7. An apprentice over 18 years of age may be allowed to work overtime not to exceed 30 hours in any one month. Overtime shall be considered all time over 10 hours in any one day, and in case the hours of labor are limited in the particular craft, industry, or business, and as to the particular employer, to less than 10 hours, overtime shall be figured as all time in any one day in excess of such limitation. For overtime the apprentice shall receive one and one-half times the rate per hour provided in his contract for regular time. S. If either party to an indenture shall fail to perform any of the stipulations thereof, he shall forfeit not less than $1 nor more than $100, such forfeiture to be collected on complaint of the Industrial Commission of Wisconsin and paid into the State treasury. Any indenture may be annulled by the Industrial Commission of Wisconsin upon application of either party and good cause shown. 9. It shall be the duty of the Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, and it shall have power, jurisdiction, and authority to investigate, ascertain, determine, and fix such reasonable classifications and to issue rules and regulations and general or special orders as shall be necessary to carry out the intent and purposes of section 106.01 of the statutes. Such investigations, classifications, and orders and any action, proceeding, or suit to set aside, vacate, or amend any such order of said commission, or to enjoin the enforcement thereof, shall be made pursuant to the proceeding in sections 101.01 to 101.28, inclusive, of the statutes [relating to the duties and powers of the industrial commission as to places and conditions of employment], which are hereby made a part hereof, so far as not inconsistent with the provisions of section 106.01 of the statutes; and every order of the said industrial commission of Wisconsin shall have the same force and effect as the orders issued pursuant to said sections 101.01 to 101.28, inclusive, of the statutes, and the penalties therein shall apply to and be imposed for any violations of section 106.01 of the statutes, excepting as to the penalties provided in subsection 8 of section 106.01. 10. It shall be the duty of all school officers and public-school teachers to cooperate with the Industrial Commission of Wisconsin and employers of apprentices to furnish, in a public school or any school supported in whole or in part by public moneys, such instruction as may be required to be given apprentices. The foregoing reproductions indicate with adequate fullness the principal features of apprenticeship legislation. The relative unimportance of the subject from a legislative viewpoint and the extent to which the laws thereon are crystallized are indicated by the fact that, with the exception of repealing legislation, no act or amendment on the subject of industrial apprenticeship has been enacted in any other jurisdiction than Wisconsin for at least 10 years. . Following is a list of the States having laws on the subject, with citations. These omit the sections devoted to the binding out of orphan, pauper, or delinquent children by the courts or by insti tutions: Arkansas.-Digest, secs. 408-413, 5585. California.-Civil C., secs 265, 266, 269–276; Penal C., secs. 646, 651. Connecticut.-G. S., secs. 5294, 5295, 5297-5300. Florida.-R. G. S., secs. 4011-4013, 4015, 5064. Georgia.-Civil C., secs. 3117-3123, 3125-3128; Penal C., secs. 121, 122. Indiana.-A. S., secs. 8381, 8382. Iowa.-Code, secs. 3229, 3230, 3232, 3233, 3235-3249. Kansas.-G. S., secs. 384-388, 391-407. Louisiana.-R. L., p. 16, secs. 70-84. Maryland.-A. C., Art. VI, secs. 1-9, 20, 21, 23–30. Michigan.-C. L., secs. 11492-11495, 11497, 11499-11517. Montana.-R. C., secs. 5890-5899. Nevada.-R. L., secs. 482, 484-497. New Hampshire.-P. S., ch. 180, secs. 1-13. New Jersey.-C. S., p. 99, secs. 1-16. North Dakota.-R. C., secs. 4143-4145, 4148-4161. Rhode Island.-G. L., ch. 91, secs. 1-4, 7-11, 14-21. Utah.-C. L., secs. 260, 262-267, 269. Vermont.-G. L., secs. 3731-3734, 3736, 3737, 3739-3753. West Virginia.-Code, secs. 3933, 3935-3946. Wisconsin.-Statutes, sec. 106.01. VOCATIONAL EDUCATION To meet the need of some form of mechanical training and thus in a sense to compensate for the decline of the apprenticeship system, there has come into existence quite generally a body of laws providing for vocational training. STATE AND FEDERAL COOPERATION The laws of the States are mainly a recognition of action initiated by the Federal Congress, which on February 23, 1917 (39 Stat. 929), created a board on vocational education consisting of the Secretaries of Agricultu e, Commerce, and Labor, the United States Commissioner of Education, and three citizens, one representing manufacture and commerce, one representing agriculture, and one representing labor. This board is particularly charged with the encouragement of education in lines of agriculture, industry, and home economics. The plans for such education are to be formulated the State authorities, the approval of the Federal board being required. An appropriation is made for the expenses of the Federal board and separate funds for cooperation with the States in the work in view. Allotments are to be made for instruction in agriculture in proportion to the rural population in the States and for instruction in industry and home economics in proportion to the urban population. The States are to meet the allotments by appropriations for the respective purposes equal to those made by the Federal Government, the allotments made to be increased from year to year until the maximum is reached