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in Illinois, twice a year in Maryland and Michigan, at least once a year in Minnesota, and as often as necessary in Colorado.

Fees. The fee for examination and license is $5 in Hawaii and Illinois, $3 in Michigan, and $2 in Colorado, Maryland, and Minnesota. A registration fee of 25 cents in the city or county is required in Colorado, Maryland, and Minnesota. The license fee of $5 must be paid annually in Hawaii, while an annual renewal fee of $1 is required in Illinois and Michigan.

Age, etc.-No age limit is fixed for applicants except in Michigan, where it is 18 years. Apprentices must serve not more than 3 years in Colorado, and 3 years in Illinois, Maryland, and Minnesota.

STEAM ENGINEERS, FIREMEN, ETC.

The employees considered under this head are stationary engineers and firemen, and certain employees on steamboats. Such laws are valid as designed to secure the public safety (Hyvonen v. Hector Iron Co. (1908), 103 Minn. 331, 115 N. W. 167); but they must not be arbitrary or confer autocratic and unregulated power on the examiner (Harmon v. State (1902), 66 Ohio St. 249, 64 N. E. 117). Employees on railroads and engineers in mines are not included here, the laws relating to them being noted under the respective headings.

STATIONARY ENGINEERS

Stationary engineers are required to be licensed in the following jurisdictions:

District of Columbia.-Act of Feb. 28, 1887 (24 Stat. 427).

Florida.-R. G. S., secs. 1940-1945, 5851, 5852.

Georgia.-Acts of 1910, page 112 (am. 1912, p. 158).

Maryland.-Public Local Laws, art. 4, sec. 427 (am. 1910, p. 615).

Massachusetts.-G. L., ch. 146, secs. 46–51, 56-59, 64–67.

Minnesota.-G. S., secs. 4750 (am. 1919, ch. 113), 4751, 4752, 4753 (am. 1919, ch. 240).

Missouri.-R. Sy secs. 10967, 10968.

Montana.-R. C., secs. 2719-2728.

Nevada.-Acts of 1921, ch. 213 (am. 1923, ch. 18).

New Jersey.-Acts of 1913, ch. 363 (am. 1918, ch. 213; 1919, ch. 151). Ohio.-G. C. of 1910, sections 1039-1057 (am. 1910, p. 361; 1911, p. 494; 1913, p. 95; 1919, p. 1237).

Pennsylvania.-Stats., secs. 2925-2940, 3507-3521.

Scope. The laws of Georgia, Massachusetts, Montana, and New Jersey include firemen in their provisions; while a statute of Ohio (General Code, secs. 1058-1 to 1058-5, added 1910, p. 324, amended 1919, p. 1237) contains provisions for persons in charge of steam boilers, and a law of New York (acts of 1901, ch. 733) regulates the employment of firemen in New York City. The law of Montana requires engineers of traction engines to be licensed; while that of Nevada relates to hoisting engineers only.

The law of Florida authorizes cities of over 5,000 inhabitants to require licenses, that of Georgia applying only in counties having a population of 70,000 or above, that of Massachusetts excepting agricultural engines, heating boilers of not over 15 pounds pressure, and engines of less than 9 horsepower; while the law of Missouri applies only in cities of over 20,000 population, and that of Pennsylvania in cities of the second and third classes.

In some States licenses are classified according to the power, etc., of the engine or boiler to be operated. Thus there are 6 grades of engineers' licenses and 4 grades of firemen's licenses in Massachusetts, 4 grades of engineers' licenses in Maryland, Minnesota, and Montana, 3 in Nevada, and 2 in Pennsylvania.

Issue. The examiners are State boards in Maryland, district inspectors in Minnesota, the State industrial commission through district examiners of steam engineers in Ohio, the chief and boiler inspectors of the department of public safety in Massachusetts, a bureau of the department of labor in New Jersey, county boards in Georgia and district boards in Nevada, a board designated by the commissioners in the District of Columbia, a State boiler inspector in Montana, city boiler inspectors in Florida and in Pennsylvania, and local incorporated associations in Missouri.

No time seems to be fixed for the holding of examinations except in Maryland, where weekly meetings of the board are prescribed in Baltimore. Other laws provide for examinations on application, or at times fixed by the boards.

Fees. The fee for an examination is $5 in Nevada and Ohio; $3 in the District of Columbia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania; and $1 in Massachusetts and Missouri. In Minnesota the fee for chief engineer's examination is $7; first class, $5; second class, $3; and special, $2. In Montana $7.50 is the fee for a license of the first class, $5 for one of the second class, $3 for one of the third class, and $2 for a low-pressure engineer. The fee is fixed by the city in Florida, and by the board in Georgia and in New Jersey (not over $2).

Term.-The term is not limited in a number of States, but is fixed at one year in Maryland, Montana, Nevada, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, and two years in Minnesota.

The fee for renewal is $2.50 in Nevada, $2 in Ohio, $1.50 in Maryland, and $1 in Minnesota, Montana, and Pennsylvania.

