the book does not appear to be in the British Museum. I wish to trace a Thomas Farmer, of Atherstone (1640-76), who I think was of this family. A. J. C. GUIMARAENS.

DANISH SURNAMES.-Is it known from what sources the ancient Danes and Norsemen obtained their names? Did they adopt place-names? and were surnames known to them? G. H. W.

DUELLING.-Can any one supply the name, of the author of the following small book?— "The British Code of Duel: a Reference to the

Laws of Honour, and the Character of a Gentle
man, &c. London, Knight & Lacey, 1824. 12mo."
It is entered in the British Museum
Catalogue, but without author's name.
kett and Laing do not mention it.

Hal

C. W. S.

EDMOND AND EDWARD.-Were the above names used indifferently in medieval times for the same person? I have seen it stated, but have no proof, that the names were so confused. FRANCESCA.

JOHN COPE, ENGRAVER, OF DUBLIN AND LONDON.-Who was he? and what did he engrave? (Mrs.) HAUTENVILLE COPE.

13c, Hyde Park Mansions, W.

"GOD CALLED UP FROM DREAMS."-I am anxious to learn the author of the following, and where it is to be found :

"God called up from dreams a man in the vestibule of heaven, and said unto him, 'Come thou hither and see the glory of My house,' and to the angels that stood around the throne He said, "Take from off him his robe of flesh.""

I believe it was quoted by Proctor in one of his works, in which he said, "It seems as if the dream of the German poet was right when he said, God called," &c. J. M.

might be peculiar to W. F., until I found a letter introducing him to Benjamin West, from the Rev. William Peters, 8 January, 1807, worded thus:

"Your preeminent merit as an artist and worth as a man must make every ingenious son of science look up to you for countenance and protection. As such I have the pleasure to recommend to your notice Mr. Fowler."

I do not find this use of "as such" in the 'N.E.D.' Is it known in other writings of the period, or in literature? J. T. F.

Winterton.

the fullest and most authentic alphabetical HERALDIC MOTTOES.-What book contains list of mottoes? I know nothing since C. N. Elvin's Handbook of Mottoes,' 1860, of which, if no one else comes forward or has the author's rights, I am prepared to undertake a new edition; of course with all possible assistance from 'N. & Q. I am acquainted with the list in 'Burke's Peerage' and in Mr. J. A. Mair's 'Book of Proverbs.'

C. S.

SAILORS' CHANTIES. Is it possible to discover the origin of these sea choruses, and when they were first sung and invented? I have Miss L. A. Smith's 'The Music of the Waters,' which does not afford the information I seek. I cannot trace "chantie" in any dictionary. S. J. A. F.

[Slang and its Analogues' says: "Obviously a diminutive of chant, a song." The earliest reference is to an article on 'Sailors' Shanties and Sea-Songs,' Chambers's Journal, 11 Dec., 1869, pp. 794-6.]

"GOD REST YOU MERRY."-In a well-known carol the first line

God rest you merry, {

gentlemen,
Christian men,

is generally seen written with the comma after the word you. But is not "God rest you merry an old English expression? If so, the word "merry" should not be separated from the verb by a comma, as if it were an adjective qualifying the noun. I should be glad of information on this point.

B. C. W. A. "GOSPEL OF FATNESS."-Who invented this phrase? MEDICULUS.

GOLDSMITH'S 'EDWIN AND ANGELINA.'-I have in my possession a book called 'The Quiz, by a Society of Gentlemen.' It was apparently first published in periodical form in 1797. The fifteenth paper of this work is entitled 'A Plagiarism of Dr. Goldsmith's.' The sum of this is that the author asserts that Goldsmith's 'Edwin and Angelina' is an almost literal translation of a French ballad

Is all this an elaborate piece of mystification?
Upon the whole, it seems most likely that it
is. At least we can hardly consider it to be
anything else until a copy of 'Les Deux
Habitants de Lozanne,' including the ballad,
is discovered.
BERTRAM DOBELL.

"T. D."-Profs. Greenough and Kittredge, in their 'Words and their Ways' (1902), p. 252, speak of "the labourer engaged in 'NOTES ON THE BOOK OF GENESIS,' BY laying a watermain and in smoking his C. H. M.-Who is the author of this book?T. D." What does this abbreviation mean? The third edition was published by George It apparently refers to some kind of pipe. Morrish, 24, Warwick Lane, Paternoster Row, in 1862. The author dates from Dublin. E. R.

