Missouri, Rhode Island, and Wisconsin. Where instruction is given. in a barber school the board may be authorized to judge of the school's competency and the sufficiency of the instruction given; or the law may require that the instruction be given in a "recognized " or "properly organized" barber school. Forfeiture of license.-Licenses may be revoked under the laws of nearly every State for conviction of crime, habitual drunkenness, gross incompetency, failure to comply with sanitary or other regulations, or for having or imparting an infectious or contagious disease. Such licenses may be renewed, usually after a fixed period, on proof that the disqualifying cause has been removed. Sanitary requirements.-Provisions classifiable under this head vary more widely than any of the above, varying from requirements of a detailed nature embodied in the law to a simple authorization of the board to devise and enforce suitable regulations. The law of Maryland makes no reference to the subject. Specific provisions are found prohibiting the employment or continuance in employment of any person afflicted with any communicable disease, requiring tools to be sterilized after using, and that towels be boiled and laundered before a second usage, that blood be stopped by the use of a liquid or powder only, and that shops be not used for sleeping purposes. Shaving persons with inflamed or erupted faces is forbidden in some States. Besides the States listed above, the following have sanitary regulations for the conduct of barber shops, embodying provisions similar to those noted: Alabama.-Code, secs. 1117–1132. New Hampshire.-Acts of 1907, ch. 142. Vermont.-G. L., secs. 6255-6257. OPERATORS OF MOVING PICTURE MACHINES License to operate cinematographs or similar apparatus is required in several States, issue to be preceded by such a test of the applicant's knowledge as will satisfy the authorities of his competency. States having such laws are: Maine.-R. S., ch. 32, sec. 16. Maryland.-Acts of 1910, ch. 693 (am. 1912, ch. 814; 1918, ch. 195). Michigan.-C. L., secs. 7175, 7176. New Jersey.-Acts of 1912, ch. 331. New York.-Acts of 1911, ch. 252 (am. 1916, ch. 184). Rhode Island.-G. L., ch. 174, sec. 3. South Dakota.-R. C., sec. 9141. Scope. These laws are usually brief and simple in form, but present considerable variety. In New York they relate to cities of the first class, in Maryland to Baltimore only, and in New Jersey to certain cities adopting specific governmental requirements, any action with regard to moving picture operators being optional. Issue. Licenses are granted by the municipal officers in Maine, by a board appointed by the governor in Maryland, by an inspector of public safety in Massachusetts, by local licensing officers designated by the mayor in New York, and by fire commissioners or fire wardens in Rhode Island. In Michigan the State fire marshal and in South Dakota the commissioner of insurance is authorized to inquire into the competency of any operator and require him to cease employment until any discovered incompetency is removed; no provision is made in these States for the granting of a license. Fees, etc.-The fee charged may not exceed $5 annually in Maine, is fixed at $10 in Maryland with a renewal fee of $5, is $3 in Massachusetts with $1 as renewal fee, and $1 in Rhode Island, the fee for renewals being the same. No mention is made of a fee in the New York law, the subject being probably left within the power of the licensing officer as to rules and regulations. The term of licenses is uniformly one year. Operators must be 18 years of age in Maine, Michigan, New Jersey, Rhode Island, and South Dakota, 21 in Maryland, Massachusetts, and New York. Six months' experience is required in Maryland and New York. Licenses may be revoked for cause. AVIATORS The operation of airplanes is so attendant with possibilities of hazard, public as well as private, that legislation regulating the privilege would seem fully warranted. Steps in this direction were first taken in Connecticut in 1911, the owners of aircraft being required to register and operators to procure a license after examination or proof of skill. Laws are now in effect as follows: California.-Acts of 1921, ch. 783. Connecticut.-Acts of 1921, ch. 207 (am. 1923, ch. 243). Maine.-Acts of 1921, ch. 161. Massachusetts.