Qualifications. The qualifications of applicants are not specifically indicated in most cases, the subject of fitness being usually left to the test of examination, which is to be practical, including technical subjects in a number of States, especially for licenses of the higher grades. Experience of from one to three years is required in several laws, and in a few instances an age limit is fixed.

Moral character, with special reference to temperate habits, is mentioned in some laws; while that of Nevada requires a medical certificate as to the condition of heart, sight, and hearing.

Forfeiture of license on account of negligence, intoxication, violations of laws or regulations, etc., is quite generally provided for.

EMPLOYEES ON VESSELS

The employees on steam vessels, etc., required to be licensed before taking employment are engineers, captains, masters, and pilots on steam vessels, and operators of electric, naphtha or gasoline launches or boats serving as common carriers, the classes included varying in the different States.

The States, etc., having laws on this subject are:

Maine.-Acts of 1923, ch. 149.

Michigan.-C. L. 5390, 5401, 5413.

Minnesota.-G. S., sec. 4743.

New Hampshire.-Acts of 1913, ch. 185.

New Jersey.-C. S., pp. 3707, 3709; acts of 1919, ch. 233 (am. 1924, ch. 83). New York.-Con. L., ch. 37, secs. 4, 17 (am. 1918, ch. 190), 33, 34.

Philippine Islands.-Laws of U. S. Philippine Commission, 1902, Act No. 780 (am. by Nos. 1025, 1317, 1522, 1602).

Washington.-C. and S., secs. 8226, 8233, 8238.
United States.-C. S., secs. 8138, 8200-–8209.

Scope. The law applies to masters, pilots, and engineers in Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, and Washington; to captains, masters, pilots, and engineers of steam vessels, and to operators of electric, naphtha, gasoline, etc., boats used as common carriers in New Hampshire; to masters, mates, patrons, and engineers in the Philippine Islands; and masters, chief mates, second and third mates if in charge of a watch, engineers and pilots of all steam vessels, masters of sail vessels of over 700 gross tons and of all other vessels of over 100 gross tons carrying passengers for hire, in the United States. The laws of the States generally except in terms those persons who are holders of a Federal license.

Issue. The examiners are boards of steamboat inspectors in New Jersey, New York, Philippine Islands, and the United States; the public utilities commission in Maine; the public service commission in New Hampshire: the State boiler inspectors in Minnesota; and the State commissioner of labor in Michigan.

The frequency of examinations is not prescribed except that in the Philippine Islands they are to be held monthly in Manila.

Fees. In several cases the fees charged are not indicated, being presumably fixed by the boards in their power to make regulations. There are grades of licenses prescribed in some laws, while in others but a single class seems to be contemplated.

The fee for an examination is $10 for an engineer in the Philippine Islands, and $5 for mates, patrons, and assistant engineers; $5 in Michigan, New Jersey, New York, and Washington; $2 in Maine, New Hampshire ($1 for special license restricted to employment on a single vessel); and $1 in Minnesota. The Federal law forbids the collection of any fee for licenses thereunder.

Term. The term of the license is one year in Maine, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Philippine Islands, Washington, and the United States (for engineers and pilots); 2 years in Minnesota; and 5 years in the United States for masters and mates.

The renewal fee is designated as $1 in Minnesota, $2 in Maine, and $3 in New Jersey and New York, and is apparently $5 in Michigan.

Age, etc.-Where the age limit is fixed it is usually 21 years, though 18 and 19 years are set by the Philippine Commission as the ages at which certain classes of employees may secure licenses. Experience of from one to three years, varying with the class of license applied for, and fit habits and character are also qualifications pre

scribed.

Licenses may be revoked for intemperance, incompetence, or violation of the laws.

CHAUFFEURS

Provisions requiring the registration and licensing of chauffeurs are embodied in the laws of most jurisdictions regulating the opera

tion and registration of motor vehicles. So far as appears, the entire subject is without legislative control in a few States; while in the District of Columbia it is the subject of regulation by the District Commissioners.

A distinction is very commonly made between chauffeurs operating for hire and operators who may be owners or members of the owner's family not receiving pay for such services, though the dif ference is not uniformly made. Where it exists, the age limit for chauffeurs is frequently higher than for operators, and the fee charged is greater.

Following are the States having laws on the subject of licensing: Alabama.-Acts of 1923, No. 290.

Arizona.-R. S., sec. 5136.

Arkansas..-Digest, secs. 7430, 7431.

California.-Acts of 1923, ch. 266, secs. 58-76, 82.

Colorado.-C. L., sec. 1344.

Connecticut.--Acts of 1921, ch. 400 (am. 1923, ch. 257).

Delaware.-R. S., sec. 236 (am. 1923, ch. 5); Acts of 1921, ch. 193.

Florida.-R. S., secs. 1024-1029.

Georgia.-Acts of 1921, p. 255.

Hawaii.-Acts of 1921, No. 235.

Idaho.-C. S., secs. 1606-1608 (am. 1923, ch. 154).

Illinois. Acts of 1919, p. 669 (am. 1923, p. 546).