PIG HANGING A MAN.-In turning over the pages of William Hone's Table Book' we have come on the following story. 'N. & Q.' has recorded many instances of a similar punishment befalling a sheepstealer, but we do not call to mind any other case where the office of executioner devolved upon a pig. If there be any such, it would be doing a good work to record them in these pages.

"Swine Harry.-This is the name of a field on the side of Pinnow, a hill in Lothersdale, in Craven; and is said to have derived its name from the following singular circumstance. A native of the valley was once, at the dead of night, crossing the field with a pig which he had stolen from a neighbouring farmyard; he led the obstinate animal by a rope tied to its leg, which was noosed at the end where the thief held it. On coming to a ladder-style in the field, being a very corpulent man, and wishing to have both hands at liberty, but not liking to release the pig, he transferred

Beplies.

SPLIT INFINITIVE. (10th S. ii. 406; iii. 17.)

THE condemnation of the split infinitive seems so devoid of adequate justification that, personally, I am accustomed to look upon it as merely idiosyncratic. The use of the idiom can be defended on various grounds, not the least substantial of which is the need of allowing language that freedom from purely artificial restraints which it continually and successfully claims. No learned academy or body of critics is powerful enough to cramp and tie down a language to a particular mode of expression, for, to use a theological phrase, it will "work out its own salvation," in defiance, if need be, of grammar. We may be sure, therefore, that the most virulent slating will not effect the destruction of the split infinitive if this really is syntactically advantageous.

The trouble over this matter is but slightly based on the adverbial nature of the qualification. The infinitive is, strictly speaking, a verbal substantive to which is affixed the dative preposition "to"; and in order to determine the legitimacy of splitting it, it is best, as COL. PRIDEAUX remarks, to collate the infinitives of compound verbs. Now, whether the first elements of long-used compound verbs, such as believe, forgive, &c., were originally prepositional or not, we are fully justified in regarding the bulk of similarly constituted verbs as consisting of an adverb joined to a verb, especially in such cases as fore-shadow, fore-shorten, uprise, overthrow, forthcome, underlie, &c., where the nature of the first syllables is clear. No one challenges the adverbial qualification of an unsplit infinitive, or the predication of something about an infinitive which includes an adverbial prefix, even if this be merely hyphened. It therefore appears highly illogical to deny that an infinitive may be legitimately split by an adverb which does not happen to be actually glued on to the verb. The difficulty, in reality, is one which concerns the length of the unattached adverb. There is a subtle feeling that the balance of the sentence is in danger of being destroyed if the verb is made top-heavy by placing a trisyllabic or polysyllabic adverb within the infinitive. Adverbs of one or two syllables readily adhere to the verb as prefixes, and thus disguise their reprobate individualities. But it is generally assumed that there is no glue strong enough to make such processional words as circumstantially,

extraordinarily, disproportionately, and the
like, stick within the split infinitive, and
therefore they must be trailed after verbs
like cartloads of bricks. The majority of the
adverbs in common use, however, do not
attain such unwieldly dimensions, and may
well be admitted within the split infinitive,
especially if clarity of apprehension is
promoted thereby. And surely the idiom is
not to be pilloried if it serves to make the
sentence more harmonious-as, for instance, in
"He decided to rapidly march on the town,"
where "to march rapidly" is certainly less
pleasing to the ear. From such considerations
as these I therefore infer that the split
infinitive does not merit the censure which
critics frequently bestow on it.
J. DORMER.

Some time ago a certain critic fell foul of
me for one solitary use of the phrase "from
whence,"
in N. & Q.' called forth a strong reply from
," and the consequent correspondence
and sternly denouncing our cocksure critic
PROF. SKEAT, justifying the use in any case,
of these latter days. But the same critic
blamed me also for having split on the rock
of the split infinitive, an example of which
doubtless existed somewhere in my book of
500 pages, though I failed to find it. I am,
therefore, keenly interested in this discussion.
ance, gives examples only of infinitives in
I note that COL. PRIDEAUX, at the last refer-
the present tense. But what about the past
infinitive?
example, rings true enough.
"To have gloriously died for
And if so, why not "to
It is not the to which is
not have, but die and died.
CHARLES SWYNNERTON.

one's country," for
But is it right?
gloriously die"?
modified, and it is

First of all " 'split infinitive" is a misnomer. The infinitive is not split, but is split in the position of its qualifying adverb in question from its preposition to, which in origin, though not in present function, is the same as that expressing direction. "I am ready to go meant ad eundum, à aller, zum Gehen. Historical reasons cannot be adduced against inserting the adverb between to and its infinitive, because it occurs as early as Wicliff; nor logical ones either, as no position can point out more clearly to which word the adverb refers.

