Christ of the Andes. On Pan American Day, 1941, Red Bluff pupils made a Musical Tour of Latin America and enjoyed the sound film, Flying the Lindberg Trail. Red Bluff as well as other schools reported that pupils have made sets of the pan-American flags, complete with stars, coats of arms, etc., for pan-American programs.

Pan American Day was celebrated by the pupils of Hillside (New Jersey) Senior High School with a program including a playlet, Tit for Tat, and a pageant, Flags of America, with each republic represented by a senior at a meeting of the Pan American club.

The Pan American Student Forum and Les Beaux Arts Club of Central High School, Oklahoma City, Okla., combined to present Americana in the school assembly to celebrate Pan American Day. Americana included a portrayal of Alaska, the United States, Mexico, Central America, and South America. In cooperation with the speech and language departments, pupils wrote the dramatizations for each region. As many as possible of the Mexican children of the high school were used in the cast, and others acted as advisors. The program started with a recitation of Americana, an original poem written for the occasion by a former English teacher of the high school. For each country represented on the program which followed there was an appropriate musical selection and a dance, a radio drama, and a living picture posed in color. For Central America there was Indian Trail, by Anton Dvorak, a Mayan dance, and the picture, Mayan Mural, the detail of which was taken from the Mayan ruins. In the South American part of the program the tango was danced by two pupils, and the picture was A Gaucho of the 30's. For Mexico, Estrellita was sung; Los Viejitos was danced; and the picture, Peasants, was posed from a mural of Diego Rivera. The finale of the program was the picture, Christ, the Redeemer, posed by a pupil.

In many schools the Pan American Day program is not an isolated affair. It has been the culminating activity of units of work in classes studying other American republics and has represented a correlation of art, music, social sciences, English, and dramatics, as well as other activities.

Pan American Day was a Spanish dress-up day at Herbert Hoover Junior High School in San Jose, Calif. All students and faculty members wore appropriate costumes. The Spanish Club acted as advisors on costumes for the younger children, and for their benefit had preceded the event by exhibiting a series of sketches on Spanish-American costumes. The library had a special display of the flags of the pan-American countries, and featured the newer books on the Americas. The main bulletin boards carried posters on pan-American subjects made by the art classes. The social science classes put their finished charts, illustrated maps, and graphs on display. The exhibit cases in the main corridors were filled with Spanish regalia, each article having been labeled through the cooperation of the students in the commercial department.

During the noon hour a Spanish luncheon was sponsored by the school cafeteria. Spanish foods were served; the students made their own tortillas. Spanish classes had planned and made the table decorations and provided suitable entertainment.

Later in the day the High Nine Spanish classes presented a Spanish play for the student body and for the parents. Members of the Low Nine class, dressed in Mexican costumes, acted as ushers. In preparation for the play, the stage scenery had been built and costumes had been made. Two of the more important costumes were made and beautifully embroidered by WPA Mexican helpers, but the research concerning how the costumes should be made had been the responsibility of the class. Less important costumes had been made by the class. Invitations written in both Spanish and English had been made and sent home to the parents, and colorful programs had been prepared.1

The pupils of Webster Groves (Missouri) High School, celebrated Columbus Day as well as Pan American Day and other holidays of our southern friends. The public address system in the assembly was used for the introduction of the Columbus Day program:

There is a part of the Western Hemisphere which, until a few years ago, attracted very little of our attention. But with the lights of civilization and progress being extinguished elsewhere in the world, our attention has come home, and we have looked to the south of our borders. There we see Latin America. There, if we look more closely, we will see a group of countries and peoples with a heritage common to our own an unquenchable desire for freedom. We will find it fascinating to look into the history of this heritage, the history of Latin America.

This we plan to do in our assembly today.

Then followed in dramatic succession the dream of Bolívar for this continent "the chance of centuries to build the greatest single area of peace, freedom, and liberty that the world has ever seen"-and dramatic episodes in the struggle of this brave new world to realize the dream, to wrest this continent from the oppressive domination of the old world, and to promote pan-American activities to the end that "The Americas-united in spirit and purpose-cannot be disappointed of their peaceful destiny."

Club Activities.

Club activities for the development of inter-American understanding were found almost exclusively in the secondary schools, and were referred to by administrators more frequently than any other activity employed in the high schools for the purpose of furthering interAmerican friendship. Reports of 319 school systems stated that there were Spanish clubs in the high schools. In addition, 92 indicated the organization of pan-American clubs. The larger the school system, the more frequently reference was made to the existence of these clubs though administrators of schools in cities of all sizes reported

McDonnel, Eleanor. The Contribution of Foreign Language Instruction to Social Understanding.