-G. L., ch. 90, secs. 35-42. (am. 1922, ch. 534.) Scope, issue. While the increase in the number of airplanes is undoubtedly the occasion of the enactment of these laws, some of them also refer to balloons, free as well as dirigible. License is granted by the motor-vehicle department in California, Connecticut, and Massachusetts, by special boards or individuals appointed by the governor in Hawaii and Oregon, and by the secretary of State in Maine. In Massachusetts the examination is conducted by a board of experts headed by the registrar of the motor-vehicle department. Fees. The fee for examinations is not over $25 in California and Connecticut, and $5 in Massachusetts and Oregon. An added fee of $5 for license is charged in Massachusetts and $10 in Oregon. No mention is made of a fee in other jurisdictions. Persons shown to be qualified without examination, as by holding certificates from associations interested in aeronautics, may receive licenses in California and Connecticut on the payment of a fee of $2. Licenses are valid for one year in California, Connecticut, Hawaii, Massachusetts, and Oregon, no reference to term being made in Maine. The fee for renewal is $5 in Massachusetts and $10 in Oregon, no charge. being noted in the other jurisdictions. Age, etc.-The age of applicants is mentioned only in California, where it is 19 years, and in Oregon, where 18 years is the minimum. The examinations determine qualifications, both technical and practical; and licenses may be revoked for cause. 105446°-25-3 ELECTRICIANS Persons engaging in the business of installing wires and equipment for the conveyance and use of electric current must secure licenses, after examination, in the following States: Massachusetts.-G. L., ch. 141 (am. 1921, ch. 221). Who to issue.-Examinations and the granting of licenses are in the hands of the board of State examiners in Massachusetts and Minnesota, of local boards in cities of over 35,000 in Tennessee, and of the secretary of state in Washington, where the law is restricted in its application to cities of the first, second, and third class. Fees. In Massachusetts two grades of license are issued-masters' and journeymen's. The fee for the former for examination and original license is $25 and for the latter $5. The Minnesota law provides for three classes of license-masters, journeymen, and special, the last being available for persons employed to operate electric light or power apparatus and keep the same in repair. Only masters' licenses are issued in Tennessee, while in Washington a license is required for every person, firm, or corporation desiring to engage or continue in the business of installing wires to convey electric current or electric apparatus to be operated by such current. The fee in Minnesota is $5 for master's certificate, $3 for a journeyman, and $2 for a special license; in Tennessee the fee is $25 and in Washington, $15. Term, etc.-Licenses have annual terms in Massachusetts, Tennessee, and Washington and biennial terms in Minnesota. The fees for renewal are $15 in Massachusetts for a master's license and $1 for a journeyman's; in Minnesota, apparently, and in Washington, by specific designation, the fee is the same as for an original issue; while in Tennessee the fee for renewal is $10. Reference to age is made only in Minnesota, where masters and journeymen must be at least 21 and have had three years' experience. Special licenses may be issued to persons under 21 years of age who have had two years' experience. In Tennessee three years' experience is required. MISCELLANEOUS Automobile mechanics.-An Oregon statute (Laws, secs. 68046813) creates a "board of automobile mechanics' examiners" charged with the duty of examining and licensing persons who work for hire and hold themselves out to work for hire upon any automobile or auto truck. Engaging in such work without a license is forbidden, except that licensed mechanics may each have one helper or apprentice who need not be licensed but must work only under the direction of such duly licensed automobile mechanic. The fee for examination and licensing is $5, annual renewals being made on the payment of a similar sum. Licenses may be revoked for incompetency or any other good and sufficient cause. Beauty parlors.-The inspection of beauty parlors is provided for by a Wisconsin law (Stats., secs. 159.01-159.05). No person may be a manager, operator, or apprentice of any such parlor without a license, a board of examiners for this purpose being appointed by the State board of health. Apprentices may be licensed upon application without charge. After 6 months' practice under the supervision of a licensed manager they may receive an operator's license on the proof of such practice and the payment of $2. An operator may be licensed as a manager after one year's service under a licensed manager on passing an examination, submitting proof of education equivalent to the eighth grade, and the payment of a license fee of $15. Annual renewals are made for $2 for operators' fees and $10 for managers' licenses. A law of Louisiana (No. 135, acts of 1924) creates a board of cosmetic therapy, with power to adopt rules and regulations for the sterilization and sanitation of places and equipment used for and in the practice of cosmetic therapy or beauty culture. Examination and licensing are prescribed, applicants to be at least 18 years of age, of good moral character, have an education at least equivalent to first year high school, and have taken a course in an approved school of cosmetic therapy, or passed a satisfactory examination showing fitness to become a registered cosmetician. Apprentices must be registered. Trained nurses and barbers are exempt, as are physicians and commissioned surgical officers of the United States Army, Navy, or Marine Hospital Service. Prior practitioners or graduates are exempt from examination, but must pay the fee for registration, which is $5 for residents of the State, and $15 for nonresidents; renewals cost $1. The fee for an examination is $5, and for apprentice registration $1. Elevator operators.