61

Periodicals of 1892, p. 147, has "Penny am going to London." But our pundits say Provident Fund of New York." 'Index to you may not qualify a verb by inserting an the Periodicals of 1895,' p. 158, has "Penny adverb between this to and the verb. As a Dreadfuls also Penny Provident Fund matter of fact, a number of verbs have of America." 'Index to the Periodicals of actually been qualified by an affix. We 1899, p. 169, has 'Penny in the Slot have, for instance, to outrun, to foresee, Machines." 'Índex to the Periodicals of to misquote, to counteract, and many 1900,' p. 171, has " Penny and its Story," others. Why is it right to say to outrun," Penny Meals," "Penny Patriotism," "Penny but wrong to say "to quickly run"? Why Toys, ""Penny for your Thoughts." Index may we say to misquote," " but not to to the Periodicals of 1901,' p. 182, has " Penny wrongly quote"? All this seems to me to and its Value in 1695." Gatty's Hunter's require working out, and I, for one, demand Hallamshire,' 1869, p. 168, has "Fuller's something more than the ipse dixit of a penny knife." Index to the Periodicals of reviewer. I do not think, with MR. EDWARD 1896,' p. 154, has "Penniless Poor." Index SMITH, that our increasing acquaintance with to the Periodicals of 1897, p. 162, has French literature and fuller intercourse with "Pennies: Tricks with Pennies." H. J. B. the French people have anything to do with the growth of the locution. Our intercourse with literary France was closer in the days of Horace Walpole. I believe the usage has arisen solely from a desire to emphasize more clearly the qualifications of the verbs we employ.

What are

Garden Pennies"? In Maitland's 'History of London' (vol. ii. book viii. p. 1354) occurs the following paragraph :— "This [Stepney] being at present a Rectory im: propriate. the. Principal and Scholars aforesaid (King's Hall and College of Brazen-nose in Oxford] receive the Great Tithes; and the Incumbent, for his Support, the small, Easter Offerings, Garden Pennies, and Surplice Fees; which are very considerable."

SPLIT INFINITIVE (10th S. ii. 406). I am glad that MR. EDWARD SMITH has intro duced the split infinitive to these columns, because we may now hope to have an authoritative pronouncement on the subject. It has been observed at the first reference that "the two leading novelists of the English world, Mr. Meredith and Mr. Hardy, both tolerate this usage." It may be added that it was frequently employed by Robert Browning; In the face of these authorities, one would like to know on what foundation the objection to the usage is based. Is it grammatical, logical, or historical? But first of all the organic structure of the infinitive must be explained, because it is on this, if on anything, that valid objection can be taken. To begin with. What part of speech is the to of the infinitive? It is obviously quite a different thing from the preposition to, indicating direction :

To be, or not to be, that is the question.
To err is human; to forgive, divine.
It is plain that the to in these lines is entirely
distinct from the to in such a sentence as I

Macaulay (and indeed every writer) constantly employs the split infinitive in the passive voice of the verb. Is to be thoroughly spoilt" right, and "to thoroughly spoil" wrong? And on what ground is it justifiable to split the auxiliary and the verb? I read in to-day's paper that A has publicly asked for something and has been publicly congratulated, and that B will shortly formulate certain terms. Does the splitting of the auxiliary and the verb stand on a different footing from the splitting of the mysterious to and the verb? and, if so, why? W. F. PRIDEAUX.

EXCAVATIONS AT RICHBOROUGH (10th S. ii. 289, 373).-Other works on this subject are : "Battely (A.), Antiquities of Richborough and Reculver, abridged from the Latin, map and plate, p. 8vo (1774)."-Priced in a recent second-hand catalogue at 6s.

66

Smith (C. Roach), Antiquities of Richborough, Reculver, and Limne, illusts. sq. 8vo (1850)." Priced in the same catalogue at 10s. 6d. and 168. Two copies, apparently the same edition.