Further, analogous positions of qualifications are common in English, as COL. PRIDEAUX justly remarks. His examples are: to be thoroughly spoilt," "he has publicly asked for something," " "he has been publicly congratulated." He might have added: "he fully admits," ""at exactly the same hour,”

"with scarcely a shirt on his back," "the con-
quest by Pizzaro of Peru." I agree with him
also in not believing in French influence in
the making of this form. "Il ne peut pas
entrer dans notre intention de seulement
effleurer ici les différentes faces de cette ques-
tion," owes its origin to the same tendency
towards clearness and succinctness as "I am
bound to fully admit that I was mistaken."
G. KRUEGER.

COLISEUMS OLD AND NEW (10th S. ii. 485, 529).-A very interesting subject for discussion has been introduced by MR. CECIL CLARKE, for there is frequently much difficulty in gaining any trustworthy information about London buildings after they have been demolished. Especially is this so in the case of the Coliseum, or Colosseum, which was situated in Regent's Park. I have in my possession one of the catalogues or book of description, issued in 1845, when it had changed proprietors after its attractiveness had declined, and there appeared "every probability that this truly magnificent edifice would be razed to the ground." It may not be undesirable to give the title-page of this brochure, which is as follows:

COL. PRIDEAUX congratulates MR. EDWARD SMITH on having "introduced the split infinitive to these columns, because we may now hope to have an authoritative pronounce ment on the subject." But the first such introduction was just forty-three years ago, when, in 3rd S. i. 88, that long-valued corre"A Description of The Colosseum | as | Respondent HERMENTRUDE, under the heading opened in M.DCCC.XLV. | under the Patronage of Wrong Position of the Adverb,' protested Her Majesty the Queen, and H.R.H. Prince Albert. against "the placing of the adverb between With numerous illustrations and eight coloured the preposition and the verb: e.g., We are Sections of | The Panorama of London, Embossed anxious to entirely get rid of it.' It was by Messrs Dobbs, Bailey. & Co. This Catalogue added, has been prepared for the Proprietor by MessTM "Will no influential grammarian Kronheim and Skirring, Engravers, and | Designers, arrest this Transatlantic intruder into the and the Illustrations and Letter-press are printed Queen's English, and banish it from good from Stereotype plates cast by the Patent Process society and correct diction, for the term of of Messrs Kronheim & Co., 3, Earl Street, Blackits natural life?" But, alas! the split in- friars. London :-Printed by J. Wertheimer and finitive-who gave it that name, and when Co., Finsbury Circus. | M.DCCC.XLV. is with us still.

ALFRED F. ROBBINS.

With some trepidation, and at the risk, I am afraid, of being accused of frivolity, I venture to introduce the following story. It is taken from an article on 'The Provincial Humour of America' in Chambers's Journal for March, 1904 :

"The prisoner, a faded, battered specimen of mankind, on whose haggard face, deeply lined with the marks of dissipation, there still lingered faint reminders of better days long past, stood dejectedly before the judge. Where are you from? From Boston.' Indeed,' said the judge; 'indeed, yours is a sad fall; and yet you don't seem to thoroughly realize how low you have sunk.' The man started as if struck. Your honour does me an injustice,' he said, bitterly; the disgrace of arrest for drunkenness, the mortification of being thrown into a noisome dungeon, the publicity and humiliation of trial in a crowded and dingy courtroom, I can bear; but to be sentenced by a police magistrate who splits his infinitives-that is indeed the last JOHN T. PAGE.

blow."

Most of the documents issued by showmen are couched in grandiloquent language, and this catalogue is rather worse than such things ordinarily are. The proprietor, whose name does not figure in this book, says he "consulted Mr. William Bradwell, of whose taste, skill, and judgment in decorative and scenic effects he had often witnessed the admirable results," and under his advice the property was purchased, and he prepared the plans for the work to be done. We are told that the " outlay was enormous," and that the visitors would feel that a higher desire than "the object of mere gain must have prompted so lavish an expenditure." There were two entrances: that on the west, under the portico facing the Regent's Park, was originally the only one; that on the east, in Albany Street, was formed when the There was an alterations were being made. apartment newly constructed by Mr. Bradwell, and dignified by the fine-sounding name "The Glyptotheca, or Museum of Sculpture," which took the place of a room formerly known as the "Saloon of Arts." This chamber had a frieze modelled from the Elgin marbles, above which were 'twenty fresco paintings of allegorical subjects on panels," for which Mr. Absolom was answerable. There were shown many works of art from the studios of some of the "most eminent British and Foreign Sculptors."