in eight years. An act of March 10, 1924 (43 Stat. 17), extends the provisions of this law to the Territory of Hawaii. This is not a labor law under strict classification, but closely borders the field. All of the States have accepted the provisions of this statute, some making specific appropriations, others pledging the good faith of the State to meet the allotments on the basis fixed by the Federal statute, still others directing a distribution of the educational funds of the State in accordance with the methods of administration laid down by the Federal law. In some States a separate board is designated as a board of vocational education, though more commonly the existing State board of education is authorized to act in this regard. Following is a list of the laws by which the States have accepted the proffered cooperative system: Alabama.-Acts of 1919, No. 92. Arizona.-Acts of 1917, ch. 44; 1919, ch. 134. Arkansas.-Digest, secs. 8767-8780. Connecticut.-Statutes, sec. 829 (am. 1923, ch. 171). Florida.-R. G. S., secs. 660-667. Indiana.-Acts of 1917, ch. 112. Iowa.-Acts of 1917, ch. 290 (am. 1919, ch. 337), ch. 300. Kentucky.-Acts of 1918, ch. 7 (am. 1920, ch. 78). Louisiana.-Acts of 1918, No. 52. Maine.-Acts of 1917, ch. 186. Maryland.-Acts of 1918, ch. 72. Massachusetts.-G. L., ch. 74, secs. 19-22. Michigan.-Acts of 1919, No. 149. Minnesota.-Acts of 1917, ch. 491. New Hampshire.-Acts of 1917, ch. 226. New Jersey.-Acts of 1917, ch. 119. New Mexico.-Acts of 1917, ch. 2, extra session. New York.-Acts of 1917, ch. 576. North Carolina.-Con. S., secs. 5502-5504. North Dakota.-Acts of 1919, ch. 203. Ohio.-Aets of 1917, p. 579 (am. 1919, p. 356). Oklahoma.-Acts of 1917, ch. 155. Pennsylvania.-Statutes, secs. 21474-21477. South Carolina.-Acts of 1917, No. 14; 1919, No. 34. Tennessee.-Code, sec. 1400a-21. Texas.-Acts of 1923, ch. 131. Utah.--Acts of 1919, ch. 86. Vermont.-G. L., secs. 1304, 1305. Virginia.-Acts of 1918, ch. 73 (am. 1920, ch. 479). Washington.-Acts of 1919, ch. 160. West Virginia.-Code Supp., secs. 2288d-2288h. Wisconsin.-Statutes, secs. 20.337, 20.338. Wyoming.-Acts of 1917, ch. 99. STATE SYSTEMS Besides the foregoing there has been some independent legislation, a standardized law having been adopted in 1913 in Indiana, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania; while in New York, in the same year, a law embodying the same general principles, but differing in form, was also enacted. The laws of the first three States named also vary in detail, and that of Indiana has been considerably amended. The law of Pennsylvania (No. 92, acts of 1913) is here reproduced as setting forth the main provisions of this class of laws. PENNSYLVANIA STATUTES Employment of children-Vocational education SECTION 5139. Definitions.-The following words and phrases as used in this act shall, unless a different meaning is plainly required by the context, have the following meaning: 1. "Vocational education" shall mean any education, the controlling purpose of which is to fit for profitable employment. 2. "Industrial education" shall mean that form of vocational education which fits for the trades, crafts, and manufacturing pursuits, including the occupations of girls and women, carried on in workshops. 3. "Agricultural education" shall mean that form of vocational education which fits for the occupations connected with the tillage of the soil, the care of domestic animals, forestry, and other wage earning or productive work on the farm. 4. "Household arts education" shall mean that form of vocational education which fits for occupations connected with the household. 5. "Industrial, agricultural, or household arts school or department," er "vocational school or department," shall mean a distinctive organization of courses, pupils, and teachers approved by the State board of education, designed to give their industrial, agricultural, or household arts education, as herein defined. 6. "Evening class," in an industrial agricultural school or department, shall mean a class giving such training as can be taken by persons already employed during the working-day, and which, in order to be called vocational, must in its instruction deal with the subject matter of, and be so carried on as to relate to, the day employment. 7. "Evening class," in a household arts school or department, shall mean a class giving training in home making to girls or women, over fourteen years of age, however they may be employed or engaged during the day. 8. "Part-time or continuation class," in an approved agricultural or household arts school or department, shall mean a vocational class for persons giving a part of their working-time to profitable employment, and receiving in the part-time school or department instruction complementary to the practical work carried on in such employment. To give "a part of their working time" such person must give part of each day, week, or longer period, to such parttime class during the period in which it is in session. 9. "Household arts school or department " shall mean a vocational school designed to develop, on a vocational basis, the capacity for household work, such as cooking, household service, and other occupations in the household. SEC. 5140. Supervision.-The State board of education is hereby authorized and directed to investigate, and to aid in the introduction of, industrial, agricultural, and household arts education; to assist in the establishment of schools and departments for the aforesaid forms of education, and to inspect and approve such schools or departments as are hereinafter provided. The State board of education shall make a report annually to the governor and legislature describing the condition and progress of industrial, agricultural, and household arts education during the year, and making such recommendations as the board may deem advisable. SEC. 5141. State superintendent to administer.