CHILTERN HUNDREDS (10th S. ii. 441, 516).—supplied Laudonnière with food and clothing, and A very valuable and authoritative work on the above is "The Stewardship of the Chiltern Hundreds,' by F. S. Parry, C.B., published officially by Eyre & Spottiswoode in 1893. FRANCIS G. HALEY.

placed at his disposition a vessel on which to escape. These incidents belong to 1564-6. French authorities, in dealing with Laudonnière, make little mention of Hakluyt. Laudonnière himself published in 1586 Histoire Notable de la Floride, contenant les Trois Voyages faits en icelle par des Capitaines et des Pilotes Français.' It is in a sense satisfactory, though it has nothing to do with the

THE DEATH OF NELSON' (10th S. ii. 405, 493). The epitaph on the Duke of Cumber-subject, to find that these murders by the Spaniards, land, subsequently used in The Death of Nelson,' was printed in 'The Words of such Pieces as are most usually performed by the Academy of Ancient Music,' second edition, 1768, p. 199. T. Norris, Mus. Rac., is given H. DAVEY. as the composer's name. 15, Victoria Road, Brighton.

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, &c.

The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, and
Discoveries of the English Nation. By Richard
Hakluyt. Vols. IX., X., and XI. (Glasgow,
MacLehose & Sons.)
ALL but completed is the worthy task, boldly and
patriotically undertaken and brilliantly executed by
Messrs. MacLehose, of placing within reach of the
reading and studious public the record of English
adventure and empire-building in the most brilliant
period of our national history. The work is, indeed,
virtually in the hands of the student, what remains,
though indispensable and all-important, being to a
great extent in the nature of index and appendix.
With the appearance of each succeeding instalment
the sense of the importance of the task accom-
plished becomes augmentingly obvious. To say
that The Principal Navigations' is unknown
would be extravagant. It is an avowed classic,
standing side by side with the works which are our
chief national treasures, and leagues in front of
our chronicles. At the same time, it is unfamiliar
to the general public, for the reason, before all
others, that it has long been inaccessible. That
excuse for ignorance is now withdrawn, and Hak-
luyt must henceforward form part of every library
claiming consideration. Perusal has hitherto been
practically confined to those occupied with
historical studies. It should now extend to all
interested in the growth of empire and the
exploration of countries outside the range of
classical knowledge. Deeply interesting chapters
are opened out in the later volumes. In vol. ix.
we are occupied with voyages to Florida and New
Mexico, explorations of the Gulf of California, and
visits to the city of Mexico. Of poignant interest
is the account of the attempt, under René Goulaine
de Laudonnière and Jean Ribaut, at the direction
of Coligny and with the sanction of Charles IX., to
found a Huguenot colony in Florida. At first the
attempt met with a certain amount of success, and
the relations between the native chiefs and the
French invaders were of the most amicable nature.
The deplorable result was that the Spaniards, treat-
ing the Huguenots after their fashion, massacred
the whole of the prisoners. Apart from other
matters of interest, it is pleasant to read of the
protection afforded the fugitives by Hawkins, who

at which Charles IX. connived, were revenged by
Dominique de Gourgues, a celebrated mariner, who
in consequence had to fly France for his life and
accept employment from Elizabeth. A novel on
the subject of these conflicts, entitled 'Le Talion,
appeared in Le Siècle in 1857. A portrait of Lau-
donnière by Crispin de Passe, from the Grenville
Library in the British Museum, is given at p. 48.
Much interesting information concerning Florida is
supplied, and we hear of the practice of scalping, of
the existence of bison, &c. Some of the statements
are somewhat hard to credit, as when we are told of
people considerably over two hundred years old.
A portrait of Raleigh, which serves as frontispiece,
is after an original attributed to Zucchero in the
Dublin Gallery. An admirable portrait of Hawkins,
a map of the world by Peter Plancius, 1594, maps
of Florida and of the coast of China, with views of
ships in the navy of Henry VIII., are in the same
volume. Fine portraits of Drake, Sir Robert
Dudley, and Sir Anthony Sherley, with other maps
and plans of surpassing interest, follow in vol. x
Among the contents of this volume are the exploits
of Drake and Hawkins, both of whose deaths are
described, as well as those of other Elizabethan
heroes. In the eleventh volume are descriptions of
explorations of the coast of Brazil, the Straits of
Magellan, the South Sea, "and round about the
circumference of the whole earth." Herein we
have a brief account of the two voyages of Mr.
William Haukins of Plimmouth, father to Sir
John Haukins, Knight, and his bringing over
the Brazilian king, who was presented to King
Henry VIII., but died on the return voyage.
Portraits of Thomas Cavendish and Sir Christopher
Hatton, with other designs of surpassing interest,
are given. We might easily go on for ever, since
there is no point at which to stop; but considera-
tions of space forbid further amplification. The
volumes are, of course, a treasure-house rich and
inexhaustible, and the manner in which the task of
republication is executed is such as to commend the
work to every lover of fine books. It is pleasant to
know that the reception of the reprint has surpassed
expectation, and has emboldened the publishers to
undertake the issue in a similar form of Hakluytus
Posthumus; or, Purchas His Pilgrimes,' a work
even rarer than that of which it is a continuation.
This, founded on materials left by Hakluyt, has
not previously been reprinted. All the maps (over
seventy in number) in the 1625 edition will be
reproduced, the fine title-page will be executed in
facsimile, and the work will be enriched by a com-
plete index upon a scale corresponding to modern
requirements. Of this a thousand copies only,
all of which will doubtless be subscribed for before
publication, will be issued. Two volumes will
appear in the autumn, and it is hoped that the
entire work will within a couple of years be in the
hands of the subscribers. The last copy of the
original, in anything like a good condition, though
defective in some respects, brought by auction 447.