-In the State of Minnesota (G. S., sec. 1432) persons desiring to operate passenger elevators in cities of the first class must be licensed by a building inspector. The fee for issuing a license is 25 cents after proof of experience and ability and an examination on the subject of the construction of elevators. Hoisting-machine operators.-According to a law of Massachusetts (G. L., ch. 146, secs. 53, 55-59, 64, 65) all persons operating derricks, cableways, machinery for discharging cargoes, and temporary elevator cars used in excavation work or hoisting building material where mechanical power other than steam is employed must secure a license. Licenses are issued after a practical examination by a member of the boiler inspectors' department of the district police. A fee of $1 is charged. The license continues in force until suspended or revoked for cause. Mason contractors.-In cities of Illinois having a population of 150,000 inhabitants or over, mason contractors or employing masons must obtain a license after a practical examination by a local board of examiners (R. S., ch. 48, secs. 177-183). Licenses thus issued are valid throughout the State for a period of one year. Fees for examination and for renewal are fixed by the common council of the cities to which the law applies. PEDDLERS' LICENSE-EXEMPTION OF MECHANICS The States which require peddlers generally to procure a license before engaging in their business, but which exempt persons selling goods of their own manufacture from this requirement, are as follows: Arkansas.-Digest, secs. 9793, 9794. Delaware.-R. C., sec. 208. Iowa.-Code Supp., 1913, sec. 1347a. Louisiana.-Acts of 1898, No. 171 (am. 1904, No. 49). Michigan.-C. L., sec. 6975. New Hampshire.—Acts of 1897, ch. 76 (am. 1907, ch. 114). Ohio.-G. C., sec. 6355. Pennsylvania.-Statutes, sec. 16701. Rhode Island.-G. L., ch. 219, sec. 12. EMIGRANT AGENTS The activities of agencies recruiting labor in one State for employment in another have been subject to restrictive legislation in Hawaii, Philippine Islands, and in several Southern States for a number of years. Most drastic and sweeping in its terms is the act passed by the Legislature of Alabama in 1923, which fixes the license fee at $5,000 per annum for each county in which such an emigrant agent does business. Every agent or employee of such agent must have a license, for which the same amount is paid; $5,000 must also be paid for each county through which the agent or a representative accompanies the recruited laborers in any conveyance to their destination. A bond and references are also required. The law of Virginia requires such agents to comply with the State law as to employment agencies. Labor organizations directing their members to places of employment are exempt. Fairly representative is the law of Mississippi, which was declared constitutional by the supreme court of the State (Garbutt v. State, 77 So. 189). The text of the law follows: MISSISSIPPI-ACTS OF 1912 CHAPTER 94.-Emigrant agent SECTION 1. License fee.-Each emigrant or employment agent, or person engaged in hiring laborers, or soliciting emigrants or laborers in this State to go beyond the limits of the State, must pay an annual license of five hundred dollars ($500) in every county in which he operates or solicits emigrants or laborers, which amount must be paid into the State treasury for the use of the State. SEC. 2. Acting without license.-Any person doing the business of emigrant or employment agent without having first obtained a license, as required by law, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction, shall be punished by fine of not less than five hundred dollars ($500) and not more than five thousand dollars ($5,000), or may be imprisoned in the county jail, or sentenced to hard labor for the county for not less than one month nor more than six months, within the discretion of the court. The States having laws on this subject are: Alabama-Code, secs. 696-699, 3980–3984. Florida.-G. S., secs. 888, 5317. Georgia.-Penal C., sec. 632 (am. 1920, p. 87); acts of extra session, 1917, p. 88. Hawaii.-R. L., secs. 2016-2024. Mississippi.-Acts of 1912, ch. 94. North Carolina.-Con. S., secs. 7796, 7852. |