Strom, Atmospheric Dispersion of Stack Effluents).

(10) American Society of Mechanical Engineers. "Recommended Guide for the Prediction of Dispersion of Airborne Effluents." United Engineering Center, 345 East 47th Street, New York, N.Y. 10017, 1968.

(11) Gartrell, F. E., F. W. Thomas, and J. M. Leavitt. "Dispersion Characteristics of Stack Emissions from Large Thermal Power Stations." Presented at joint meeting of American Meteorology Society and American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., April 19-22, 1966.

(12) Holland, J. Z. A Meteorological Survey of the Oak Ridge Area. Atomic Energy Commission Report ORO-99, Washington, D.C., 584 p., 1953.

(13) Ibid., reference 10.

(14) Sherlock, R. H., and E. J. Lesher. "Role of Chimney Design in Dispersion of Waste Gases." Air Repair, 4(2): 1-10, 1954.

(15) Strom, G. H. "Wind Tunnel Scale Model Studies of Air Pollution from Industrial Plants." Industrial Wastes, September-October 1953. November-December 1955, and January-February

1956.

(16) Strom, G. H., M. Hackman, and E. J. Kaplin. "Atmospheric Dispersal of Industrial Stack Gases Determined by Concentration Measurements." Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, 7(3): 198–203, 1957.

(17) Halitsky, J. "Gas Diffusion Near Buildings, Theoretical Concepts and Wind Tunnel Model Experiments with Prismatic Building Shapes." Geophysical Sciences Laboratory Report Number 63-3, New York University, 1963. (18) Pasquill, F. "The Estimation of Dispersion of Windborne Material." The Meteorological Magazine, 90: 33-49, 1961.

(19) Gifford, F. A. "Use of Routine Meteorological Observations for Estimating Atmospheric Dispersion." Nuclear Safety, 2(4): 47–51, 1961. (20) Smith, M. E., and I. A. Singer. "An Improved Method of Estimating Concentrations and Related Phenomena from a Point Source Emission." Journal of Applied Meteorology, 5: 631639, October 1966.

(21) Pasquill, F. Atmospheric Diffusion. D. Van Nostrand Co., New York, p. 209, 1962. (22) Turner, D. B. "A Diffusion Model for an Urban Area." Journal of Applied Meteorolgy, 3(1): 8391, February 1964.

(23) Hewson, E. W., and G. C. Gill. Meteorological "Investigations in Columbia River Valley Near Trail, British Columbia." In report submitted to the Trail Smelter Arbitral Tribunal, Bureau of Mines Bulletin 453, p. 23-228, 1944. (24) Church, P. E. "Dilution of Waste Stack Gases in the Atmosphere." Industrial Engineering Chem.,

41 (12)2753-2756, 1949.

(25) Department of Commerce, AEC. “Meteorology and Atomic Energy." AECU 3066, 1955, p. 88, (out of print) revision issued July 1968.

(26) Lowry, P. H. "Microclimate Factors in Smoke Pollution from Tall Stacks." Meteorological Monographs, 6(4): 24-29, 1951.

(27) Hewson, E. W. "Stack Heights Required to Minimize Ground Concentrations." Trans. ASME p. 1105, October 1955. (28) Ibid., reference 10, p. 35.

(29) Pooler, F. "Potential Dispersion of Plumes from Large Power Plants." DHEW, PHS No. 999AP-16, 1965, 13 p. (30) Ibid., reference 25, p. 33.

(118)

(31) Neiturger, M. "The Dispersion and Deposition of Air Pollutants Over Cities. Symposium, Air Over Cities," SEC Tech. Report A62-5, PHS, Cincinnati, Ohio, p. 156-157, 1961.

(32) Turner, D. B. (current). “Urban Diffusion Modeling Applications in St. Louis Metropolitan Area," Met. Program, NAPCA, 1968.

(33) Davidson, B. "A Summary of the New York Urban Air Pollution Dynamics Research Program." JAPCA, 17(3): 154–158, March 1967. (34) Turner, D. B. "Relationships Between 24-Hour Mean Air Quality Measurements and Meteorological Factors in Nashville, Tenn.," JAPCA 11(10): 483-489, 1961.