The Works of William Shakespeare. "Stratford all from the 1623 folio. In paper, text, typography,
Town" Edition Vol. I. (Stratford-on-Avon,
Shakespeare Head Press.)

SENTIMENTAL reasons must count among the motives to the production of the superb edition of Shakespeare of which the first volume is now before us. Nothing is more natural than that the birthplace of Shakespeare should give to the world an adequate and sumptuous edition of her greatest son. As the home of Shakespeare, Stratford-on-Avon claims a species of supremacy among cities, and ranks as a shrine with Delphos. It is useless for London even, the scene of Shakespeare's triumphs, to contest the supremacy with the Warwickshire home, seeing that if it be urged that Shakespeare is England's poet, and not Stratford's, it may with equal justice be maintained that he is not England's poet, but the world's. "He was not of an age, but for all time," Jonson's immortal utterance, may be supplemented with, He was not of a place, but for the world. Stratford has, however, elected to have an edition of its own,and in supplying such has met alike the requirements of the book-lover and the scholar. So far as regards the latter there is matter for hearty congratulations. Which of us has not wished for a text undisturbed by note and undefiled by conjecture? There are tens of thousands of readers who require explanations of Tudor phrase and a history of the growth of Shakespeare's text. For such men have laboured diligently and well, and between the publication of the great Variorum text of all the commentators, with its monstrous growth of erudition and absurdity, and the new Variorum of Dr. Horace Howard Furness, now in progress, innumerable editions, appealing to every class of readers, have seen the light. Ample room remains for an edition such as is now given us, and the moderate number of subscribers to which appeal is madeone thousand in all might, we should suppose, easily be quintupled. Adhering for a moment to the sentimental aspects, we may say that the work is printed in the house of Julius Shaw, one of the poet's most intimate friends and one of the witnesses to his will. The house in question is situated two doors to the north of New Place, and, so far as the main structure is concerned, has undergone little change since the poet's days. For the text Mr. A. H. Bullen, the best and sanest of editors, to whom are owing the best editions we possess of the early dramas, is responsible. Its aim, as announced, is to stand midway between Dyce and Clark and Wright, the editors of the Cambridge text, less austere than the latter, but more rigorous than the former. So far as we have gone in comparing the present text with that of the Cambridge Shakespeare, a labour in which naturally we cannot proceed far, the advantage, so far as regards adherence to the First Folio, is with the new work. Such differences as we have found, however, though fairly numerous, are rarely important.

The first volume, which contains four plays, "The Tempest,' 'Two Gentlemen of Verona," The Merry Wives of Windsor,' and 'Measure for Measure,' has for frontispiece a fine reproduction of the Droeshout portrait. Its preliminary matter consists of The Epistle Dedicatory,' by John Heminge and Henry Condell, to the Earls of Pembroke and Montgomery, the address 'To the Great Varietie of Readers, Ben Jonson's address To the Reader,' 'The Names of the Principal Actors in all these Plays,' the Commendatory Verses,' and the 'Additional Commendatory Verses,'