-The State superintendent of public instruction shall be the executive officer of the State board of education for the administration of this act. He shall appoint, from time to time, with the approval of the State board of education, such expert assistants, other than those already provided for by law, as may be necessary in industrial, household arts, or agricultural education and all clerical and other agents necessary in carrying out the provisions of this act. SEC. 5142. Classes; age limit.-In order that instruction in the principles and "Le practice of arts may go on together, industrial, agricultural, and household arts schools or departments may offer instruction in day, part-time, and evening classes. Attendance upon such day, evening, or part-time classes shall be restricted to those over fourteen. SEC. 5143. Local administration.-Any school district may, through its board of school directors, establish and maintain industrial, agricultural, and household arts schools or departments. SEC. 5144. Joint schools. Two or more districts may, as provided in article eighteen, sections one thousand eight hundred and one to one thousand eight hundred and eight, inclusive, of the School Laws of Pennsylvania of one thousand nine hundred and eleven, ** * through a joint school committee, establish and maintain industrial, agricultural, or household arts schools or departments, to be known as joint vocational schools or departments. SEC. 5145. Advisory committee.-Local school boards and joint school committees administering approved industrial, agricultural, or household arts schools or departments, may, under a plan to be approved by the State board of education, appoint an advisory committee composed of members representing local trades, industries, and occupations. It shall be the duty of such a committee to counsel with and advise the local or joint board of trustees, and other school officials, having the management and supervision of such schools. There is a measure of control of the relations of employer and employees in these laws, but they are in the main a branch of the educational activities of the State rather than industrial in their effect. They are but few, as follows: California.-Acts of 1919, ch. 506. Indiana.-A. S., sees. 6641a-6641k (am. 1919, ch. 132; 1921, ch. 173). New York.-Acts of 1919, ch. 531 (am. 1921, ch. 386). SCHOOLS FOR EMPLOYED CHILDREN Partly of the same intent as vocational training and partly to meet the educational needs of children in employment, a number of States have provided by law for so-called continuation schools for employed children, contemplating attendance for a part of the day or in the evening. Provision may also be made for aliens, minor or adult, and for illiterates beyond ordinary school age. The Illinois statute is representative of this class of laws: ILLINOIS, ACTS OF 1919 Employed children-School attendance (P. 919, am. 1921, p. 815) SECTION 1. Schools to be established.-Part-time or continuation school or classes may be established and maintained as hereinafter provided. The board of education or school directors of each city and of each school district in which there are twenty or more minors above the age of fourteen years and below the age of sixteen years who are not in regular attendance upon all-day school may, at the discretion of the board of education or school directors of each city and each school district, beginning in September, 1921, establish and maintain part-time or continuation school or classes in which minors shall receive instruction, and such schools or classes may be established and maintained in each city or school district on and after September 1, 1923, in which there are twenty or more minors above the age of fourteen years and below the age of seventeen years who are not regular attendants upon all-day schools, and such schools or classes on and after September 1, 1925, may, at the discretion of the board of education or school directors of each city and school district, be established and maintained in each city or school district in which there are twenty or more minors above the age of fourteen years and below the age of eighteen years who are not in regular attendance upon all-day schools. Such schools or classes shall be established under the control and management of the board of education or school directors, as the case may be, and shall be a part of the public school system of the city or district which establishes and maintains them. Such part-time or continuation schools or classes when established shall be maintained each year during the full period of time when the public schools of the city or district are in session. The sessions of such part-time or coutinuation schools or classes shall be held on the regular business days, except that they shall not be held on Saturday afternoon. ! SEC. 2. Courses. Such part-time or continuation schools or classes shall afford instruction in any one or in any combination or in all of the following subjects: (a) Those subjects usually taught in the public schools, so as to permit the students in the continuation school classes to continue their education from the point where they left it in order to go to work; (b) civic and vocational subjects; and (c) those subjects which supplement the daily occupations of the students. |