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Spanish and pan-American clubs. Picturesque names were frequently given to these organizations: Los Hidalgos, Los Gauchos, Los Toreodores, Los Viajeros, as well as El Círculo Español, Los Compañeros Españoles, the Spanish Singing, the Spanish Art, and the Mexican Dance Club.

In a number of schools not having special Spanish or pan-American clubs, activities were fostered in other clubs. Some of the clubs referred to as featuring pan-American programs of study were the following: Assembly, Commercial, Radio, Young Citizens, International Relations, Travel, Foreign Correspondence, Foreign Policy, Foreign Traders, Geography, History, Stamp, Scrapbook, Debate, Library, Art, Language, Music, Glee Club, Dramatics, Literature, Junior Red Cross, Hobby, Forum, Pen and Pencil, Museum, Social Service, Social Science, Current Events, Friendship, Girl Reserves, and Leisure Reading In some of the schools, home-room programs also included inter-American subjects.

The programs of pan-American and Spanish clubs which were included in the reports of cooperating schools represent every kind of activity: Pan American Day programs for the school and for community groups; opportunity to converse in Spanish and to learn. about other American countries; Spanish banquets; excursions to places of interest; exhibits, publication of newspapers and magazines; and collecting and editing songs from south of the border, etc.

The club in the John Harris High School of Harrisburg, Pa., has corresponded with pupils of other American republics, made the puppets, and produced a puppet-show of Cervantes' La Gitanilla; learned the folk dances; made travel books; decorated Christmas greetings with South and Central American themes; sponsored a school fiesta; participated in a quiz program; and presented programs on: The Kitchen and Cookery of Mexico, Famous Artists, The Guadalupe Day Fiesta, Christmas in Latin America; a demonstration of serape weaving, and an exhibition of different serape types.

A pan-American club may consist simply of a group of pupils in one school organized around this center of interest, or it may be affiliated with other groups of similar interest in various parts of the United States. The pioneer organization, the Pan American Student Forum, started in Dallas, Tex., in 1927, by November 1940 had chapters in 57 cities of 9 States, Colorado, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Misissippi, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, and California, as well as chapters in the Canal Zone, Costa Rica, Mexico, and Panama. It has had four national and two inter-American conferences. The preamble of the constitution of the Pan American Student Forum states its purpose:

We, the American students of the Spanish language, Latin-American His tory, American History, Commercial Geography, and Economics, in junior

high schools, senior high schools, junior colleges, senior colleges, and universities; teachers of these subjects; and other public-spirited citizens of the United States of North America, and its possessions; believing as we do in the dawn of a new era, and in the necessity of the furtherance of the teachings of this era, which lay down the principles of justice, mutual understanding and better cooperation between the people of different countries and nations; and, realizing that it is to the advantage of all the peoples of North America, Central America, South America, and the Islands of the West Indies, to live and work together in a spirit of peace, good will, and concord, do hereby organize ourselves into a permanent association for such purpose, under the following Constitution: *

*

The American Student is the official organ of the Pan American Student Forum. A national committee prepared a mimeographed bulletin full of suggestions for programs, including: Music; Literature and Travel; Geography of the Americas; International Relations; Reports of Local Club Programs; Pan-American Studies; a chart for evaluation of chapter activities; correspondence among students; coordination of club and class activities; and the use of radio activities of the Forum.

Meet the Americas, was a 30-minute radio program sponsored by the Pan American Student Forum each Sunday over Station KRLC, Lewiston, Idaho, which sustained it as a public-service program without charge. After the theme song, Pan Americana, and the announcement: "For the next thirty minutes forget the strife and turmoil of Europe and join with us in a friendly expression of peace and security for the Americas," there followed a sketch of some of the facts of history as well as up-to-the-minute news of the American republics. The program of the Lewiston, Idaho, chapter of the Pan American Student Forum will serve as an illustration of the activities conducted within local units. Their Invitation to Learn program included weekly meetings to consider not only each republic but also problems of interAmerican cooperation such as, Pan American Cooperation in the Field of Agriculture, Cultural Cooperation with Latin America, and From Yankee Imperialism to Good Neighbor. The activities of students sponsored by their teachers, however, are carried beyond weekly programs, and are correlated with various courses in the school. A student bulletin explains this development in the following manner:

At the present time, much is heard about providing for the safety and the well-being of the United States. This is but a natural activity now that the totalitarian governments of Europe and Asia threaten the peace of mind of our citizens. Perhaps the most important plank in our foreign policy today deals with hemisphere defense. There are certain problems connected with United States relations with Latin America which are proving hard to solve. No wonder that this is so. Just stop to consider for a moment the colossal ignorance of the average citizen of our country on matters concerning our sister republics. It is time that we included considerable information about ALL of the Americas. . . . Our educational institutions have overlooked, in most cases, the opportunity to study the culture of Latin America. We study