Indiana.-A. S., sec. 10476e.

Iowa.-Acts of 1919, ch. 275, sec. 2, 11 (am. 1921. ch. 159).

Kentucky.-Acts of 1920, ch. 90.

Louisiana.-Acts of Extra Sess., 1921, ch. 120.

Maine. Acts of 1921, ch. 211.

Maryland.-Code, art. 56, secs. 143-146 (am. 1918, ch. 85; 1920, ch. 506). Massachusetts.-G. L., ch. 90, secs. 8, 10-12, 33 (am. 1923, ch. 464). Michigan.-C. L., sec. 4820 (am. 1919, No. 383).

Minnesota.-G. S., sec. 2638 (am. 1915, ch. 33).

Missouri.-Acts of Extra Sess., 1921, p. 83.

Montana.-R. C., sec. 1761.

New Hampshire.-Acts of 1921, ch. 119, secs. 7, 8, 25.

New Jersey.-Acts of 1921, ch. 208.

New York. Acts of 1921, ch. 580, sec. 289 (am. 1924, ch. 360).

Ohio.-G. C., secs. 6296, 6302 (am. Extra Sess., 1914, p. 248), 6303, 6305.
Oregon.-Acts of 1921, ch. 371, sec. 17.

Pennsylvania.-Statutes, sec. 974 (am. 1923, No. 296).

Philippine Islands.-Acts of 1912, No. 2159.

Porto Rico.--Acts of 1916, No. 75.

Rhode Island.-G. L., ch. 98, sec. 6.

Texas.-Acts of 1917, ch. 207, secs. 25-30.

Utah.-C. L., secs. 3980, 3981.

Vermont.-G. L., secs. 4686, 4687, 4691 (am. 1919, No. 119).
Virginia.-Code, sec. 2129 (am. Extra Sess., 1919, ch. 35), 2137.
Washington.-Acts of 1921, ch. 108.

West Virginia.-Acts of 1921, ch. 112, secs. 84, 85.

Who issue licenses.-Licenses are issued or registration made by the county judge of probate in Alabama and by the secretary of State in Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Michigan, Ohio, Oregon, Utah, Vermont, and Virginia. The State highway authorities receive and pass upon applications in Louisiana, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas, and West Virginia; the commissioner, registrar, or division of motor vehicles in California, Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, and New York; the director of licenses in Washington; the commissioner of interior in Porto Rico; the tax commission in Kentucky; the comptroller in Florida; an

examining board, appointed by the sheriff, subject to a board of supervisors, in Hawaii; the department of law enforcement, through the county assessor, in Idaho; the board of examiners, appointed by the governor, in Minnesota; and the director of public works in the Philippine Islands.

Qualifications. The provisions as to qualifications are generally indefinite, although the tendency is toward stricter rules and regulations. Some provide that the applicant must demonstrate his ability, others that he give evidence of qualifications or pass such examination as may be required; while some require only a statement by the applicant as to his ability, either with or without supporting affidavits of other parties. Applicants must be 18 years of age in Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Hampshire, New York, Oregon, Porto Rico, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Philippine Islands; 17 years of age in New Jersey; 16 years of age in California (18 on public vehicles), Delaware (21 for public service permit), Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island; and 15 years of age in Hawaii and Washington (21 years if transporting passengers for hire). Hawaii provides that the applicant must be free from such physical defects as epilepsy, heart disease, excessive fainting tendency, feebleness, insanity, or other similar defects. Michigan will refuse license if applicant is addicted to the use of intoxicating liquors or drugs.

Budges.-Badges must be worn by employed chauffeurs in a majority of the States, though Maryland provides specifically that no license badge shall be worn. Photographs are also required in a few States. Fres.-The fee for a license is $5 in Alabama, Arizona, Hawaii, Illinois, Louisiana, Maine, New Hampshire, New York, Porto Rico, and Virginia; $3 in Connecticut, Delaware ($4 for public service vehicles), Maryland, Missouri, New Jersey, Ohio, Texas, Vermont, and West Virginia; $2 in California, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, Oregon, Pennsylvania ($1 if no examination required), Rhode Island, and Utah; and $1.50 in Minnesota; $1 in Arkansas (called registration and record fee) and Washington; and 2 pesos ($1) in the Philippine Islands. The term of license is usually one year, though in Idaho, Hawaii, Porto Rico, Virginia, and Washington no limitation is indicated. The law of Georgia provides for no fee for examination or license.

Renewals. Renewals require the payment of a fee of $5 in Alabama, Louisiana, and Virginia; $3 in Connecticut, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Missouri, New Jersey, Ohio, Texas, Vermont, and West Virginia; $2 in California, Colorado, Florida, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, New Hampshire, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, and Utah; $1 in Arkansas, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, and Washington (two-year term); and 2 pesos ($1) in the Philippine Islands.

Suspension, etc.-Licenses may be suspended or revoked for cause, and specifically for incompetence, intoxication, or violation of the motor-vehicle law. Operating a car while a license is suspended or revoked is usually declared a misdemeanor.

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