There was an Ascending Room" for the use of visitors, which we are told was "raised by secret machinery to the required elevation." This was doubtless what we now know as a "lift," which is met with in almost every large building. The chief attraction was, of course, the 'Grand Panorama of London,' which this catalogue tells us was 'almost entirely repainted by Mr. E. T. Parris," as, owing to a variety of causes, that gentleman had been prevented from "doing himself complete justice." With reference to this painting, it says:

"This extraordinary, and, in its peculiar style, unequalled effort of human ingenuity and perseverance was projected and commenced by Mr. Horner, and completed by Mr. E. T. Parris and assistants, under the latter gentleman's direction." It will be noted that the name of Horner is spelt with only one o, as is the case in Old and New London,' and not, as Elmes spelt it, "Hornor."

we must say that pleasure-seekers seem to have been well catered for in those days, and, making allowance for the change of taste, it is perhaps permissible to think that the new Coliseum can hardly in some respects give a better entertainment than that provided by the old one.

In this catalogue there is no mention of there having been a bazaar upon the premises, but there may have been one at an earlier date; neither at this later date is there any allusion to a panorama of Lisbon by night, nor to the exhibition of the earthquake there spoken of by MR. E. DYSEY. It would be of considerable interest if the name of the proprietor in 1845 could be put on record. W. E. HARLAND-OXLEY. Westminster.

I can corroborate MR. DYSEY's recollections, as I was a frequent visitor to the old Colosseum in the forties and fifties, when I lived in the neighbourhood. Although called the The feature of this catalogue is the eight Coliseum in some of Elmes's plates, the embossed plates of the panorama, with an official designation was "The Royal Colosengraved key-plate to each section. They seum." I still possess some of the old proare stamped upon a coloured ground, show-grammes, from which I learn that the ing the Thames in a bright blue, and the Magnificent Diorama of Paris by Night, sky in pink and blue tints, making very painted by Messrs. Danson, covering an area effective pictures, and helping one admirably of Forty-Eight Thousand Square Feet," was to form a faint idea of what the whole thing presented at the evening entertainment, and was like. The buildings on the painting the "Colossal Panorama of London by Day, seem to have stood out well, notwithstanding painted by E. T. Parris, Esq.," and covering the "extreme inaccuracy as to architectural the same area, was exhibited in the morning. details," which perhaps in a work of such The great earthquake at Lisbon was, as magnitude might almost be looked for. It stated by MR. DYSEY, shown in another part is hardly necessary to say that the view was of the building; but London and Paris, taken from a staging erected above the dome though described respectively as a panorama of St. Paul's, which appeared immediately and a diorama, were more properly cyclobelow the spectator's feet. ramas, as they extended over a circular area, and were seen by spectators from the centre. The fact that London and Paris covered the same area, Paris being substituted for London in the evening, may have given rise to the joke that a portion of the canvas was utilized for both representations. The building was a fine one, though the dome was rather squat, and it may be doubted if Sir Walter Gilbey's handsome villa sufficiently compensates for its loss.

There were also conservatories, a Gothic aviary, an exterior promenade, a representation of the Mer de Glace, Mont Blanc, a mountain torrent, and stalactite caverns, all of which are duly pictured in this little book. There was also what is notified as being an "Entirely New and Extraordinary Panorama of London by Night, projected and carried out by Mr. Wm. Bradwell, and painted by Mr. Danson and Mr. Telbin." This was a very fine work of art, and probably the truth was hardly exceeded when it was proclaimed "that nothing short of reality can equal the amazing coup d'œil before us." There was also a "Glaciarium" of artificial ice for skating at all seasons of the year, and a camera obscura " on a scale never before attempted," presenting & "living moving picture," another panorama of the north-west quarter of London. This was sixty years ago, yet

Particulars about the Leicester Square entertainments will be found in Tom Taylor's Leicester Square'; vide the chapter on 'The Shows of the Square,' pp. 447-76.

W. F. PRIDEAUX. of 12 March, 1875:— The following is extracted from The Times

Commissioners of Works and Public Buildings have "The Last of the Colosseum. - Her Majesty's at length found a purchaser for the building and site of the Colosseum, which is now being rapidly