་

a

&c., the volume leaves nothing to be desired. A
more beautiful and luxurious, and, so far as we are
able to judge, more accurate, commendable, and
desirable edition of Shakespeare does not exist.
The Poore's Lamentation for the Death of Queen
Elizabeth. (Printed for private circulation.)
To our valued friend Mr. Alexander Smith, of
Glasgow, with whose knowledge and zeal as
bibliophile our readers are familiar, we owe this
handsome and interesting reprint of a unique
poetic tract preserved in the Malone Collection
in the Bodleian Library, Oxford. Anonymous in
authorship, this work was issued in 1603 for
Thomas Pauier in "Cornehill" "at the signe of
the Cat and the Parrets."
Payne Collier, who has left an account of it from
It was known to John
which Mr. Alexander Smith quotes. An elaborate
eulogy of Queen Elizabeth, whom in alliterative
fashion it calls

Our good and Godly gracious royall Queene,
it no less fulsomely eulogizes her successor, for
whom it invokes a life thrice exceeding that of
Nestor. Not very considerable is it as poetry, but
it is scarcely below the average of the didactic or
elegiac work of the epoch. It has, however, some
historic value, giving a rimed account of the suffer-
ing of the princess in the reign of Bloody Mary
during her transference from one place of confine-
ment to another. The verse is naïve at times, and
we find lines such as the following:-

Elizabeth, Elizabeth, I say,

From little England now is torne away. who preserve such waifs and strays of our early A genuine service to letters is rendered by those literature, and we own our obligation to Mr. Smith for allowing us to count the reprint, of which twenty-five copies only are issued, among our possessions.

Photograms of the Year 1904. (Dawbarn & Ward.) grams has at once assisted and chronicled is happily THE advance in photographic art which Photomaintained, and much of the work exhibited in the present volume is fully entitled to rank as art. The frontispiece, entitled "L'Effort,' exhibits wonderful effects of light, and it is followed by some splendid landscape effects of French origin. From all parts of the world they come, until it must puzzle the most competent to award the prize of merit. The composition is not in every case quite successful, but the collection may be studied with delight as. well as advantage.

The Clergy Directory and Parish Guide, 1905. (Phillips.)

THE thirty-fifth annual issue of this admirable directory is before us, and once more fulfils every condition of excellence. It is thoroughly up to date, supplies all information to be expected in a. work of its class, and is, as experience shows, the handiest and most convenient of similar compilations.

The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs. THE frontispiece to The Burlington consists of 'The Good Shepherd,' a wall painting of the third century, in the Catacomb of Prætextatus. This is wonderfully reproduced in colours. Mr. A. H. Smith deals with 'The Sculptures in Lansdowne

House,' seven of which are well reproduced. 'Opus Anglicanum, the Syon Cope,' is treated by May Morris, and is also illustrated. Following this comes a third article on 'The Carvallo Collection,' which again is followed by Part II. of Mr. Hodgkin's Transfer Printing on Pottery.' Six volumes of this excellent periodical have now appeared.

Notices to Correspondents.

We must call special attention to the following notices:

WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately.
To secure insertion of communications corre-