(35) Koogler, J. B., R. S. Sholtes, A. L. Danis, and C. I. Harding. "A Multivariant Model for Atmospheric Dispersion Predictions." JAPCA, 17 (4): 211–214, April 1967.

(36) Clarke, J. F. "A Simple Diffusion Model for Calculating Point Concentrations from Multiple Sources." JAPCA, 14(9): 347-352, September 1964.

(37) Miller, M. E., and G. C. Holzworth. "An Atmospheric Diffusion Model for Metropolitan Areas." JAPCA, 17(1):46-50, January 1957. (38) Leavitt, J. M. "Meteorological Considerations in Air Quality Planning." JAPCA, 10: 246. (39) Pooler, F., Jr. "A Prediction Model of Mean Urban Pollution for Use with Standard Wind Roses." Int. Journal of Air and Water Pollution, 4(4): 199-211, September 1961.

(40) Szepest, D. J. "A Model for the Long Term Distribution of Pollutants Around A Single Source." Idojara, (Budapest), 68: 257-269, September-October 1964.

(41) Martin, D. O. and J. A. Tikvart. "A General Atmospheric Diffusion Model for Estimating the Effects of One or More Sources on Air Quality." Presented 61st Annual Meeting of APCA, St. Paul, Minnesota, June 1968. (42) Smith, T. B. "Diffusion Study in Complex Mountainous Terrain." Meteorology Research, Inc., Report to Dugway Proving Ground, Army Chemical Corps, AD484087, p. 106-110, 1965. (43) Van der Hoven, Isaac. "Atmospheric Transport and Diffusion at Costal Sites," Nuclear Safety. 8(5): 490-499, 1967.

(44) Landsberg, H. Physical Climatology, Gray Printing Co., Inc., Du Bois, Pennsylvania, p. 326, 1966.

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(45) De Marrais, G. A. "Vertical Temperature Difference Observed Over an Urban Area." Bulletin American Meteorological Society, 42: 548-556, 1961.

(46) Gartrell, F. E., F. W. Thomas, and S. B. Carpenter. "Atmospheric Oxidation of SO, in Coal-Burning Power Plant Plumes." American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 24: 113-120, March-April 1963.

(47) Coleman, R. "The Importance of Sulfur as a Plant Nutrient in World Crop Production." Soil Services, Vol. 101, No. 4: 230-238, 1966.

(48) Chamberlain, A. C. "Aspect of Travel and Deposition of Aerosol and Vapour Clouds." Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell, England, MP/R, 1261, 35 p., 1955. (49) Engelmann, R. J., R. W. Perkins, D. I. Hagen, and W. A. Haller, Washout "Coefficients for Selected Cases and Particulates." 59th annual meeting, APCA, San Francisco, June 20-24, 1966.

(50) 33 F.R. 548-49 (Jan. 16, 1968). (51) Holzworth, G. C. "Large Scale Weather Influences on Air Pollution in the United States," ARL, ESSA, NAPC, PHS, Presented 61st Annual Meeting, APC, St. Paul, Minn., June 1968. (52) Korshover, J. "Climatology of Stagnating Anticyclones East of the Rocky Mountains, 193665," DHEW, PHS No. 999-AP-34, 15 p. 1967. (53) Hosler, C. R. "Low-Level Inversion Frequency in the Contiguous United States." Monthly Weather Review, 89: 379-339, September 1961. (54) Holzworth, G. C. "Estimates of Mean Maximum Mixing Depths in the Contiguous United States." Monthly Weather Review, 92, 235-242, 1964.

(55) Gartrell, F. E., F. W. Thomas, and S. B. Carpenter. "Transport of SO, in the Atmosphere from a Single Source." American Geography Union, Monograph 3, pp. 63-68, 1959.

(56) Gartrell, et al. "Full-Scale Study of Dispersion of Stack Gases, A Summary Report." TVA and PHS, Chattanooga, Tenn., 93 p., 1964. (57) Bodurtha, F. T. Background and Basis of ASME Standard, "Recommended Guide for the Control of Dust Emision Combustion for Indirect Heat Exchangers,"-APS-1. ASME, United Eng. Center, 345 East 47th Street, New York, N.Y. 10017.

(58) Ibid., reference 9, chapter 9, volume I, pp. 275-320.

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