Kymri in Literature.'-Though reduced now to sixpence The Pall Mall Magazine shows no falling off in the character of its illustrations or its letterpress. The photogravure of Reynolds's Country Girl' which forms the frontispiece is of quite remarkable beauty. A characteristic poem by Thomas Hardy opens the number. Next comes an interesting and valuable paper by Mr. John Burns on London Old and New,' which is admirably illustrated. ImMR. P. LANDON sends to The Fortnightly a warm encomium upon When the home-sick mediately following contributions are by Mr. H. G. London. traveller rejoices in the sight of the white cliffs of Wells, Mr. H. C. Bailey, and Mr. Herbert Vivian. Albion, it is not England, but "the deep humming It is, indeed, difficult to imagine a more ideal tongue of Westminster and the pigeons that dip selection. from the popular standpoint, of contents. and flutter round the Eleanor Cross of Charing" for Mrs. C. Towle writes in Longman's concerning which he really pines. Mr. Francis Gribble deals that interesting personality Aubrey de Vere, and with 'Sainte-Beuve,' on the failures of whose life Canon Vaughan has a capital paper on The Flora he has much to say. Sainte Beuve, he declares, of Hants.' In 'At the Sign of the Ship' Mr. Lang was "equally famous as a littérateur and notorious owns to having discovered who was the Eliza Logan For critical acumen Sainte-Beuve after whom he inquired in N. & Q.' She was, it as a libertine." is praised, but in other respects he is severely appears, by birth a Miss Manson, and of course judged. Eton under Hornby' is pleasantly anec- married a Logan. These particulars are obtained dotal. Mr. Edward Dicey contributes some Recol- from Mr. Jonathan Nield, author of A Guide to the Best Historical Novels' (Elkin Mathews), a lections of Arthur Sullivan,' descriptive of him as Mr. Ernest Rhys work of which we had not previously heard. Mr. a man rather than a musician. writes on Mr. Swinburne's Collected Poems,' Lang also describes a curious American version of and displays much taste and imperfect informa- The Ballad of Lord Bateman,' beginning, very tion.-In The Nineteenth Century Prince Kropotkin strangely, "In India lived a noble lord." speaks with no uncertain voice on 'The Constitutional Agitation in Russia. Mr. Edward H. Cooper writes on 'Children's Christmas Amusements.' What he says is not, like his recent utterance, directed against a single entertainment, and he supplies some curious facts, or at least makes some curious statements. In treating of 'The Position of the Australian Aborigines in the Scale of Human Intelligence,' the Hon. J. Mildred Creed deals with a subject on which he is entitled to speak and combats the view that places the aboriginal at the bottom. Mr. Newton-Robinson has an in: teresting paper on 'The Revival of the Small-Sword. At the Rose in June, has a pleasant flavour of rusticity. Mr. Frederick Wedmore writes appre. "Undoubtedly ciatively on Fantin and Boudin.' the best book of the season is" so-and-so, says at the close of the number a cocksure gentleman who furnishes a monthly contribution to the review. -Judge Parry supplies in The Cornhill an agreeA Welsh Rector of the Last able account of Century.' In No. 10 of "Blackstick Papers Richmond Ritchie gossips pleasantly about 'Jacob Omnium,' a name now fading from public memory, but once conspicuous. The Tercentenary of "Don Quixote," by Mr. Austin Dobson, is a short, and characteristic poem, just published at Madrid, as chcontribution to the movement it celebrates. Mr. E. V. Lucas writes on 'G. D. [George Few more eccentric, Dyer]. Friend of Lamb.' kind-hearted, and self-oblivious creatures than Dyer can have existed. Mr. Frank T. Bullen's Land of Romance' is situate in the West Indies. -In The Gentleman's Mr. J. Holden MacMichael begins an account of Charing Cross and its Immediate Neighbourhood,' for which he is disposed to claim consideration as the hub of the terrestrial universe. Mr. Frank Lawrence tells afresh a curious and quite forgotten story in The Case of M. Perreau.' Mr. Cuthbert Hadden discourses on The Robin.' Our own observations lead us to doubt the entire accuracy of some of his comments. Miss Georgiana Hill has a paper on Great Lady of the Seventeenth Century,' and Edith Gray Wheelwright one on 'The Influence of the

"2 Mrs.

spondents must observe the following rules. Let
each note, query, or reply be written on a separate
slip of paper, with the signature of the writer and
such address as he wishes to appear. When answer-
ing queries, or making notes with regard to previous
entries in the paper, contributors are requested to
put in parentheses, immediately after the exact
heading, the series, volume, and page or pages to
Correspondents who repeat
which they refer.
queries are requested to head the second com-
munication "Duplicate."

F. P. MARCHANT ("But for the grace of God, there goes-").-Dean Farrar, in the fourth sermon in Eternal Hope,' attributes this saying to John Bradford. See 9th S. vii. 269, 351.

H. W. UNDERDOWN ("Boxing Day: Christmas

Box")-See the editorial note at 9th S. iv. 477 and
MR. HOLDEN MACMICHAEL'S article 9th S. v. 10.

W. CURZON YEO ("Lass of Richmond Hill ").—

The locality of this song was discussed at con-
siderable length in the First, Second, and Third
Series, and at still greater length in the last four
volumes of the Fifth Series. It is Richmond in
Surrey.
J. GoGas ("Mad as a hatter"). The earliest
instance of this phrase in the 'N.E.D.' is from
Thackeray's Pendennis,' chap. x. See also 9th S.
We do not know who used
vi. 448; vii. 251, 396.
the pseudonym Esop" in the middle of last
century.

NOTICE

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IN DEWISLAND. The COMMON LOT. Sir ROGER'S HEIR. DUCHESS of FEW CLOTHES.
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